县域社会违建执法的组织形态与治理绩效辨析

县域社会违建执法需要一定的组织载体,但在不同农村类型中,体制层面执法资源配置不均和社会层面违建个体情境差异共同塑造了不同类型的政府执法组织,并产生不同治理绩效。在城中村,正式化执法组织具备常规执法权且执法密度大,虽能够强化执法效果,但在执法过程中始终存在政府与征拆居民的利益博弈;在城郊村,正式化与半正式化相结合的执法组织有助于强化政府执法力量和权威,但受信息制约和人情关系影响容易产生灰色利益空间,进而侵蚀执法目标;在远郊村,半正式化执法组织本身没有专业执法权,政府常在一定时期内通过组织动员手段来补强执法力量,但执法绩效具有不稳定性。三类农村违建执法组织的治理绩效差异,反映出国家法律在县域城乡社会落地的非均质性。     

论胎儿性别鉴定

胎儿性别鉴定一直以来都是我们国家强烈打击又无法彻底根除的弊病,它由来已久、根深蒂固,它是国家政策不完善的产物.为了严厉打击胎儿性别鉴定行为,保持社会和谐发展,本文主张将该行为犯罪化,犯罪化则要平衡好理论与实际的关系,就是在法治领域强化国家能力,从执法机构、执法人员与社会的互动多方面入手.     

基层执法能力建设的中国经验——以第三世界国家为参照

中国基层执法实效不足现象常见，因为执法受到各种因素的影响，很难简单遵循法律规范。为了提高执法实效，执法者就要进行各种“创新”。提升执法实效的努力，在理论上指向了国家能力。执法领域的国家能力，可以从国家及其机构的结构、国家与社会的关系两个方面去理解。反观第三世界国家，大量移植西方法律，希望通过法律推动经济社会发展；然而，由于国家能力不足，生存政治、社会势力、执法裁量权、意识形态、多元规范等都在阻碍法律意图的实现，执法过程成为政客、社会势力、执法者追逐和交换利益的场域。相比而言，中国的基层执法十分成功，堪称执法的中国经验和中国模式。执法领域国家能力的诸多基础，在中国革命和社会主义建设时期就被奠定。执法经验研究的探索，坚持中国社会科学自主性，实现历史与现实的交汇、理论与实践的融合、中国与第三世界的比照，走向了中国执法模式的制度自信和道路自信。     

发展中国家反避税执法能力建设及我国的对策

反避税执法能力是反避税立法得到执行的根本保障.反避税执法能力不足使发展中国家遭受严重的税收流失,也是税收对GDP的比率和税收征收率这两大衡量税收管理能力的指标都偏低的原因之一.提高发展中国家反避税执法能力建设是维护税收正义之所需,是发展中国家摆脱外援依赖的重要途径,是建立和谐征纳关系的重要方面.发展中国家的反避税执法能力建设问题受到了发展中国家自身的重视,在国际层面上也形成了多层次、多行为体的技术援助行动.现阶段发展中国家反避税执法能力建设的核心领域有二:一是反避税执法团队基本能力培养机制;二是转让定价和税收情报交换两方面的能力.我国应当从反避税执法人员与团队打造、反避税执法机构与体系构建两个方面入手做出应对.     

谋利空间、分利秩序与违建现象的制度逻辑——基于中部地区M县的个案研究

论文构建起一个产权与治理相融合的理论分析框架,结合来自中部地区M县"三违"现象的案例分析,指出违建现象涌现是地权分割与基层治理能力弱化共同作用的结果。一方面,地权分割为灰色土地市场的兴起提供了制度空间,外部利润诱使着利益相关者持续地参与违建活动;另一方面,基层治理能力弱化为地利分配秩序固化创造了行为空间,地方性"谋地精英"控制着违建利益的分配秩序。研究还表明,地权单元和治理单元的不对称是违建现象发生的制度根源,且地权单元和治理单元交互地发挥着作用,这个综合的制度互动系统塑造了违建活动的多元空间。因此,应当重构地权单元与基层治理单元间的关系,正视城市化对集体地权秩序造成的冲击,以促进地权渐进式发展与治理变迁的良性互动来化解违建治理困境。     

