外伤性黄斑裂孔的法医学鉴定

目的探讨外伤性黄斑裂孔的特点及法医学鉴定要点。方法选择2014年1月~2016年12月期间,一所省级眼科医院33例(共33只眼睛)有确切眼外伤史的黄斑裂孔的案例资料进行回顾性研究,所有案例均行详细的常规视力、屈光度、VEP、ERG、裂隙灯、彩色眼底照相、视野、眼压、FFA、OCT等眼科检查。结果黄斑裂孔依据损伤程度可将其分为全层裂孔和板层裂孔,出现裂孔的时间不一,裂孔有自愈的可能,视力下降有可能恢复提高,损伤程度可为轻伤二级、轻伤一级、重伤二级。结论外伤性黄斑裂孔具有一定特征性,由裂孔引起的视力下降可以影响鉴定结论,鉴定时限为3~6月,部分案例可依具体情况延长至满6个月,OCT是检查的重要手段。     

外伤后流产23例法医学鉴定回顾性分析

目的分析外伤后流产案例法医学临床鉴定的特点,探究外伤与流产之间的因果关系。方法收集近年中国医科大学法医学院临床法医学教研室外伤后流产法医学鉴定共23例,总结和分析外伤后流产案例的特点。结果23例外伤后流产法医学鉴定例均为早期流产,体表损伤轻微,伤后短时间内出现阴道流血,并在较短时间内流产。高龄孕妇、农村人口和无业人员所占比例大。结论流产原因较多,对于外伤后流产的法医学鉴定案例,只有排除非外伤性因素后,才能认定为外伤性流产;对于不能排除非外伤性流产因素的案例,可根据具体情况分析损伤为流产的主要原因、次要原因或诱因。     

外伤性白内障视力损害与法医学鉴定

依据伤后视力损害程度,对外伤性白内障进行法医学鉴定。72例外伤性白内障,按损伤类型、所施行手术、伤后及手术后视力改变等进行分类、统计及数据处理。伤后低视力9例,盲目58例,不合作5例。术后12例患眼小孔视力达0.4～1.2,低视力29例,盲目26例。说明外伤性白内障手术后视力有明显改善,法医学鉴定应在手术后1～2个月进行为宜。     

33例外伤性鼓膜穿孔的法医临床学分析

鼓膜穿孔是耳科常见病症,在法医临床学检验鉴定中,鼓膜穿孔需区别外伤性、非外伤性鼓膜穿孔,或是否属造作伤后方能做出正确鉴定结论。现就本室检验鉴定的33例鼓膜穿孔总结分析如下。1案例资料一般资料男性23例,女性10例,年龄在25~67岁,右耳10例,左耳23例。致伤原因掌拳伤25例,鞋底伤1例,扫帚伤1例,烫伤1例,中耳炎2例,造作伤3例,其中8例耳部有明显外伤。检查时间伤后1周内检查30例,1周以上检查3例。穿孔部位及形状特征采用电耳镜结合鼓膜照相的检查方法,发现本组中25例穿孔位于紧张部前下方,5例位于紧张部后下方,1例伤及松弛部(烫伤),1例位于…     

眼球钝挫伤后视网膜脱离的司法鉴定

目的分析眼球钝挫伤后视网膜脱离在法医临床学眼损伤及伤残鉴定中的致伤原因及因果关系。方法研究112例眼球钝挫伤后视网膜脱离案例,对其中视网膜裂孔类型、外伤至视网膜脱离时间、合并其他损伤或疾病进行分析。结果本组案例锯齿缘离断4.28%,黄斑裂孔12.50%,其他部位的裂孔(<90°)56.25%,巨大裂孔(>90°)5.00%,未发现裂孔的增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)性视网膜脱离11.6%,其中45眼有不同程度的PVR。外伤至视网膜脱离的时间以1周～2个月为常见(61.60%)。合并中高度近视者83.93%,合并玻璃体混浊者52.68%。外伤与视网膜脱离存在直接因果关系者41.07%,存在间接因果关系者52.68%,外伤与视网膜脱离难以联系者6.25%。结论视网膜脱离与多种危险因素有关,外伤与视网膜脱离之间因果关系的分析是法医学眼损伤及伤残鉴定的重要内容。     

拳击致脉络膜破裂 1例

1 案 例 　　某男, 26岁,因被他人拳击右眼,当即疼痛,视力丧失,在当地卫生院经眼底镜检查：眼底出血。伤后第 3天检查：视力右眼 0.04,左眼 1.2,右眼结膜充血,瞳孔略大,眼底检查见视乳头颞侧至黄斑区一条状深兰色隆起,其间一不规则出血斑,视网膜呈青灰色隆起。诊断：右眼外伤性视网膜、脉络膜脱离。伤后 1个月眼底照相诊断：右眼脉络膜裂伤。裂伤位于视乳头与黄斑之间,呈弧形改变,累及黄斑区。伤后 3个月鉴定时复查,右眼视力仍为 0.04。 2 讨 论 　　眼球受挫伤时,球后壁向后扩张,因脉络膜较脆而发生裂伤。裂伤常伴有出血及…     

