范式与理性：知识产权法学现代性的演进

如何实现知识产权法学在中国的现代性是源起于对法律移植的思考。无论是以外观为标准的形式理性，还是以内在逻辑关联的实质理性为视角，均可获得实践化转向的必然结果，这表现为从“知识产权法是什么”进入“知识产权应是什么”的渐变过程。这一过程主要表现为研究范式的形成，以及理性元素的不断生成、积淀。     

中国现代性法学话语的时空坐标

中国现代性法学话语的时间坐标,应当着眼于“后礼法”这样一个关节点。在“后礼法”时代,既要认真对待“礼法”时代之“礼”在“后礼法”时代的历史遗留物,更要积极应对“后礼法”时代本身对于中国法学提出的挑战。中国现代性法学话语的空间坐标,应当从“中国与西方”这种传统的法学空间图式,转换到“中国与世界”这一新的法学图式中来。在传统的“中国与西方”图式中,现代性的中国法学话语主要是由西方法学来定义的,在“中国与世界”图式中,现代性的中国法学话语主要是由世界法学来定义的。通过建构中国现代性法学话语的时空坐标,有助于中国法学树立起自我意识与自主观念,承担起为世界法学做出“中国贡献”的责任。     

论精神生活的现代性遭遇与超越之路

精神生活是人类特有的生活方式,现代性带来的社会变革构成精神生活的背景.现代性在人的精神生活的突出表现是四重遭遇:现代性挑战与精神生活的异化、工具理性膨胀与价值理性消解的冲突、自然科学与人文科学二元对立、物质富裕与精神贫困二律背反,而精神生活现代性遭遇的救赎良方是四个向度的构建.     

失落的话语权：中国司法现代性之冷思考

话语是思维符号和交际工具，更是斗争的手段，话语权不仅是有无说话的权利，更指向话语背后体现的权力关系。中国的法律现代化，在一种自我放弃话语权的前提下进行，必然的处于尴尬境地。本文拟对以“西方中心主义”进行批判的同时，追溯古代中国司法传统对现实司法土壤的影响，认清当代中国司法的现代性，试图进行司法改革的构建，重新定义中国司法的现代性，以为今后的司法改革提供可资引用的参考。     

马克思现代性思想视域下中国式现代化及其现实意义

最早起源于西方的现代性涵盖政治、经济、文化等领域，在带来理性的光明、生产力的爆发的同时也衍生了一系列问题。马克思在其论述中虽然没有直接使用“现代性”一词，但他对现代资本主义社会的深刻洞察无不体现着现代性思想。中国共产党带领全体人民以马克思现代性批判思想为旨归，结合中国实际创造出了中国式现代化，不仅丰富和发展了现代性理论，开辟了现代化的新境界，也为广大发展中国家提供了一条可供选择的现代化路径。     

论尊重罪犯的人格

尊重罪犯的人格。不是日常话语下对“好人”适用的的“尊重”．不是对道德人格或“正常交往”状态下的人与人之间关系基础上的“尊重”，而是作为一般意义上的对“人”尊重，是对其合法权利的尊重。如果理解为日常话语下的尊重。那就很容易消解对特定对象的理解．进而演化罪犯自身角色认知，淡化警察狱情意识。影响警囚关系的正确定位。弱化狱内管理。增加监狱风险。     

庶民的胜利——中国民主话语考论

民主无论作为一种意识形态还是作为现代中国的政治象征,它都与中国的现代性话语密切相关,至少是中国政治精英、知识精英“现代政治话语”的重要构成要素。而现代中国民主话语本身所不断显现出的某些特征又与早期中国人对英语的“Republic”、“Democracy”的翻译有关,与中国经典所构成的传统民主话语有关。从一定意义上讲,正是传统的民主话语与西方的“Republic”、“Democracy”的某种结合而形成了现代中国独特的民主语境。     

解析批判的法律现代性与法律现代性批判

法律现代性是在解构神权的基础上产生的,先行的文艺复兴提到了个体的力量,随后启蒙运动则对神学自然法起到了根本的动摇.在以“理性”、“自由”为自我确证的依据下,法律现代性的展现当中产生了内在的矛盾,并越来越背离法律现代性产生的使命.为重新树立法律现代性批判,增强自身批判力,是我们的使命.     

