听证制度:决策科学化和民主化的重要保证

决策科学化和民主化是政治体制改革的一个重要课题。本文首先从决策原则的贯彻实施和决策目标民主与决策方式民主诸方面论证了建立听证制度对政府决策科学化和民主化所具有的促进作用,接着通过对美、日等国决策听证制度的考察,并结合我国政府决策的经验教训,进一步分析了建立决策听证制度的必要性和重要性,最后对建立和完善我国的决策听证制度应解决好的几个问题作了简要的阐述     

行政决策的功能定位与听证笔录的效力——基于商谈理论的视角

政府行政决策权的扩张,使得已有立法控制和司法救济机制对决策权的监督约束相形见绌,行政决策的合法性问题凸显。协商民主理论主张以公众交往权力制约行政决策权,从而提供了重要的约束途径。行政决策中引入听证的目的,在于发挥其重大行政决策合法性过滤器的功能;而听证笔录效力则提供了交往权力制约行政权力的通道;从立法上确立听证笔录的法律地位,建立政府对决策听证的回应机制,是推进和完善我国行政决策听证制度的一项重要的基础性工作。     

以商谈求共识:行政决策听证中公共意愿的形成

在当前利益主体多元化、利益矛盾加剧的背景下,推进和完善行政决策听证需要解决的一个关键性问题,在于如何协调差异和矛盾,聚集民意,以便为政府决策提供价值前提。协商共识理论为深化行政决策听证的研究提供了新的指向;行政决策听证的功能在于为理性论辩提供建制化空间以集结民意,制约行政决策;在听证议题的形成、听证代表的遴选、话语规范的确立及其制度保障等主要环节中,通过制度程序的建构,排除权力和金钱的侵入,在平等协商对话中整合利益,集结公共意愿。     

科学决策观与决策机制的创新

新一届政府“以人为本”新的科学决策观的确立与形成,对于完善我国的决策制度,促进社会主义的政治文明建设,具有重大的指导意义。“以人为本”的科学决策观是以公众的参与为核心;以决策的回应为标志;以公众的互动为基石的新的决策观。我们必须建立以科学理性、平等协商、利益协调为特征的新的决策机制。努力建立与完善社情民意反映制度、重大事项社会公示制度、社会听证制度、专家咨询制度、决策的论证制和责任制。     

当前我国价格听证中存在的瓶颈问题及其构建——从服务行政的视角

当前,价格听证中存在的瓶颈问题主要是听证的适用范围狭窄,听证代表的选择机制不健全,价格听证信息不对称,听证笔录法律效力不明确以及听证会主持人的资格设计不科学等,这些问题是与服务型政府的本质特征不相符合的.在服务型政府的框架下,如何构建我国的价格听证制度是有待理论界与政府部门思考的问题.     

重庆市行政决策听证制度实施情况及对策探析--评析《重庆市行政决策听证暂行办法》

重庆市首次入围中国地方政府创新奖的四项制度之一<重庆市行政决策听证暂行办法>的实施,促进了行政决策的科学性、民主性和法制性.但是,在其实施一年多来暴露出了许多亟待解决的问题,难以发挥听证在行政决策中的法治意义.市各级政府应针对目前所暴露出的问题,不断深化对行政决策听证的认识;逐步健全行政决策听证制度的法制化体系;进一步规范听证程序;不断扩大公众的参与度;确保决策听证的公开性,从而使行政决策听证制度不断得到完善.     

透析行政程序法基本原则的效力问题

行政程序法的基本原则可归结为公开原则、程序法定原则、公正原则和效率原则.行政程序法的基本原则应该具有直接的规范和约束力,应该通过具体的程序规则体现出来.公开原则应有信息公开、行政听证、阅卷和表明身份等制度与之配套.正式听证为程序法定的核心制度.公正原则应有回避相对案卷排他、不单方面接触和裁职分离等制度与之配套.效率原则可借鉴"默认即视为同意"的规则;应当具体规范行政程序简化的措施和方法;采用混合程序制度.     

