微量纤维物证的检验

微量纤维物证的检验周莉华现代科学技术的发展，经济体制的转变，引发了多种新型犯罪，而且犯罪分子的手段日趋科学化、智能化，如带有黑社会性质的犯罪、吸毒贩毒、证券犯罪、保险犯罪、计算机犯罪、利用信用卡犯罪等。为了准确地获取犯罪情报，打击各种新型犯罪，微量物...     

是非本无度成败皆有痕——扫描电镜／能谱仪在微量物证鉴定技术中的应用

微量物证是能够揭示和证实犯罪、提供破案线索、缩小贞查范围的量小体徽的物质，它通常遗留在犯罪现场、犯罪工具、作案人身上或被害者身上。微量物证的检验鉴定通常要借助于现代化的仪器。因为这些仪器是科技研发的最新成果，具有更高的灵敏度、精确度和可靠性。     

热分析在微量物证检验中的应用（综述）

微量物证是与犯罪有关联、能认定犯罪事实的、量小体微、甚至用肉眼难以看见的细微物质。微量物证能将嫌疑犯、被害人与犯罪现场有关的情况联系起来,为侦察提供方向和线索。微量物证来源广泛,种类繁多、常见的有纤维、泥土、金属碎屑、毛发、粘合剂、纸张、油脂、油漆、玻璃、塑料、橡胶及爆炸残留物等。微量物证的检验方法有物理性质的测试、化学     

微量物证检验技术的历史与现状

微量痕迹物证是指遗留在与犯罪有关的一定人体或物体上能够揭露和证实某种犯罪事实的微小物质。如人和动物的分泌物、排泄物、毛发、灰尘、土粒、煤渣、木屑、油漆残渣、炸药渣、粮食颗粒、药物等。通过对这些东西的鉴定为分析案情和作案手段、确定侦查方向和范围提供依据。为揭露和证实犯罪提供依据。但是在刑事侦查中对“微量”并没有一个界定,也有人认为一般小于0.1mg。通过对这些微小物证的鉴定可以为侦查破案提供一定的证据。现就本人掌握的微量物证的检验方面的情况谈谈微量物证检验的历史和现状。我国是世界上公认的最早利用微量物证破案的国家中国古代的案狱故事,浩如烟海。在刑事侦查办案过程中,我们的祖先虽然没有现代这样的大型精密仪器,但却运     

微量物证的法医学鉴定

<正> 微量物证是日常生活中经常接触的多种多样的物质。就法医鉴定而言,微量物证是指与案件有关,亦即犯罪遗留在被害者身上、现场上或罪犯从现场上带走的各种微小物质;在检验方法上,指经过前处理,只需微量的、并通过仪器分析即可得出正确结果的(PPM 级)物质或元素。鉴于微量物证范围广,现代仪器分析方法多,法医自身虽     

微生物物证检验

面对21世纪生物犯罪或生物恐怖活动的新挑战,物证鉴定的新专业--微生物物证检验将成为执法部门侦查和起诉生物犯罪必不可少的手段。微生物物证检验以用作犯罪武器的各种微生物为检验对象,获得微生物种类和能够提供来源信息的菌毒株细致分型结果,达到提供犯罪侦查线索和法庭证据的目的。本文综述了微生物物证检验的定义、特征、技术应用以及美国近年来在微生物物证检验的实践和值得借鉴的成功经验。并建议我国物证鉴定实验室应积极开展研究,建立能够满足生物犯罪侦查需求的微生物物证检验能力。     

微量物证技术的发展与对策

微量物证技术相对其它刑事技术手段起步较晚,这是由于其科技含量高,涉及几乎所有工程学科和分析学科,人们对它的认识非常有限。我国微量物证技术起步于20世纪70年代,初期仅开展了油类、射击残留物和爆炸残留物的检验。1984年第一届全国微量物证检验学术交流会的召开,极大推动了微量物证技术的发展。80年代我国微量物证技术得到快速发展,微量物证技术人员不断增加,逐步引进了气相色谱仪、原子发射光谱仪、原子吸收光谱仪、紫外光谱仪、扫描电镜、付里叶显微红外光谱仪、液相色谱仪、示差扫描量热仪和气/质联用仪等大型分析仪器设备,微量物证…     

