亚洲区域人权保障宜采内生与外合之路

区域人权保障机制阙如而次级区域人权保障机制竞起,造就了当今亚洲人权发展的"碎片化"格局。多元政治、文化和宗教传统并存且共性较差,是亚洲区域人权保障机制至今难以成形的重要内因,也决定了亚洲效仿欧关走"顶层设计"的路径行不通。亚洲应在"模块式"整合的基础上,率先建立以特定权利为保障对象的专门性人权保障机制。以功能性合作促进制度性合作,以模块式发展带动整体式发展,此谓"外合"。亚洲区域人权保障机制的诞生还依赖于各国国内人权的一体化保护,此谓"内生"。中国应积极推动亚洲区域人权合作,掌握构建亚洲区域人权保障机制的话语权。     

人权“亚洲价值观”的复活?——评《东盟人权宣言》

《东盟人权宣言》的通过标志着东盟在实现东盟政治一体化以及建立亚洲次区域人权机制方面迈出了重要一步;该宣言规定的很多人权规范都与国际人权标准存在着较大的差距,但与1993年《曼谷宣言》的基本观点存在很大的相似之处。《东盟人权宣言》体现的人权"亚洲价值观"招致了国际社会的批评,但考虑到东盟国家内部的复杂状况以及东盟长期的人权政策,东盟国家建立符合国际人权标准且强有力的区域性人权机制的道路仍然比较漫长。     

关于中国人权保障问题的若干思考

中国的人权保障成就巨大,人权问题也很突出。未来中国的人权保障建设,要重视公民政治权利的实现和弱势群体的权利保护,要建立人权保障的司法救济机制,要加强人权研究,创立人权保障的中国理念和中国模式。评价中国人权问题,要客观公正,要正视问题,要有国情意识和民主与法治的双重考量。     

国际人权法治 ：成就、 问题与改进

虽然国际人权法的发展已经在全球和区域的范围取得了巨大的进步,形成了一系列的法律文件和机构,在欧洲、美洲、非洲出现了人权法院,但是国际人权体制还存在着规范不成体系、机制不平衡、保护手段极化的问题,需要用法治的目标予以引领。为了实现人权法治,国际社会有必要在法律规范文件的统一化、人权保护机构的体系化、人权条约义务履行机制的完备化方面作出实质努力,并通过文化交流沟通解决理论分歧,促进国际组织、国家、非政府组织共同努力的多元善治。     

国际人权保护机制的构成及发展趋势

由联合国各人权机构、区域性人权组织和非政府人权组织构成的国际人权保护机制具有一定的实施效力,该机制的运行是在影响和冲击国家人权政策与国家主权不受干预这对矛盾中进行的。改善全球人权保护机制并提高其效力在于促进实施机构与国家之间的相互信任,在监督与尊重国家主权之间取得适当的平衡。     

简评区域性人权机构与世界人权机构的关系

区域主义者认为,特定区域内若干国家具有较为牢固的缔结人权公约的政治和经济基础,人权标准更易确立,人权公约确立的各种程序和制度以及公约本身的修改和解释更易进行,因此,应该优先发展区域性人权机构。世界主义者认为,人权系基于人性和人道而存在于全人类,人们希望最有效的人权保护制度普遍建立,但至今没有一个人权保护体系为全体成员所承认,而且区域性协定处理世界人权公约规定的人权会使可望在其上建立全球标准的某些人权规定长期乃至永久地存在差别,因此,应该优先发展世界人权机构。笔者认为,人权既是绝对的,也是相对的,区域人权机构和世界人权机构在宗旨和目标上具有一致性,而且在一定的范围内进行着合作,并在不同的层面上对集体保护人权发挥着作用,因此,区域人权机构和世界人权机构应在地球上共生,并应向各自努力的方向向前发展     

论欧洲理事会的人权保护制度对建立和完善国际人权保护制度的影响

欧洲理事会采取集体办法促进和保护人权的理论和实践对建立和完善国际人权保护制度产生了深远的影响 :区域性人权保护办法是在区域层面上施行《世界人权宣言》的有效途径 ;国际人权机构应通过改革不断提高人权的可司法性 ;主权国家应在采取集体办法保护区域人权方面积极行使主权权利 ;人权国际保护内在地要求增强个人的权利主体意识 ;国际人权保护机构应不断提高其工作效率。随着欧洲理事会的人权保护制度的不断完善 ,它在人权国际保护中的“领跑者”的形象和影响将得以继续显现。     