20世纪中国文学的现代性阐释与文化政治问题

在对 2 0世纪中国文学不同的阐释模式之中 ,“现代性”的模式实际上具有独特的阐释力量 :一方面 ,它能够穿透曾经被既有的现代性阐释置于盲区的“革命文学”以至于后来的“文革文学”;另一方面 ,其对学术视野的开拓亦有着相当重要的学术价值。 2 0世纪中国文学现代性追求的基本主题是从“文化大革命”及其以前的“解放政治”而到“改革时代”的“生活政治”。 90年代中国文学的现代性问题主要包括 90年代中国文学的历史语境与文学领域的制度安排、文学工作者的身份认同与话语政治以及文本策略与文本政治等等     

从图腾崇拜到自然崇拜：人与自然对话的走势

神话语言对宗教情感的培养是由万物有灵的“元语言”决定的。当“元语言”出现“多语”的要求时,其叙述语言向自然崇拜权力话语的接近,一方面造就着自然神故事的丰富性,另一方面自然神的故事也在图腾崇拜的话语中得到消解。对于自然崇拜而言,图腾崇拜具有特殊的意义,图腾崇拜是向自然崇拜过渡的必需语言。要全面地解构自然崇拜内在的语言结构,则必须从解构图腾崇拜入手。     

Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana on Avidyā

The concept of avidyā is one of the central categories in the Advaita of Śaṇkara and Maṇḍana. Shifting the focus from māyā, interpreted either as illusion or as the divine power, this concept brings ignorance to the forefront in describing duality and bondage. Although all Advaitins accept avidyā as a category, its scope and nature is interpreted in multiple ways. Key elements in Maṇḍana’s philosophy include the plurality of avidyā, individual selves as its substrate and the Brahman as its field (viṣaya), and the distinction in avidyā between non-apprehension and misapprehension. A closer investigation shows that Maṇḍana is directly influenced by Bhartṛhari’s linguistic non-dualism in developing the concept of avidyā. This study also compares other key constituents such as vivartta and pariṇāma that are relevant to the analysis of avidyā. As the concept of counter-image (pratibimba) emerges as a distinct stream of Advaita subsequent to Maṇḍana, this study also compares the application of pratibimba in the writings of Bhartṛhari and Maṇḍana.     

Unraveling the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kāvyaprakāśa</Emphasis>: Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa’s idiosyncratic sequence of topics in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candrāloka</Emphasis>

In his twelfth century alaṃkāraśāstra, the Candrāloka, Jayadeva Pīyūṣavarṣa reverses the sequence of topics found in Mammaṭa’s Kāvyapr-akāśa, an earlier and immensely popular work. With such a structural revisionism, Jayadeva asserts the autonomy of his own work and puts forth an ambitious critique of earlier approaches to literary analysis. Jayadeva investigates the technical and aesthetic components of poetry in the first part of the Candrāloka, prior to his formal semantic investigations in the latter half of the text, thus suggesting that aesthetic evaluations of poetry beneficially inform scientific investigations of language. Jayadeva’s organization of his chapters on the semantic operations, moreover, intimates that the study of suggestive and metaphoric functions of language clarifies our understanding of denotation, which is conventionally understood to be the primary and direct path of verbal designation.     

