防治石漠化法制建设问题与对策研究

石漠化是我国岩溶地区最严重的生态环境问题，防治石漠化需要完善的法制保障。目前我国已经初步形成了防治石漠化的法律体系框架，但由于指导思想偏颇、管理体制失衡等原因，我国防治石漠化政策和法律中仍然存在专门性立法缺失、立法内容不适应、法律制度不健全等问题。因此，有必要通过完善立法，加强防治石漠化法制建设，逐步健全防治石漠化的法律体系、法律制度和监督管理体制。     

WTO环境规则与我国环境法的完善

本文结合WTO环境规则对我国现行环境法律制度的缺陷进行剖析,提出应在可持续性发展原则的指导下,从环境立法体系、立法透明度、司法审查体制、环境经济法律制度、环境标准和环境管理体制等方面对我国环境法进行适应性调整和完善。     

论环境标准的法律地位——对主流观点的反思与补充

环境标准不同于环境标准法律规范，也不同于环境标准法律制度。从形式上看，它无构成法律规范所需的完整结构，也无独立的法律效力，故其属性只可属于行政规范性文件，而不应归于环境法的渊源，但环境标准可经法律规范的援引而成为构成该规范的“条件假设”或“行为模式”的组成部分。从而才被赋予相应的法律效力和法律意义。在裁判实践中，环境标准可作为判断环境行为违法与否的法律事实——“超标”或“这标”的依据，但不能单独作为环境行为是否违法的判断准则，违法与否还必须结合相关法律规范的具体规定才能做出正确判断，即达标不一定合法,超标也并不必然违法。     

公证法律制度对市场经济信用的保障研究

公证是社会信用的可靠保证,也是市场信用制度建立和完善的基础.目前,信用的缺失成为我国市场经济正常运行的主要障碍,威胁着市场各个信用主体和各个领域.作为一项信用保障法律制度,公证对市场经济信用体系的保障能够发挥特有的功能和明显的效力,因而具有非常重要和突出的地位.本文首先对我国市场经济信用现状进行了概述；其次,对公证法律制度在市场信用体系的重要作用进行了分析；最后对我国公证法律制度的完善更好的保障市场经济信用发表了一些看法     

我国环保产业与WTO相关规则的法律协调

环保产业的发展 ,法律规制是至关重要的一环。入世后我国环保产业立法将面临严峻的挑战 ,不仅有世贸组织体系中环保条款的固有缺陷的原因 ,更有我国法律规制本身不完善的原因。本文通过对WTO相关规则的深入研究以及对我国现有环保产业法律保障的缺憾和漏洞进行了细致地分析 ,找出不足和症结所在 ,以期为环保产业法律保障的完善提供依据和着眼点 ,创造一个适合我国环保产业生存和发展的法律环境。     

矿山环境保护立法体系研究

矿山环境问题已为当今国际社会所瞩目，如何运用法律规范矿山环境的恢复与治理势在必行。西方发达国家较重视矿山环境立法体系建设，在完善立法体系的基础上，建立了科学合理的法律制度，有力地推动和保障了矿山环境保护工作的顺利进行。本文通过对现有相关法律规范的梳理及分析，提出了构建我国矿山环境保护立法体系的初步见解。     

基于农民财产权保障视觉的土地征收补偿制度研究

基于对我国现有的征收补偿原则、范围、标准及分配的分析和与国外的对比,解析了我国在征地过程中农民财产权保障的缺失和损害的表现。阐述了我国农民财产权被侵害的原因主要是用益物权保护观念的缺失,农地所有权主体地位的缺失和法律的不完善。提出了完善被征地农民程序性权利、实体性权利、救济性权利保障的对策。     

我国食品安全保障的法律问题

我国现行的食品安全保障的法律体系包括法律、行政法规、地方性法规和部门规章。它们在保障我国的食品安全中发挥重要作用。然而,我国食品安全保障的法律体系存在缺陷与不足。因此,应进一步加强和完善我国现行的食品安全保障体系中的法律、法规建设,为更好地保障食品的安全提供保证。     

论我国环境公益诉讼现状及完善途径

随着我国法律对公益诉讼制度的确立,环境公益诉讼取得了一定的发展.然而在环境公益诉讼现状中,存在“环境公共利益”的范畴不明确、环境公益诉讼制度体系不完整、起诉主体规定亟待完善、相关具体制度缺失等问题.本文拟对我国环境公益诉讼现状进行分析,提出对现有问题的可行完善途径.     