中国宪政建设中的人权保障问题研究

人权是宪政建设的目的,宪政建设是人权的保障,两者存在着密切的联系。本文从人权的基本要求和宪政的内涵出发,通过对比中外人权现状,对现今中国宪政建设中的人权保障问题进行了再认识。     

中国特色社会主义人权理论体系论纲

随着改革开放的深入,中国的人权事业取得了巨大的进展,人权的理论研究逐渐成熟,梳理、提炼中国特色社会主义人权理论体系已为可能。中国特色社会主义人权理论体系的基础性要素,包括人权的概念、属性、类别、实现机制和社会条件等。中国特色社会主义人权理论,既承认人权是人类的共同理想和价值准则,是人之为人不可剥夺的权利,尊重和保障人权是每个主权国家的义务,需要通过国内的立法、行政和司法机制予以落实,需要加强人权国际合作以促进其实现,也承认人权发展的阶段性和历史文化传统对人权实现方式的影响,反对人权国际合作中的霸权主义倾向。     

从西方人权话语拓展看中国人权话语的国际化

西方人权话语拓展的主要方式是软渗透和硬介入。软渗透表现为通过西方人权"区域理念--区域规则--国际规则--国内规则"的规范扩散,推动非西方国家接受由西方主导建构起来的国际人权规范体系,形成对西方人权话语的法律确信,最终实现"西方人权国际化"和"国际人权国内化"。硬介入表现为通过政治、军事、经济、外交等方式强行推动非西方国家接受西方人权话语并将之纳入国内法律秩序,加速了西方人权国际化。西方人权话语拓展引起"它变"和"自变"效果。一方面,面对软渗透和硬介入,非西方国家或者被动接受,或者借助条约批准、保留等国际法手段予以选择性认同或变通,甚至提出竞争性替代话语加以对冲。另一方面,西方人权话语也在内外因素下不断自我调适,逐步提升可接受性。中国对外拓展人权话语,应充分利用"百年未有之大变局"带来的战略机遇期,借助政治、经济、文化等多种途径,加速国际人权话语格局的变革;尽快形成以发展主义权利观为核心的人权话语体系,并通过对话来增进中国人权话语的价值共识;坚持发挥规范性力量的作用,学会利用国际法律机制,着力提升在国际人权体系内将中国理念和话语转化为国际规则以及保障国际规则被遵守的制度能力。     

No More Negotiated Deals?: Settlement of Trade and Investment Disputes in East Asia

Many argue that East Asian countries have come to adopt ‘aggressivelegalism’ in trade and investment policy, in the sensethat they have come to settle their trade and investment disputesthrough the dispute settlement mechanism (DSM) of the WTO andthe other third-party procedures. Scrutiny of the dispute casesof these countries shows, however, that East Asian legalismis not so aggressive, that it varies country by country, andthat there still exists room for negotiated deals in settlingtrade and investment disputes among them. On the other hand,the recent move toward regional integration through free tradeagreements (FTAs), economic partnership agreements (EPAs), andbilateral investment treaties (BITs) in East Asia may lead tothe adoption of a more aggressive legalism in the region, inparticular in settling investment disputes, disputes relatingto intellectual property rights, and trade remedies.     

东亚区域经济一体化：矛盾与创新

近年来东亚区域经济合作蓬勃发展,经济一体化进程明显加快,正在形成多层次和多元化的合作机制和格局,但同时也存在着许多制约因素和内在矛盾,因而迫使东亚国家致力于不断加以探索和创新.从其发展趋向来看,东亚区域经济合作必将从目前以对话协商为主走向制度化和一体化道路,逐步实现建立东亚自由贸易区乃至经济共同体的目标.     

区域性人权保护制度与国际人权保护制度之比较

区域性人权公约与全球性国际人权公约都规定了国家指控制度、个人申诉制度以及国家报告制度。与全球性国际人权保护制度相比,区域性人权保护制度更具可行性。由于区域内各国历史传统、政治、经济、文化、宗教等都比较接近,区域内人权标准更统一,所保护的权利主体也更具体,区域性人权保护制度在人权保护中取得了显著成绩。尤其是个人申诉制度,丰富了国际法与国际人权法的主体体系,对人权的国际保护产生了重大影响。     

论非洲区域性人权保护机制

为了促进人权和民族权利,使这些权利在非洲得到有效保护,非洲统一组织制定了相关人权文件,建立了一套比较系统的人权保护机构和制度.与全球性国际人权保护制度相比,非洲区域性人权保护制度更具可行性,尤其是个人申诉制度对国际人权保护的发展产生了重大影响.但不可否认的是,非洲区域性人权保护机制也还存在着一些缺陷.     