法治政府视野下执法协作的实践困境与破解路径

在转型社会背景下,跨领域跨部门治理事务日益增多,执法体系需要加强横向的职能协同和整合,以执法协作来回应日趋复杂的治理需求。经验显示,执法协作广泛存在于治理实践中,它不仅是基层治理中心工作的重要推进方式,而且是联合执法和执法协助的主要实现形式。作为一种常态化的执法运作模式,执法协作在不断发挥治理效能的同时,也在制度保障、职能结构、体制生态和社会条件等方面面临困境。执法协作困境是多方面多层面因素综合作用的结果,它反映出法律执行在制度、机制和体制层面的短板,折射出政府法治整体生态的现状和不足。执法协作建设应当面向法治政府的原则和目标,并通过整体政府建设完善行政法治生态。在整体政府建设和法治政府建设相融合的主线下,坚持执法体制改革、执法制度配套、执法机制建设、执法理念革新并举,是可行的执法协作建设路径。     

从“行政管理”到“国家治理”：执法理念的法治化回应

随着社会自治领域的日益扩大,以国家权力为核心的一元权力结构逐渐解体,公共权力领域和私权领域的二元性分化开始显现,治理型政府取代管理型政府已逐步成为现代政府建构的主导形态.随着法治国家的不断演进,单纯的形式法治已经无法适应治理型政府的内涵与要求,作为一种更为合乎权利保障要求的法治形式,实质法治亦将在执法过程中发挥其独特的作用.执法理念与执法目的的变迁必然影响到执法理念的更新与升级.管制范式下的干预性执法、惩戒性执法、自卫性执法、专断性执法等理念需要转变,给付性执法、恢复性执法、履职性执法以及参与性执法等理念将逐渐形成.     

基于派出所法律实施的基层社会治理法治化——以浙江K派出所为例

改革开放三十多年来,"严打"、"普法"、"社会治安综合治理"以及"社会管理综合治理"等方式可以看作是国家对基层社会进行治理的探索.十八届四中全会提出"推进基层治理法治化"吹响了全面依法治理基层社会的号角.作为拥有执法人员数量最多的基层执法机构,处在社会矛盾解决第一线的派出所的法律实施依据、方法和技术理应为基层社会治理提供法治资源和法治路径.浙江省K派出所的案例、做法和制度有力地诠释了派出所的法律实施契合基层社会治理.派出所法律实施所展现出来的四大法治功能是推进基层社会治理法治化的桥梁.派出所应从人口管理、行政执法、刑事司法、服务社会、走群众路线、严格遵守程序原则和善于运用非正式制度性因素等方面来为基层社会治理法治化提供理念支持和行动榜样.     

治理现代化视阈下创新基层社会治理之实践路径——以泉州市为例

"十四五"规划建议明确提出了实现"社会治理特别是基层治理水平明显提高"的目标要求,充分表明社会治理特别是基层社会治理已成为未来一段时间国家治理效能实现新提升、取得新突破的关键领域.泉州市积极探索创新基层社会治理路径,群众的安全感、获得感、幸福感明显上升,但实践中依然面临权责不匹配、财力不足、人才资源不充分等困境.为此提...     

议题化与制度化的双向互动——群体性突发事件制度化治理研究

群体性突发事件在现代社会结构转型背景下,有其发生的必然性,它源于利益冲突,起于社会融入困境,是特定社会群体权益无法有效实现的体现,是特定社会群体与特定社会结构的对接关系障碍的反映。其社会后果的严重性,社会代价的严峻性,必须使之得到有效治理。以政治途径为主,坚持"秩序优先"的原则,在现代国家建设和现代社会建设两大主题之下,克服政策上的发展导向和民生导向关系的偏颇、均等化的制度供给不足、体制性的"以官治官"、"对上负责"、追求"政绩工程"内生治理机制的缺陷,以制度供给与微观的议题化治理的双向互动、上下互动,建立系统治理架构,实现群体性突发事件的有效治理。     

The Reconstitution of Law in Local Settings: Agency Discretion, Ambiguity, and a Surplus of Law in the Policing of Hate Crime