《监狱法》颁行的社会价值及完善思考

《监狱法》颁行十周年，在我国同刑事犯罪作斗争、维护社会治安秩序、保障社会主义现代化建设中发挥了积极的、特殊的作用；并在使我国监狱走向法治轨道、完善刑事法律体系、明确监狱和监狱人民警察的法律地位、保障罪犯人权，使我国监狱工作由封闭走向开放、走向世界等方面突显其社会价值。但是，也不能不看到，《监狱法》颁行10年后的今天，已有部分内容不适应形势发展的需要，应当补充和完善。修改《监狱法》，制定《实施条例》和相关行政规章，以形成完善的监狱法律体系，为依法治监创造良好的法治环境。     

跨WTO体制的规则冲突及其解决路径

越来越多的国际条约包含贸易限制措施,这些贸易限制措施被用来追求各种非贸易目标或价值,比如环境、人权、劳工标准等,这种做法将增加WTO规则与其他国际法规则之间相互冲突的可能性。但是,国际法中还找不到任何明确的方法以确定贸易法与人权法、环境法或海洋法等的关系。不过,WTO规则与其他国际法规则之间跨体制的规则冲突仍可通过协调一致的解释而避免,这是因为WTO的规定中经常使用一般的、广泛的条款,为其解释留下了余地,使WTO裁决机构得以考虑到其他国际义务。在解释WTO的规定时,可采用国际法推定为不冲突的方法避免冲突;在明显可看出一个WTO协定的用语具有演变的意义、带有一些内在弹性时,还可以考虑使用演变解释的方法。     

Risks, Costs and Alternatives in EC Environmental Legislation: The Case of 'REACH'

European Community standards of environmental law are commonly framed in terms of the risks of activities to human health and the environment. Under this cover of uni-dimensional concern, considerations of an activity's benefits, regulatory costs and the availability of alternatives play a crucial role in the regulatory practice. The REACH proposal is a first and ambitious attempt to bring these other dimensions to the fore and give them shape. This article analyses this approach, identifies its merits and flaws, and develops a scheme that makes the complex calculus practicable. It is submitted that the scheme is applicable also in other areas of EC environmental law.     

A Legal Conventionalist Approach to Pollution

There are no moral entitlements with respect to pollution prior to legal conventions that establish them, or so I will argue. While some moral entitlements precede legal conventions, pollution is part of a category of harms against interests that stands apart in this regard. More specifically, pollution is a problematic type of harm that creates liability only under certain conditions. Human interactions lead to harm and to the invasion of others’ space regularly, and therefore we need an account of undue harm as a basis of assigning legal protections (rights) and obligations (duties) to different agents, which creates standards for holding those agents responsible for harm. Absent such positive standards with respect to pollution at the domestic or international level, it does not make sense to hold agents responsible. This fact has two fundamental implications. First, contrary to what some defenders of environmental justice argue, we cannot hold people responsible for polluting without a system of legal rights in place that assigns entitlements, protections, and obligations, and second, contrary to what opponents of environmental regulation claim, the lack of moral entitlements to pollute creates room for quite extensive legal restrictions on people’s ability to pollute for the sake of the environment and human health. Indeed the scope of those restrictions is wide and open-ended.     

Rules, Principles and Ombudsmen: Norwich and Peterborough Building Society v The Financial Ombudsman Service

The judgment in Norwich and Peterborough Building Society v the Financial Ombudsman Service ¹ provides good evidence of the drawbacks of rule based adjudication, and the need for ombudsmen to be able to rely on principles of fairness. Further, it demonstrates, to those who associate ombudsmen and general standards of fairness with arbitrary and subjective decisions, ² how such determinations are constructed through, and constrained by, the legal context of codes, rights, etc in which the assessment is made. The decision also demonstrates an attempt to create a division of labour when courts and ombudsmen operate alongside each other, with the courts having a monopoly on the interpretation of legal rules, and ombudsmen being left to determine, with only minimal restrictions, a principled basis for the assessment of fairness.     

环境治理和可持续发展：中国环境法的成就、问题和展望

本文阐明了中国环境法60年的发展概况、所取得的成就、所存在的主要问题以及今後的发展方向。主张在环境立法内容方面,加强有关环境治理、环境善治、公民环境权、环境民主、公秉参与、环境知情权、环境公益诉讼、政府环境责任及政府环境责任问责制方面的立法：在环境法学研究方面提出：促进研究范式从“主、客二分”到“主、客一体”的转变;促进环境法上的人的模式从经济人模式、主体人模式向生态人模式转变。认为环境法治理建设应该以可持续发展为目标,以生态文明为方向,以环境法治为灵魂,以维护环境正义公平为宗旨,以环境安全为前提,以人与自然和谐相处为核心,以环境民主为手段,以追求环境效益和环境效率为激励机制,以健全综合生态系统管理和环境“善治”机制为导向,充分发挥环境法律调整人与自然关系的作用,使其成为建设环境友好社会、资源节约型社会和生态文明社会的法律保障。环境法学应该研究生态化方法和综合生态系统管理理论,促进环境法向生态法转变,促进环境法律制度的生态化．     

