略论我国引渡制度的现实困局与应对出路

引渡作为一种国家间制裁国内涉外犯罪的司法合作制度,愈来愈受到各国政府和专家学者的重视。但引渡制度只是提供了一种形式上最有效的方式,跨国"避罪"问题并没有得到一劳永逸的解决,因为引渡本身就是一个世界性的难题,中国自不例外。其主要表现为,一是参加或签署的国际条约在引渡实践中存在局限性、签署的双边引渡条约存在缺陷、双边友好协商方式运作艰难。二是中国引渡制度实现中的政治、经济、人权、法律等阻碍因素。鉴于此,我国应从国际政治交往方面、处理引渡制度中的传统原则问题、处理与引渡有关的审判及程序上的问题等方面求得突破困境的应对之策。     

Global Simplification of Extradition: Interviews with Selected Extradition Experts in New Zealand,Canada, the US and EU

This paper explores the discernible long-term trend towards the simplification of the conditions for extradition in the law of many states. The process of simplification appears to be justified by the necessity of taking more effective action against transnational crime. It appears to be taking place in three main areas: the recharacterisation of extradition from a criminal to an administrative process, the reduction of the substantive conditions for extradition and the expansion of the international platforms for extradition. The process is being tempered by and partially justified by greater individual human rights protections. In an effort to gain a better grasp of the nature of this process, what is driving it, and where it is heading, this paper records the views of a number of expert practitioners from the state, defence, and judiciary in seven different countries with significant extradition practice on these justifications, changes, and human rights protections. The paper synthesises their views thematically before drawing some conclusions about the nature of the process of simplification of extradition and whether there is an emerging global standard for extradition. The research was funded by the New Zealand Law Foundation International Research Fellowship for 2015.     

The role of human rights in extradition: the imperatives of reforming the Indian extradition law

The mobility of criminals and the consequent internationalization of crime have made domestic criminal law enforcement dependent upon international cooperation. As there is no general obligation of extradition at the international level, every country outlines the conditions and procedure, subject to which requests for extradition are granted. In fact, from the origin of the extradition system, objections stemming from human rights have been the major considerations in the grant or decline of extradition. It is in this background that the article examines and critically reviews the current level of the human rights protections afforded to persons facing extradition under the Indian Extradition Act, 1962. This article notes that in the field of extradition and human rights, several landmark legal developments have occurred in the last 50 years, and accordingly calls for a complete overhaul of the Indian extradition framework, so that India truly and effectively cooperates with other countries in criminal matters.     

中国东盟打击跨国犯罪刑事合作机制探析

中国东盟打击跨国犯罪刑事合作是双边政治、经贸发展的需要;已经建立的双边协商机制和法律合作机制是开展打击跨国犯罪的基础。中国和东盟国家已经签署的引渡条约在政治犯罪不引渡、本国国民不引渡等问题规定落后双边打击犯罪现实,亟需改进;中国和东盟国家司法协助形式较单一,需要增加。对于尚未与中国签署引渡条约的国家,由于不能根据国际公约开展引渡合作,只能开创新的合作思路。未来中国东盟打击跨国犯罪刑事合作应当向着建立区域机构、区域统一逮捕令、强化人员培训技术合作以及网络信息建设方向发展。     

The Merowe Dam Project – When Does the Coin Flip from Legal Business Activity to Criminal Behavior? Reflections on the Concept of Guarantor’s Liablity in the Context of Transnational Business Activities

The individual liability of corporate officers for crimes that are often framed as transnational human rights abuses is much debated. While it seems that some standards of liability are developing in the field of international criminal law, standards of criminal liability in cases where the alleged crimes do not amount to international crimes remain to some extent unclear. This article will examine a concrete case that was investigated by the Frankfurt/Main prosecutor’s office. Additionally, it will be considered whether international soft law standards on corporate human rights due diligence have an influence on how the existing standards of guarantor’s liability, and especially that of principals (Geschäftsherrenhaftung), are to be interpreted in these cases.     

The establishment and characteristics of China’s extradition system

Through analyzing the 25 bilateral extradition treaties that China concluded with other countries and the background of relevant legislation and treaty conclusion, the author delineates and discusses the establishment and basic characteristics of China’s extradition system. These characteristics are mainly as follows: (a) introduction of basic rules through bilateral treaties; (b) establishment of a scientific double examination to standardize and formalize extradition cooperation; (c) principle-centered, flexible and open towards extradition cooperation, and take the extradited person as a party to the extradition proceedings and give attention to the protection of his human rights.     