An important yet poorly understood function of law enforcement organizations is the role they play in distilling and transmitting the meaning of legal rules to frontline law enforcement officers and their local communities. In this study, we examine how police and sheriff's agencies in California collectively make sense of state hate crime laws. To do so, we gathered formal policy documents called “hate crime general orders” from all 397 police and sheriff's departments in the state and conducted interviews with law enforcement officials to determine the aggregate patterns of local agencies' responses to higher law. We also construct a “genealogy of law” to locate the sources of the definitions of hate crime used in agency policies. Despite a common set of state criminal laws, we find significant variation in how hate crime is defined in these documents, which we attribute to the discretion local law enforcement agencies possess, the ambiguity of law, and the surplus of legal definitions of hate crime available in the larger environment to which law enforcement must respond. Some law enforcement agencies take their cue from other agencies, some follow statewide guidelines, and others are oriented toward gaining legitimacy from national professional bodies or groups within their own community. The social mechanisms that produce the observed clustering patterns in terms of approach to hate crime law are mimetic (copying another department), normative (driven by professional standards about training and community social movement pressure), and actuarial (affected by the demands of the crime data collection system). Together these findings paint a picture of policing organizations as mediators between law‐on‐the‐books and law‐in‐action that are embedded in interorganizational networks with other departments, state and federal agencies, professional bodies, national social movement organizations, and local community groups. The implications of an interorganizational field perspective on law enforcement and implementation are discussed in relation to existing sociolegal research on policing, regulation, and recent neo‐institutional scholarship on law.     

Interrelations Between Local Soviets and Law Enforcement Agencies

The question of interrelations between local soviets and law enforcement agencies is of both general theoretical and practical importance for the intensification and development of the struggle against criminal and other antisocial phenomena. The Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the Twenty-seventh Party Congress voiced the demand "to steadfastly raise the responsibilty of law enforcement and other agencies, to strengthen state arbitration and the legal services in the soviets and in the national economy, and to improve the legal education of the population. The use of the entire force of Soviet laws in the struggle against crime and other legal infractions, so that people in every population center feel the concern of the state for their peace and inviolability, so that they be assured that not a single law breaker will escape the punishment he deserves, is an unceasing task."¹     

Implementation of the Americans with Disabilities Act in State Police and Highway Patrol Agencies: Results of a National Survey

This article provides an empirical analysis of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) implementation within the law enforcement profession. Specifically, the study reports results from a national survey of state police/highway patrol agencies regarding practical implementation of the ADA. The data is analyzed in terms of population size and collective bargaining status. Results of this endeavor indicate that implementation of the ADA within law enforcement is difficult, especially as applied to the work of sworn personnel. These challenges are somewhat diminished when applied to non-sworn personnel such as dispatchers, administrators, and clerical personnel. The most substantial obstacles to implementation of the ADA within law enforcement is not associated with political officials or administrators. Instead, most arise from the lack of training and vague legislative language and regulatory standards. Smaller states and those without collective bargaining report lower levels of accommodation; however, there are few statistically significant differences in terms of population and collective bargaining.     

Local law enforcement terrorism prevention efforts: A state level case study

Although law enforcement agencies across the nation have assumed part of the responsibility in the fight against terrorism, significant confusion exists as to the role of local law enforcement. While some agencies have taken steps towards terrorism prevention, little data has been collected on which agencies have taken the greatest steps, how those agencies have changed, and how other agencies should direct their activity. This case study of law enforcement census data from a single state considered variations in terrorism preparedness and predictors of preparedness. Agency size, presence of funding, and other variables significantly predict levels of terrorism preparedness. Important policy implications such as the distribution of funding and which agencies should be working towards terrorism preparedness are discussed.     

A taxonomy of law enforcement decision support systems

The term “decision support system” is a recent one in the vocabulary of computer-based information systems. Because of increasing dependence of law enforcement agencies on computers to manage much of their data and produce in increasing amount of their information, the concept of decision support systems is an important one. This article presents a framework for classifying the data-processing tools used in providing the information necessary to support law enforcement. This raxonomy differentiates between the clerical functions of an electronic data-processing system and the decision-making orientation of a decision support system. DSSs are not in widespread use in law enforcement because they are difficult to understand, priorities for computerization often minimize or do not include applications conducive to DSSs, and the value of these systems is sometimes difficult to see. The framework described will help agencies map the development of their systems, determine what areas conducive to computerization are being emphasized and which are lacking, and recognize the planning considerations necessary for expansion into the DSS area.     