国外微量物证检验研究进展

本文根据近年来国外法庭微量物证检验方面的研究成果,从检验对象、检验技术及发展趋势三个方面总结了当前国外微量物证的研究现状。介绍了近年来国外法庭科学家在常见的微量物证如油漆、纤维、玻璃等的检测方法和检测技术,尤其重点介绍了一些新技术如电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱技术(ICP/AES)、微波辅助消融和等离子光谱技术(OES/ICP)、激光等离子质谱联用技术(LA/ICP/MS)等在微量物证中的应用。指出国外微量物证研究相对于国内微量物证研究在技术应用、数据库建立、数据分析、合作研究等方面的优越性。     

一例陈年骨骼DNA分析案件引起的反思

近年来,法医DNA分析已成为法医物证检验的常规技术,特别是PCR-STR技术在实际应用中其检测灵敏度可达纳克级水平,从证据学的角度,这无疑使我们更加科学、有效地证实犯罪。但从发现、提取以及检验如此微量的生物物证角度,这又是对技术人员责任心的考验。本文通过一起杀人案中陈年     

确立微量物证技术在现代侦查中的地位

确立微量物证技术在现代侦查中的地位陈结淼近年来，犯罪分子的作案手段日趋复杂化、智能化、专业化，有的犯罪分子有着较丰富的反侦查经验，熟悉用以证实犯罪的常规物证，如指纹、足迹等。为逃避侦查，他们作案以后，往往会伪造现场，破坏现场，毁灭证据。在这种情况下，...     

Characterization of condom lubricant components using Raman spectroscopy and Raman chemical imaging

A condom can be described as a protective sheath used as a contraceptive or to protect against sexually transmitted diseases. However, individuals also use condoms during the commission of sexual assaults to prevent identification through deposited biological material. Raman spectroscopy offers a novel approach to identifying the presence of condom lubricant components. Furthermore, Raman chemical imaging expands on conventional Raman spectroscopy to characterize multiple condom lubricant components simultaneously in a manner that effectively demonstrates heterogeneous sample mixtures both spectrally and spatially. Known reference materials, liquid and solid lubricant components of common condom brands were successfully characterized using Raman dispersive spectroscopy and Raman chemical imaging without extensive sample preparation inherent to other analytical methods. The characterization of these materials demonstrates the potential of this technique to become a routine screening method for condom lubricants. This preliminary investigation provides a basis for future studies to determine the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy and Raman chemical imaging for condom lubricant trace detection in case type samples.     

Raman Spectroscopic Differences between Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine

Ephedrine (EPH) and pseudoephedrine (PSE) were studied by micro‐Raman spectroscopy and UV resonance Raman spectroscopy excited at 785 and 360 nm, respectively. Raman bands at approximately 245 and 410 cm^?1 for ephedrine have apparent differences from the same bands at approximately 215, 265, 350, 450, and 555 cm^?1 for pseudoephedrine, and these differences can be applied to distinguish between EPH and PSE. Additionally, density functional theory was used for the Raman calculations to obtain results identical to the experimental spectra. This work is expected to expand the applications of Raman spectroscopy in forensic science.     

A market study of green spray paints by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy.

A market study of 40 different green spray paints was carried out using infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The infrared technique distinguished between the 12 main groups based on their binder and extender composition. After visual comparison of the spectra 22 subgroups were observed. Raman spectroscopy was also carried out on the 40 reference paints in order to determine the pigment content. Analyses were undertaken using two different excitation sources: Argon ion (514.5 nm) and Helium-Neon (632.8 nm). The first generated strong fluorescence for most of the samples and created eight groups. Using the red laser, 15 classes were observed. Finally, using an analytical sequence starting with infrared spectroscopy followed by Raman Helium-Neon and then by Raman Argon laser, most of the paints were differentiated. In this study infrared and Raman spectroscopy complemented each other. FTIR supplied information about the binder and some extenders, and Raman provided information on the main organic pigments present.     

拉曼光谱法鉴别常见毒品

目的建立一种识别毒品与其它常见白色物质的方法。方法使用激光显微拉曼光谱法对7种毒品和5种白色粉末进行了分析。结果7种常见毒品均有丰富的拉曼位移峰,可以通过其位移峰峰位的不同区分不同成分的毒品。另外,通过拉曼位移峰的峰位,还可以将7种常见毒品与5种常见白色粉末区分开来。结论拉曼光谱法适用于快速准确地识别毒品。     