附条件引渡研究

引渡本属被请求引渡国为请求国提供的司法协助,但由于人权运动的兴起,引渡活动越来越重视被引渡人的合法权益。为保障人权,同时维护请求国的法律尊严并实现对于犯罪的惩罚,附条件引渡应运而生。附条件引渡是被请求国同意引渡时,要求请求国答应一定的条件的引渡活动,其附加条件必须与引渡后的司法活动紧密相关,对司法权的侵犯也应当在一定限度内,并可以分为程序条件和实体条件。对于附加条件的承诺也属国家行为,应由代表国家意志的机关决定并作出,承诺应当得到履行,不履行承诺应当承担一定的国家责任。     

The Myth of Universality: The UNESCO “Philosophers’ Committee” and the Making of Human Rights

This article reexamines one of the most enduring questions in the history of human rights: the question of human rights universality. By the end of the first decade after the end of the Cold War, debates around the legitimacy and origins of human rights took on new urgency, as human rights emerged as an increasingly influential rubric in international law, transnational development policy, social activism, and ethical discourse. At stake in these debates was the fundamental status of human rights. Based in part on new archival research, this article offers an alternative interpretation of the rediscovery by scholars in the late 1990s of a 1947 UNESCO survey that purported to demonstrate the universality of human rights through empirical evidence. The article argues that this contested intellectual history reflects the enduring importance of the “myth of universality”—a key cultural narrative that we continue to use to find meaning across the long, dark night of history.     

不引渡问题与反恐

目前,国际法上的不引渡制度有两种相反的表现,一是死刑不引渡原则的兴起,另一个是政治犯不引渡原则的衰退。基于互惠原则,任何对别国的限制最终也是对自己的限制,若要使国际反恐合作顺畅有效,首先应该消除本国法律中的障碍。因此,应该适应这一国际法发展趋向,确立政治犯相对不引渡制度、死刑不引渡原则。     

Legal Change and Gender Inequality: Changes in Muslim Family Law in India

Group-specific family laws are said to provide women fewer rights and impede policy change. India's family law systems specific to religious groups underwent important gender-equalizing changes over the last generation. The changes in the laws of the religious minorities were unexpected, as conservative elites had considerable indirect influence over these laws. Policy elites changed minority law only if they found credible justification for change in group laws, group norms, and group initiatives, not only in constitutional rights and transnational human rights law. Muslim alimony and divorce laws were changed on this basis, giving women more rights without abandoning cultural accommodation. Legal mobilization and the outlook of policy makers—specifically their approach to regulating family life, their understanding of group norms, and their normative vision of family life—shaped the major changes in Indian Muslim law. More gender-equalizing legal changes are possible based on the same sources.     

The European Court of Human Rights,Amicus Curiae,and Violence against Women

Are international courts and advocacy group legal mobilization shaping human rights politics? This question poses a theoretical and empirical challenge to state dominated understandings of international litigation. This article theorizes the interaction between advocacy groups and the European Court of Human Rights and the role this participation plays in the enforcement and development of human rights. The analyses examine institutional factors shaping broad trends in mobilization complemented by two in depth studies examining a single mode of participation, amicus curiae and a single area of law, violence against women. The data identify the critical role standing rules, court review powers and group expertise play in transnational rights mobilization and development. The findings bring into question dominant understandings of international law and contribute to a more complex understanding of law in a global age where international courts and societal actors are shaping the direction of rights protection.     

The Political Offender Exception in International Extradition Law: Terrorism Versus Human Rights

The political offense exception in the law of international extradition is one of the issues over which the justifiability of terrorist violence is being debated. The evolution of the political offender exception is sketched and the provisions of the 1986 Supplementary Treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom, which effectively eliminated the political offender exception for violent offenders, are outlined. The debate over the merits of the Treaty then is summarized. A concluding analysis suggests that limited violence is justified in defense of democracy and fundamental human rights and that the political offender exception should be interpreted so as to promote these values.     

Responsibility Beyond Borders: State Responsibility for Extraterritorial Violations by Corporations of International Human Rights Law

States routinely provide support and assistance to their corporate nationals in their global trade and investment ventures. While states may not intend to allow corporate nationals to violate human rights in their extraterritorial operations, by their actions or omissions, states may facilitate, or otherwise contribute to, a situation in which such violations by a corporation occur. This article investigates the extent to which the extraterritorial activities of transnational corporations (TNCs) that violate international human rights law can give rise to home state responsibility. The analysis shows that home states of TNCs have obligations under international law in certain situations to regulate the extraterritorial activities of corporate nationals or the latter's foreign subsidiaries and can incur international responsibility where they fail to do so.     