When farmworkers and advocates see trafficking but law enforcement does not: challenges in identifying labor trafficking in North Carolina

This article reports on the perceptions and experiences with labor trafficking of farmworkers, stakeholders, and law enforcement representatives in North Carolina. We found a sizeable number of farmworkers who had experienced labor trafficking violations, albeit with a convenience sample; and community agencies reported stories of labor trafficking victimization. However, most of the state and local law enforcement agencies that we attempted to contact simply ignored our requests for information about labor trafficking or reported no evidence of such victimization. Notwithstanding the sample limitations, we found a general lack of awareness of agricultural labor trafficking problems among law enforcement officials in our surveyed jurisdictions. We question whether our current law enforcement system will ever be in a position to effectively enforce the anti-labor-trafficking law; and suggest an alternative specialized mechanism be established.     

Perceived effects of concealed handgun ownership by private citizens among law enforcement officers in Texas

On January 1, 1996, a new law took effect in Texas granting certain state citizens the privilege to carry a concealed handgun on their person for the first time since 1871. As a result of this dramatic shift in state law, Texas is now among the growing number of states across the nation who have adopted similar statutory provisions in one form or another. While at least one empiricals study of citizen’s attitudes toward concealed handgun ownership was conducted prior to the law’s effective date, no similar efforts were undertakens to assess the beliefs, perceptions and attitudes of the state’s law enforcement officers about this important social policy. The present study was therefore undertaken in response to the lack of serious attention which the issue of concealed handgun ownership among private citizens has received as it directly relates to the law enforcement profession. Subjects for this study (N=327) were drawn from four Texas law enforcement agencies representing various organizational sizes and missions. While the responses of officers who participated in the study indicate optimism about the law’s potential to deter various types of crime, they also reflect a certain degree of concerns about concealed handgun ownership among private citizens especially as this policy directly relates to perceive inadequacies in statemandated requirements and issues affecting officer safety.     

论行政执法

行政从“管理”到“执法”的转变是我国二十多年经济体制和政治体制改革的产物 ,是从几千年的人治逐步走向法治的标志。行政的“执法”性质和“依法”特征是由市场经济、民主政治和法治国家的发展目标所决定的。“行政执法”的实质是行政主体实施行政行为要有法律根据 ,受法律规范制约。行政执法改革不仅涉及执法方式、方法 ,而且涉及执法体制、范围、目标及执法主体与相对人的关系 ,是整个执法机制的转换。     

Civil asset forfeiture, equitable sharing, and policing for profit in the United States

Purpose

Critics of asset forfeiture claim that forfeiture laws create financial incentives that inappropriately influence police behavior. The present study examines the relationship between measures of the financial incentive and legal burdens for civil asset forfeiture on federal equitable sharing payments to local law enforcement to determine whether police behavior is affected by different statutory incentives for forfeiture activity.

Methods

Using LEMAS and DOJ forfeiture data, this study addresses some of the limitations of previous research by using a multi-year average for forfeiture activity, an improved measure of financial incentives for law enforcement, and multiple measures of statutory burdens to law enforcement to determine the impact of forfeiture laws on forfeiture activity.

Results

Consistent with anecdotal reports and limited prior research, findings indicate that agencies in jurisdictions with more restrictive state forfeiture laws receive more proceeds through federal equitable sharing.

Conclusions

Results suggest that state and local law enforcement agencies use federal equitable sharing to circumvent their own state forfeiture laws when state laws are more burdensome or less financially rewarding to these agencies, providing additional evidence that police operations are influenced by financial incentives.     

Social network analysis as a tool for criminal intelligence: understanding its potential from the perspectives of intelligence analysts

Over the past two decades an increasing number of researchers have applied social network analysis (SNA) to various ‘dark’ networks. This research suggests that SNA is capable of revealing significant insights into the dynamics of dark networks, particularly the identification of critical nodes, which can then be targeted by law enforcement and security agencies for disruption. However, there has so far been very little research into whether and how law enforcement agencies can actually leverage SNA in an operational environment and in particular the challenges agencies face when attempting to apply various network analysis techniques to criminal networks. This paper goes some way towards addressing these issues by drawing on qualitative interviews with criminal intelligence analysts from two Australian state law enforcement agencies. The primary contribution of this paper is to call attention to the organisational characteristics of law enforcement agencies which, we argue, can influence the capacity of criminal intelligence analysts to successfully apply SNA as much as the often citied ‘characteristics of criminal networks’.