Mental health legislation and human rights in England, Wales and the Republic of Ireland

In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) published its Resource Book on Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation (Geneva: WHO) presenting a detailed statement of human rights issues which need to be addressed in national legislation relating to mental health. The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which revised mental health legislation in England, Wales (2007) and Ireland (2001) accords with these standards (excluding standards relating solely to children or mentally-ill offenders).Legislation in England and Wales meets 90 (54.2%) of the 166 WHO standards examined, while legislation in Ireland meets 80 standards (48.2%). Areas of high compliance include definitions of mental disorder, relatively robust procedures for involuntary admission and treatment (although provision of information remains suboptimal) and clarity regarding offences and penalties Areas of medium compliance relate to competence, capacity and consent (with a particular deficit in capacity legislation in Ireland), oversight and review (which exclude long-term voluntary patients and require more robust complaints procedures), and rules governing special treatments, seclusion and restraint. Areas of low compliance relate to promoting rights (impacting on other areas within legislation, such as information management), voluntary patients (especially non-protesting, incapacitated patients), protection of vulnerable groups and emergency treatment. The greatest single deficit in both jurisdictions relates to economic and social rights.There are four key areas in need of rectification and clarification in relation to mental health legislation in England, Wales and Ireland; these relate to (1) measures to protect and promote the rights of voluntary patients; (2) issues relating to competence, capacity and consent (especially in Ireland); (3) the role of “common law” in relation to mental health law (especially in England and Wales); and (4) the extent to which each jurisdiction wishes to protect the economic and social rights of the mentally ill through mental health legislation rather than general legislation.It is hoped that this preliminary analysis of mental health legislation will prompt deeper national audits of mental health and general law as it relates to the mentally ill, performed by multi-disciplinary committees, as recommended by the WHO.     

生态文明视域下的环境税收法治省思——从平移路径到并行路径

近年来,环境税收法治的结晶集中体现为环境费改税与环境税立法。要评估环境税收法治在生态文明建设中的表现,庇古税原理是重要标尺之一。由此观之,由于未能严格秉持庇古税原理进行设计,立法者在生态文明建设和政治文明建设任务"竞合"且时间紧迫的情况下,选择了一条成本最小的"平移路径",导致环境税成了迷你版环境税,环境税立法也未能与整个税制的"生态化"统筹起来。对此,应全面、正确理解庇古税理论,统筹环境税法与整个税法制度"生态化"两路并进,不仅从征税范围、税率结构、税收优惠、税权配置等方面完善《环境保护税法》,而且同步优化相关税制,以环境税收法治并行路径来积极推进生态文明建设。     

国际贸易中的人权问题——以发展权为视角

发展权是当代人权的核心内容,目前的主要问题是发展中国家的发展问题.国际贸易中劳工标准、产品质量标准、环境保护标准以及药品价格等的确立不仅影响发展中国家许多有关个人的经济、社会和文化权利的实现,而且还影响发展中国家以环境权、可持续发展等为内容的集体人权的发展.国际贸易应坚持非歧视原则,促进发展权的实现.     

劳动刑法若干问题研究

劳动刑法是西方国家刑法学的一个重要分支学科.无论是从劳动刑法存在的现实基础,还是从劳动刑法的研究对象、内容、目标以及基本结构上分析,均可认为劳动刑法具有独立的刑法学分支学科地位.人类社会发展表明,劳动权是人权的重要组成部分,是公民生存权与发展权的基本内容.因此,保护以基本人权为外壳的劳动法益,应当是劳动刑法存在的起点与终点.基于有效、有力保护劳动法益的需要,我国亦应从"大刑法"中分解出劳动刑法,专门对之进行系统化、理性化的研究.     

对我国刑事鉴定结论的反思

近年来备受社会关注的黄静案、代义案以及连丽丽案从不同角度揭示了刑事鉴定结论中所存在的三大弊端:公安机关"自侦自鉴",对是否鉴定以及鉴定人的选择享有决定权;在立案侦查阶段的鉴定结论未经法院认证便当然地被作为证据使用;鉴定结论的采信标准不一,同时这三个案件也让我们看到了若要消除这些弊端,必须将关注.a集中在立案和侦查阶段....