Immigration,intermarriage and the changing face of Europe in the post war period

In this article we compare the propensity to intermarry of various migrant groups and their children who settled in Germany, France, England, Belgium and the Netherlands in the post-war period, using a wide range of available statistical data. We try to explain different intermarriage patterns within the framework of Alba and Nee's assimilation theory and pay special attention to the role of religion, colour and colonial background. We therefore compare colonial with non colonial migrants and within these categories between groups with ‘European’ (Christian) and non-European (Islam, Hinduism) religions. First of all, religion appears to be an important variable. Migrants whose faith has no tradition in Western Europe intermarry at a much lower rate than those whose religious backgrounds correspond with those that are common in the country of settlement. The rate of ethnic endogamous marriages in Western Europe are highest in Hindu and Muslim communities, often regardless if they came as guest workers or colonial migrants. Whereas differences in religion diminish the propensity to intermarry, colour or ‘racial’ differences on the other hand seem to be less important. This is largely explained by the pre-migration socialisation. Furthermore, the paper argues that the attention to institutions, as rightly advocated by Richard Alba and Victor Nee, needs a more refined and layered elaboration. Institutions, often as barriers to intermarriage, do not only emanate from the receiving society, but also—be it less formalized—within migrant communities. Especially religions and family systems, but also organized nationalist feelings, can have a profound influence on how migrants think about endogamy. Finally, strong pressures to assimilate, often through institutionalized forms of discrimination and stigmatization, not only produce isolation and frustrate assimilation (with resulting low intermarriage rates), but can also stimulate assimilation by 'passing' mechanisms. These factors, together with a more comparative perspective, are not completely ignored in the new assimilation theory, but—as this study of Western European intermarriage patterns stresses—deserve to be included more systematically in historical and social scientist analyses.     

Turning a Madhyamaka Trick: Reply to Huntington

Huntington (2007); argues that recent commentators (Robinson, 1957; Hayes, 1994; Tillemans, 1999; Garfield and Priest, 2002) err in attributing to Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti a commitment to rationality and to the use of argument, and that these commentators do violence to the Madhyamaka project by using rational reconstruction in their interpretation of Nāgārjuna’s and Candrakīrti’s texts. Huntington argues instead that mādhyamikas reject reasoning, distrust logic and do not offer arguments. He also argues that interpreters ought to recuse themselves from argument in order to be faithful to these texts. I demonstrate that he is wrong in all respects: Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti deploy arguments, take themselves to do so, and even if they did not, we would be wise to do so in commenting on their texts.     

The Supreme Array Scripture: A New Interpretation of the Title “Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra”

This article argues for a new interpretation of the Sanskrit compound gaṇḍa-vyūha as it is used in the common title of the Mahāyāna text the Gaṇḍavyūha-Sūtra.The author begins by providing a brief history of the sūtra’s appellations in Chinese and Tibetan sources. Next, the meanings of gaṇḍa (the problematic member of the compound) are explored. The author proposes that contemporary scholars have overlooked a meaning of gaṇḍa occurring in some compounds, wherein gaṇḍa can mean simply “great,” “big” or “massive.” This general sense is particularly common in the compound gaṇda-śaila (a “massive rock” or “boulder”) and is found in such texts as the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, the Harivaṃśa and the Harṣacarita. Following the discussion of Gaṇḍa, the author examines the term vyūha (“array”) as it is used in the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra. The article concludes with the suggestion that a more appropriate translation of the Gaṇḍavyūha-sūtra would be “The Supreme array Scripture.”     

The Mūlāvidyā Controversy Among Advaita Vedāntins: was Śaṅkara Himself Responsible?

The concept of avidyā or ignorance is central to the Advaita Vedāntic position of Śȧnkara. The post-Śaṅkara Advaitins wrote sub-commentaries on the original texts of Śaṅkara with the intention of strengthening his views. Over the passage of time the views of these sub-commentators of Śaṅkara came to be regarded as representing the doctrine of Advaita particularly with regard to the concept of avidyā. Swami Satchidanandendra Saraswati, a scholar-monk of Holenarsipur, challenged the accepted tradition through the publication of his work Mūlāvidyānirāsaḥ, particularly with regard to the avidyādoctrine. It was his contention that the post-Śaṅkara commentators brought their own innovations particularly on the nature of avidyā. This was the idea of mūlāvidyā or ‘root ignorance’, a positive entity which is the material cause of the phenomenal world. Saraswati argues that such an idea of mūlāvidyā is not to be found in the bhāṣyas (commentaries) of Śaṅkara and is foisted upon Śaṅkara. This paper attempts to show that although Śaṅkara may not have explicitly favoured such a view of mūlāvidyā, his lack of clarity on the nature of avidyā left enough scope for the post-Śaṅkara commentators to take such a position on avidyā.     