显微红外光谱仪与显微拉曼光谱仪对纺用无色单根纤维的检测

目的研究常见纺用单根无色纤维的有效鉴别方法。方法使用显微红外光谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱仪研究7大类纺用单根无色纤维的分子光谱。结果显微红外光谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱仪能有效区分包括棉、粘胶、羊毛、丝、聚酰胺、聚丙烯腈和聚酯在内的7种纤维,是检测单根纤维的有效手段。785nm激发光源是显微激光拉曼光谱仪研究这7类纤维的最佳波长。但由于纺用纤维生产过程的标准化,仅依据红外或者拉曼的峰位置区分同种类、不同产地纤维的效果一般。结论显微红外光谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱仪是鉴别常见纺用单根无色纤维的有效方法。     

In situ identification and analysis of automotive paint pigments using line segment excitation Raman spectroscopy: I. Inorganic topcoat pigments

Several applications of Raman spectroscopy in the forensic sciences have recently been demonstrated, but few have involved the analysis of paints. Undoubtedly, this is a reflection of the sample degradation problems often encountered when a visible or near-infrared laser is focused on a light-absorbing matrix. In this study, a dispersive CCD Raman spectrometer (785 nm) was used in a configuration which collected scattered light from an excitation region 3 mm long and 80 microm wide, instead of from a focused spot. Sample degradation was not observed, and Raman spectra of automotive paints of all colors were readily obtained. Most of the paints analyzed were U.S. automobile original finishes (1974 to 1989) from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints, and the inorganic pigments examined were those which had been identified previously by infrared spectroscopy in finishes from this collection. Prominent peaks of rutile were observed in Raman spectra of light-colored nonmetallic finishes for both monocoats and basecoat/clearcoat systems, and the rutile peaks are readily distinguished from those of anatase. The lead chromates (Chrome Yellow, Molybdate Orange, and silica-encapsulated versions of the two) are the strongest Raman scatterers among the pigments examined, and Chrome Yellow was identified by Raman spectroscopy in several yellow and orange nonmetallic monocoats for which infrared absorptions of this pigment were not observed. Raman spectroscopy also provides an unequivocal means to distinguish Chrome Yellow from Molybdate Orange. This is particularly helpful for the analysis of paints containing light pigment loads or encapsulated pigments since the two formulations cannot be differentiated by infrared spectroscopy in such cases. The iron-containing pigments, ferric oxide, hydrous ferric oxide, and Prussian Blue, are relatively weak Raman scatterers, but peaks of hydrous ferric oxide and Prussian Blue were observed in spectra of paints containing heavy pigment loads. Because no sample preparation is required. Raman spectroscopy provides an excellent means to rapidly screen reference panels for the presence of certain pigments, and some examples of the differences in Raman spectra which occur for paints having similar colors are presented.     

Raman spectroscopy offers great potential for the nondestructive confirmatory identification of body fluids

Raman spectroscopy was used to compare body fluids commonly found at crime scenes in a nondestructive manner. The dry traces of semen, vaginal fluid, sweat, saliva, and blood were analyzed using confocal Raman microscopy with a 785-nm excitation. The results show that the five fluids can be differentiated from one another by visual comparison of their Raman spectra, and that the laser radiation does not damage the sample. The Raman signature of each body fluid is specific and correlates with the known composition of the fluid. Dry traces of human and canine semen exhibited distinctly different Raman signatures. Overall, this preliminary study demonstrates the great potential of Raman spectroscopy for nondestructive, confirmatory identification of body fluids for forensic purposes.     

拉曼光谱法鉴别常见炸药

目的建立一种识别炸药的方法。方法使用激光显微拉曼光谱法对17种常见炸药粉末进行了分析。结果17种常见炸药均有丰富的拉曼位移峰,可以通过其位移峰峰位的不同区分不同成分的炸药。结论拉曼光谱法适用于快速准确地识别炸药。     

激光拉曼光谱对苯骈杂氮（堇）类药物的定性检测

目的 建立用拉曼光谱检测苯骈杂氮革类药物的定性方法.方法 利用激光拉曼光谱仪对10种苯骈杂氮革类药物进行检验.结果 10种苯骈杂氮（萆）类药物的主成分均能被拉曼准确检出.结论 该法能较好地对苯骈杂氮革类药物固体样品快速定性分析.     

拉曼光谱快速定性分析合成毒品

目的快速定性检测合成毒品;方法利用激光拉曼光谱仪对合成毒品进行检验;结果合成毒品苯丙胺、甲基苯丙胺、氯胺酮、麻黄碱、甲基麻黄碱均能被拉曼准确检出;结论激光拉曼光谱能对合成毒品快速定性分析。