The Internet, Technology, and Organized Crime

Digital technology has transformed organizational life. Developments in communications, and in information storage and retrieval, to name just two areas, have greatly enhanced the efficiency with which legitimate organizations operate. Unfortunately, the benefits of digital technology are not lost on criminal organizations, which exploit digital technology to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of their own operations. This paper will discuss the organized criminal exploitation of digital technology, by looking at a number of illustrative cases from Asia and around the world. It will discuss the various types of “conventional” organized crime that can be facilitated by digital technology, as well as terrorism, which itself can be regarded as a special kind of organized criminal activity. One fundamental question that the paper will seek to address is whether the activities of Asian organized crime have become substantively different as a result of technology, or whether traditional organized criminal activities in Asia are merely being conducted on a more efficient and effective basis. The paper will note the transnational nature of much organized criminal activity, and will discuss mechanisms for the control of organized crime in the digital age.     

A comparative analysis of trade and economic integration in East Asia and Latin America

This paper provides an analysis of the two channels of regional integration: integration via markets and integration via agreements. Given that East Asia and Latin America are two fertile regions where both forms of integrations have taken place, we examine the experiences of these two areas to illustrate our conclusions. There are three related results. First, East Asia has been integrating via the markets long before formal agreements have been in vogue in the region. Latin America, on the other hand, has primarily been using formal regional trade treaties as the main channel of integration. Second, despite the relative lack of formal regional trade treaties until recently, East Asia is more integrated among itself than Latin America. Third, from a purely economic and trade standpoint, the proper sequence of integrations seems to be first integrating via the markets and subsequently via formal regional trade agreements. One interpretation of the relative success of the East Asian approach is that regional trade agreements often serve multiple constituents. Integrating via markets first can be helpful because this can give a stronger political bargaining power to the outward-looking economic-oriented forces within the country.     

Protecting the Right to Housing in the Aftermath of Natural Disaster: Standards in International Human Rights Law

In 2006, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees reportedthat an average of 211 million people each year were directlyaffected by the accumulated impact of natural disasters.¹ Thisis approximately five times the number of people thought tohave been affected by conflict over the past decade.² It iscommonly expected that, as a result of climate change, populationgrowth and inappropriate urbanisation, the incidence, severityand impact of natural disasters will continue to rise. And yetwhile the obligations of states in situations of armed conflicthave been extensively debated, the applicability of human rightslaw in the aftermath of natural disaster has not been so widelyexamined by regional or international human rights bodies. Thispaper considers the obligations of governments in the aftermathof natural disasters, with a particular focus on the right tohousing. The applicability of human rights law (and specificallyeconomic, social and cultural rights) in the aftermath of naturaldisaster is considered in a general sense, followed by a discussionof the content of the right to housing, and the obligationsof governments to respect, protect and fulfil this right inthe course of responding to disaster. The question of whetherstates have an obligation to provide restitution, compensationor other form of reparation to those who have lost homes, landand property by reason of natural disaster is also discussed.The paper draws on examples from the Indian Ocean tsunami (2004),the Pakistan earthquake (2005) and the South Asian floods (2007),and identifies specific elements of government obligations thatare of particular importance in ensuring the right to adequatehousing in the aftermath of natural disaster.     

区域性公共产品:东亚区域合作的新动力

区域性公共产品理论在区域合作和地区一体化中显示了较强的解释力。东亚区域合作对区域性公共产品的需求,是由该地区各成员国政治、经济和文化的多样性所决定的,提高区域公共产品的供应水平来克服其发展障碍成为东亚各国的内在要求。区域性公共产品与东亚区域合作之间是相互促进的:一方面,区域性公共产品可为东亚区域合作提供新的动力来源;另一方面,东亚区域性公共产品的有效供给与其区域合作的进程是密切关联的,区域合作的不断加强可以使区域性公共产品供给的效率得到改善和提高。     

东亚法治秩序的局限与超越维度

近代法治是在市民社会与国家的二元化进程中 ,以社会权利制约和平衡国家权力为基点而得以形成和发展的。东亚国家的现代化进程虽然也出现了市民社会 ,但却因历史传统而呈儒化倾向 ,它既设定了东亚法治秩序的局限 ,也赋予了其一定的超越维度 ,展现了多元现代性的东亚法治走向