内地与港澳跨境洗钱犯罪的刑事司法协助问题

洗钱犯罪不仅具有跨国性特点,也具有明显的跨境性。由于内地与港澳刑法对洗钱罪的立法差异,给打击跨法域的洗钱犯罪提出一系列的问题,内地与港澳共同合作打击跨境洗钱犯罪势在必行,包括合理确定跨境洗钱犯罪的刑事管辖权、拓展区际个案协查、促进三地间相互移交逃犯、加强洗钱犯罪收益的没收等四个方面。     

Protección de los recursos genéticos de los pueblos indígenas en los sistemas universal e interamericano de derechos humanos

This article shows the current state of protection of genetic resources of indigenous peoples in the context of international human rights. The analysis is justified because international law, regional and international on access to genetic resources of indigenous peoples is insufficient, poor and in some cases, nonexistent. The protection of genetic resources in relation to indigenous peoples has special connotations according to its own system of human rights of these peoples, so that it seeks to investigate whether international law of human rights takes into account these ethnic particularities. In this sense, a characterization of universal and inter-American system related to genetic resources in order to identify gaps and challenges of these systems.     

The EU and Issues of Human Rights Protection: Same Solutions to More Acute Problems?

Academic literature repeatedly calls for the EU's accession to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 (hereinafter Convention 1 ). Similarly, the Lisbon Treaty provides that the EU must accede to the Convention. [Correction made here after initial online publication.] This might seem odd as the European Court of Justice (hereinafter ECJ 1 ) has over the years developed abundant case‐law on human rights protection in the EU, and the EU has not so long ago adopted a, albeit non‐binding, catalogue of human rights (the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (hereinafter Charter)). But after all these years, cases, and Treaty amendments, the EU is in fact going back to the ECJ's 1996 landmark opinion which recommended the EU's formal accession to the Convention, 1 already proposed in 1979 by the Commission. 1 One reason for this might be that, in the meantime, human rights issues have multiplied in the application of EU law, especially in areas such as the Second and Third Pillars where—at least initially—fewer human rights protection guarantees were foreseen.     

论双重犯罪原则之实质类似说

双重犯罪原则是引渡制度的重要内容 ,对于引渡请求所指向的行为只要依请求国与被请求国两国法律达到实质类似 ,就以为符合双重犯罪原则。从国际刑法学的角度 ,论述了在对国际犯罪进行引渡的过程中 ,双重犯罪原则之实质类似说的具体适用需要把握的若干问题 ,认为实质类似说与罪刑法定主义并无冲突 ,也不会造成对政治犯不引渡原则的背反 ,它与普遍管理原则所引申出的或引渡或起诉原则能够达成协调。另外 ,认为实质类似说体现在定罪和刑罚两方面 ,各国对可引渡之罪的标准从列举式到淘汰式的演变也表明了国际刑事立法对该说的确定     

Retrieving the ‘subject’ of European integration

In this article, a critical reinterpretation of citizens as subjects of European integration moves the focus of EU law from EU citizens' subjection to their subjectification. This analysis draws on post‐structural social theory in arguing that the law is instrumental to securing the material conditions for transnational political subjectification because it regulates both EU citizens' access to transnational social relations and the perception of difference between them. However, the law also reinforces constraints on the process of transnational subjectification. Systematic obstacles, which must be taken into account, are not limited to economic status, but include other variables like gender or age. It will be argued on this basis that EU law needs to develop a more coherent politics of subjectivity. Towards this goal, the law must carefully attend to what is (and is not) depoliticising in EU citizenship rights.     

Prisoners' Families and the Regulation of Contact

This article explores HM Prison Service policy and the impact of case law on the rights of prisoners to family contact. First, state provision and policy for prisoner-family contact is reviewed and the constraints imposed on contact over the past decade are explored. A number of legal challenges to these constraints have been made recently and, drawing on domestic case law and challenges in the European Court of Human Rights we explore the nature of prisoners' rights of contact in prison. This analysis shows that while fathers' rights for indirect contact are upheld, their rights are not respected as much as those of mothers in cases of direct contact and also that men unable to establish family life have their rights further eroded. Drawing upon empirical research findings as well as case law, the relationship between the Prison Act 1952 and the Children Act 1989 is considered and policy recommendations are put forward.     

Police informers and agents provocateurs: Accomplices or handmaidens of the law? Perspectives from the courts of eastern and southern africa

7. Conclusion The use of traps as an investigative technique has a long history. Today the police in many jurisdictions are resorting to them more and more to detect particularly complex crimes of an organized nature and, often, of a transnational character. Note should, however, be taken of the fact that the use of traps is not specifically provided for by statute and that it invariably involves violations of the law by those whose function it is to uphold and enforce the law. Moreover, as some of the cases discussed in this essay reveal, the use of traps may be very unfair to the accused to the extent of violating his or her constitutionally protected human rights. The courts have a bounden duty as watchdogs of those rights to be vigilant and to ensure that the police in their fight against crime do not turn into monsters. Professor of Law, University of Botswana, Gabarone, Botswana; LL.B., University of East Africa 1968; M.C.J., Howard University 1970; LL.M., New York University 1971; J.S.D., New York University 1975.