外伤性延迟性脾破裂14例分析

本文收集了14例外伤性延迟性脾破裂的案例并进行分析,对脾脏外伤性延迟性破裂的时间、类型、暴力方式及法医学鉴定方法等进行探讨。1案例资料与结果全部资料来源于法医临床学鉴定材料中脾破裂的案例,经过筛选,剔除案例中脾脏外伤后即时破裂、资料不全及未作病理检验等不能进行有效分析的案例。14例资料中,被鉴定者男性12例,女性2例;平均年龄31.56岁,最小12岁,最大71岁;外伤后至延迟破裂的时间最短3h,最长者达18d;拳击、膝顶、脚踢等徒手伤10例,木棒等器械伤1例,车祸伤2例,坠落伤1例;作用方式中,直接外力13例,间接外力1例;最终破裂时有诱因(…     

外伤后流产法医学鉴定96例分析

外伤后流产的案例在法医鉴定工作中屡见不鲜,而外伤与流产之间的关系常常是案件争论的焦点。本文通过对2001~2011年我县96例外伤后流产案例的分析,旨在讨论流产病因,探讨外伤性流产的鉴定及其损伤程度评定等问题。1案件资料1.     

60例外伤性脑梗塞的法医学鉴定分析

本文通过对60例外伤性脑梗塞的综合分析，探讨其发生年龄、性别、成伤方式、临床特征及法医学鉴定的一般规律．     

外伤致鼓膜穿孔318例分析

外伤性骨膜穿孔在法医临床学鉴定中经常遇见,如何与疾病性骨膜穿孔及如何确定损伤程度,是法医学需要解决的重要问题之一。为此,本文作者对相关的案例进行收集、分析,并探讨相关问题。材料及方法对我所1997—2003年符合系列条件的案件进行统计分析:1.诊断外伤性鼓膜穿孔,有耳部明确的外伤史,伤后不久即在医院检查,排除非外伤性鼓膜穿孔。2.鉴定档案资料齐全。鉴定均依据相关急诊病历及二级以上医院专科原始检查记录,并有脑干听觉诱发电位等客观听力测试报告佐证。符合条件共318例。结果一、一般情况类别例数耳聋耳鸣耳痛鼓腮试验阳性裂隙状13…     

创伤性骨关节炎法医学鉴定41例分析

目的探讨创伤性骨关节炎的法医学鉴定要点。方法总结苏州同济司法鉴定所2006~2010年受理的41例创伤性骨关节炎法医临床学鉴定案例,对被鉴定人的性别、年龄、致伤方式、损伤部位、损伤形态、影像学表现、治疗方式、创伤性骨关节炎确诊的时间间隔等资料进行回顾性统计、分析。结果法医学检验检见生理结构破坏合并功能障碍7例,功能障碍30例,生理结构与功能检查均未见明显异常9例,另2例临床于外伤后短时间内即诊断为创伤性骨关节炎的,法医学鉴定时未予认定。创伤性骨关节炎影像学表现的严重程度与疼痛、功能障碍等临床表现并没有显著的相关性。结论创伤性骨关节炎作为骨折后常见的并发症之一,好发于负重关节,发生的间隔时间不一,其临床表现严重程度较影像学表现对法医学鉴定意见的意义更大。     

10例青光眼法医临床学鉴定分析

目的探讨青光眼的形成机制、鉴别诊断、鉴定方法等相关问题。方法对10例青光眼的临床法医学鉴定例资料进行回顾性研究。结果10例青光眼中,5例为外伤性青光眼,1例可能为混合型,4例属病理性青光眼;鉴定时间在伤后3-12个月,其中轻微伤2例,轻伤6例,重伤2例。结论外伤性继发性青光眼的认定首先需有明确的眼部外伤史,其次是有能导致青光眼的损伤,而后监测眼压确诊青光眼;与病理性青光眼主要鉴别点为前房深浅、前房角、杯/盘比(C/D)、眼底血管改变等;损伤程度应在明确诊断及进行相关治疗后,主要依据视力及视野损害情况确定。     

外伤后诊疗失误医疗纠纷分析

通过对5例外伤后医疗纠纷案件的回顾性分析,探讨了此类医疗纠纷的特点和医疗失误的成因。通过外伤和医疗失误在患者死亡后果中责任程度分析,提出了“死因竞合”和“参与度”的判定原则。并且认为,在涉讼的此类医疗纠纷案件的技术鉴定中,如将对死者进行全面尸体解剖和病理学检验以明确患者死亡的原因作为必要的前置程序．则对于此类案件的科学鉴定具有非常重要的意义。     