Evaluation of six presumptive tests for blood, their specificity, sensitivity, and effect on high molecular-weight DNA

Luminol, leuchomalachite green, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, Hemident, and Bluestar are all used as presumptive tests for blood. In this study, the tests were subjected to dilute blood (from 1:10,000 to 1:10,000,000), many common household substance, and chemicals. Samples were tested for DNA to determine whether the presumptive tests damaged or destroyed DNA. The DNA loci tested were D2S1338 and D19S433. Leuchomalachite green had a sensitivity of 1:10,000, while the remaining tests were able to detect blood to a dilution of 1:100,000. Substances tested include saliva, semen, potato, tomato, tomato sauce, tomato sauce with meat, red onion, red kidney bean, horseradish, 0.1 M ascorbic acid, 5% bleach, 10% cupric sulfate, 10% ferric sulfate, and 10% nickel chloride. Of all the substances tested, not one of the household items reacted with every test; however, the chemicals did. DNA was recovered and amplified from luminol, phenolphthalein, Hemastix, and Bluestar, but not from leuchomalachite green or Hemident.     

Illumination,Imagination, Creativity: Rājaśekhara,Kuntaka, and Jagannātha on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pratibhā</Emphasis>

Sanskrit poeticians make the visionary faculty of pratibhā a necessary part of the professional poet’s make-up. The term has a pre-history in Bhartṛhari’s linguistic metaphysics, where it is used to explain the unitary perception of meaning. This essay examines the relation between pratibhā and possible theories of the imagination, with a focus on three unusual theoreticians—Rājaśekhara, Kuntaka, and Jagannātha Paṇḍita. Rājaśekhara offers an analysis of pratibhā that is heavily interactive, requiring the discerning presence of the bhāvaka listener or critic; he also positions pratibhā in relation to Bildung (vyutpatti) and practice. For Kuntaka, pratibhā, never an ex nihilo creation by a poet, serves as the basis for the peculiar forms of intensified insight and experience that constitute poetry; these may also involve the creative scrambling and re-articulation of the object in terms of its systemic composition. At times, Kuntaka’s pratibhā comes close to a strong notion of imaginative process. But the full-fledged thematization of the imagination, and of pratibhā as its support and mechanism, is best seen in the seventeenth-century debates preserved for us by Jagannātha. A link is suggested between the discourse of poetic imagination in Jagannātha and similar themes that turn up in Indo-Persian poets such as Bedil.     

Preventing Homelessness for System‐Involved Youth

Too many youth and young adults find themselves on the streets, couch‐surfing with friends, in emergency shelters or worse, after exiting the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. In some circumstances, youth have had court hearings until their exit from the legal system, but those hearings have not focused on long‐range plans of youth and emergencies youth may encounter. In other circumstances, there has been little or no planning prior to discharge, especially for young people who leave the juvenile justice system. Courts can and should prevent, alleviate or end youth homelessness for youth who appear before them through strategies that are enumerated in the recently‐passed NCJFCJ resolution. This article expounds on three of these strategies – coordinating transition and re‐entry plans, insisting on effective legal representation of youth, and utilizing sound judicial leadership. It also describes the concurrent efforts of the Coalition for Juvenile Justice and the American Bar Association's Homeless Youth Legal Network to remove legal barriers and improve outcomes for youth and young adults experiencing homelessness.     

Best practices for structuring a family court parenting plan evaluation under the 2022 AFCC Guidelines

Evaluation appointment orders provide enforceable scaffolding for conduct of family court parenting plan evaluations, and use of the evaluator's reports, feedback, file, and testimony. Unlike a contract, a stipulated or adjudicated appointment order is directly enforceable by the family court. It unambiguously positions the evaluator as the family court's appointee – answerable directly to the court and, in some jurisdictions, protected by quasi-judicial immunity from damages claims. A well-crafted appointment order governs the roles and expectations of the court, the evaluator, the parties, the lawyers, and the collateral witnesses. An appointment order mandates the legal duties, rights, powers, and responsibilities of the professionals, the parties, and the collateral witnesses. At minimum, an appointment order articulates the legal basis for the appointment, the purpose and scope of the evaluation, compensation of evaluator, and the duty of the parties to participate in the process. A written evaluation protocol or procedures statement discloses in advance the methods of investigation and assessment that the evaluator intends to use. Together, the appointment order and written protocol help the evaluator, lawyers, parents, and judge manage the complexity of the evaluation process.