The role of trauma in postmortem blood alcohol determination

In postmortem cases, a blood sample is frequently obtained by transthoracic (TT) puncture. The purpose of this study was to determine if, in traumatic death, blood samples collected by TT provided a valid sample for blood alcohol analysis. A retrospective study (1980–1986) was conducted to evaluate possible contamination of blood by GI alcohol in traumatic death cases. Out of 6000 cases reviewed, 19 cses with BACs >500 mg/dl were found and 8 of these cases involved traumatic death with GI laceration and/or transection. The results of this study support the hypothesis that blood samples from the 8 cases had been contaminated, resulting in a falsely elevated BAC. A transthoracic study (1987–1989) was conducted under controlled conditions, where blood alcohol content of TT blood samples was compared with samples collected from the intact heart chamber. Seven out of 28 cases of traumatic injury revealed trauma to the GI tract. The results showed that when GI traumatic injury occurs and unabsorbed ethanol is present in the stomach, contamination of TT blood samples occurs and artificially elevated BACs are obtained. It is recommended that, in cases of traumatic injury, heart blood samples from the intact heart chamber, as well as samples of additional biological fluids, be collected to rule out the possibility of contamination and to ensure that the BAC used for forensic interpretation is accurate.     

外伤性癫痫患者癫痫灶中GABABR1和GluR1的表达

目的探讨外伤性癫痫患者颞叶癫痫灶组织γ-氨基丁酸B受体亚单位（gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptorsubunit,GABABR1）和谷氨酸受体亚单位（glutamic acid receptor subunit,GluR1）的表达变化,以期为阐释外伤性癫痫发生机制和法医学鉴定提供依据。方法收集15例外伤性癫痫患者脑皮质（外伤性癫痫组）1、5例非外性癫痫患者脑皮质（非外伤性癫痫组）、15例交通事故死亡者脑皮质（交通事故死亡对照组）,运用荧光免疫组化技术和RT-PCR技术观察GABABR1和GluR1的表达水平。结果外伤性癫痫组GABAB R1表达水平明显低于对照组,但高于非外伤性癫痫组;外伤性癫痫组GluR1表达水平明显高于对照组,但低于非外伤性癫痫组。结论 GABABR1和GluR1的表达水平的变化在外伤性癫痫病的发病过程中起着一定的作用,可以作为区分外伤性癫痫与非外伤性癫痫的病变化指标之一。     

"Crow's feet wrinkles" as a sign of preserved consciousness]

We report on 3 deaths after the influence of high voltage current, fire and traumatic injury respectively. In all cases we found radial bands beside the eyes--so called "crow's feet". They are a sign of vital reaction in the cases of traumatic and thermic injury, possibly also in high-voltage burns due to sparking. In general, the "crow's feet" show that the person was conscious at the moment of the event.     

Traumatic asphyxial deaths in car crush: Report of 3 autopsy cases

Traumatic asphyxia is a rare syndrome due to compression of thorax, abdomen or both. The diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia is based on typical findings consisting of cervico-facial congestion with swelling, multiple petechial hemorrhages in skin and conjunctiva with a history of traumatic compression. The authors report three cases of traumatic asphyxia in car crash to illustrate few unusual findings along with the typical autopsy findings. All three cases showed the typical findings of traumatic asphyxia. Regarding unusual findings, blisters containing hemorrhagic fluid were observed in two cases over areas subjected to traumatic compression. One case showed the peculiar skin pattern in the form of absent congestion corresponding to the tight-fitting strap of banyan. Subcutaneous emphysema was noted in two cases in presence of intact visceral pleura. These unusual findings could be used as additional markers of traumatic asphyxia in conjunction with characteristic features to support the diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia.     

外伤与流产因果关系分析

目的 研究外伤性流产法医学鉴定案件的特点,探讨如何利用临床资料,尤其是实验室检查结果（B超、血HCG变化等）对外伤性流产的认定及损伤程度的判定等问题.方法 根据流产的原因、分类及妊娠生理变化等临床特点,结合案情特点、临床表现、既往史、实验室检验及辅助检查结果等进行因果关系分析.结果 本组5例案件中4例为早期流产,1例为晚期流产,3例均因胚胎发育异常否认外伤性流产,1例因人为因素自行药物流产难以认定外伤性流产,1例认定为外伤性流产.结论 外伤史明确的前提下,外伤性流产的认定可首先依据实验室检查结果分析胚胎（或胎儿）发育情况,若胚胎存在异常,一般可直接排除外伤性流产,如胚胎发育正常,可再根据其他临床资料进行分析评定.     

The state of brain ventricles and their ependima in different scenarios of traumatic blood loss

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the state of ependima and the subependimal layer of the brain ventricles after death from the traumatic blood loss and in the cases of the blood loss under conditions of acute alcoholic and narcotic intoxication. The methods used for this purpose included light and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that in subjects who died from the traumatic blood loss during acute alcoholic and narcotic intoxication ependima showed the signs of progressive polymorphism and had extensive areas of discontinued cell layers. Neuropil contained numerous vacuoles and blood effusion sites. The surface of ependima exhibited pathological erythrocytes, agglomerations of detritus, and crystalloid structures. The blood loss during combined alcoholic and narcotic intoxication resulted in more pronounced alterations in the ventricular walls.