科学性:政府决策的时代追寻

科学性是政府决策的时代追寻.当前,我国政府在决策问题上存在许多问题.为此,要尽快提高政府决策的科学化水平,作为决策层的政府要明确决策者的角色定位,实现决策程序法制化,健全社会听证制度,完善专家咨询制度,完善民意调查制度,培养高素质的决策人才,创新决策工具和方法.     

深化我国政府决策机制改革的若干思考

深化我国政府决策机制的改革既是加快政治体制改革步伐的关键内容,也是推进社会主义市场经济健康发展的重要前提。新中国成立六十多年来,我国在实现政府决策民主化、科学化、法治化方面取得了重大进步,但还存在着一些深化政府决策机制改革的制约性因素。所以,要进一步深化改革政府决策机制,就要健全政府信息公开制度,提高政府决策透明度;完善决策公示制度和决策听证制度;强化政府决策责任制度和监督制度;健全政府决策风险预警机制。     

听证会从立法到实践的4年

铁路价格听证会能给今年的春运铁路票价什么样的说法固然重要,但是,听证会毕竟不是价格决策会。正如国家计委负责人强调指出的,价格听证只是价格决策程序的一个环节,主要任务是论证价格变动的可行性和必要性。听证会更为重要的意义在于它标志着我国政府行政决策程     

2010年中国政治学研究综述

前些年,不少学者热衷于介绍和研究西方昙花一现的政治理论,自去年以来,这种追风的现象已经趋冷。2010年的政治学研究主要关注了国家理论、政党理论、政治思潮、民主问题、政治学学科和方法论。由此可以看出,中国的政治学研究进一步向传统的研究主题回归,进一步趋向理性。     

The Rise of Resilience in Education in Emergencies

ABSTRACT

This article explores how resilience as a concept is being increasingly mobilised within the Education in Emergencies (EiE) community. Using content and a close textual analysis, it identifies the concept's growth in prominence within key EiE documents arguing it has been employed to serve a range of different purposes. It contends, however, that dominant conceptualisations of resilience within the EiE community are reflective of a number of shifts around the problem, subjects and purposes of education provision in such conflict-affected contexts. This serves to limit the transformative potential of resilience, particularly in regards to contributing to positive peace.     

中国政府全面质量管理系统的构建

全面质量管理是一门内涵丰富的管理哲学、管理思想,同时也是一种有效的管理技术和管理工具,全面质量管理在企业中的应用取得了重大成效,西方国家将全面质量管理应用于政府部门同样取得了明显的效果.中国同样具有推行政府全面质量管理的基础条件,通过开展政府全面质量管理的基础性工作,树立"顾客导向",建构政府内部持续改进机制,建立政府全面质量管理质量保证体系,将全面质量管理的管理理念和管理方法引入中国政府部门.构建中国政府全面质量管理系统,从而提高政府工作绩效和公众的满意度.     

Performance of local councils in the collection of revenue in Bangladesh

Local councils in Bangladesh have been provided with several sources of revenue that can be utilized for the maintenance of the councils, as well as the initiation of developmental projects. The union and upazila level councils have fared miserably in collection of such revenue. An examination of twelve upazilas during 1986–90 demonstrates that their performance has been affected by a lack of administrative support for the task, a dearth of adequate knowledge and skills on the part of local leaders and a failure to plan carefully on the part of the government. The Ordinances through which they have been established did not identify realistic sources of revenue nor did they provide guidelines on their utilization. Consequently, collection of revenue is done in an arbitrary and disorganized manner. It is recommended that adequate and appropriate administrative structures are developed and that proper training is provided to enhance the knowledge and skills of local leaders and to enable the councils to perform the task of revenue collection efficiently. Some suggestions are presented to utilize properly the market facilities, which appear to be highly potent sources for the generation of revenue.     

Problems of co-ordination in upazila administration in Bangladesh

The present government of Bangladesh has extensively reformed the administrative system and upgraded the previous thana to upazila (sub-district) to serve as the focal point of development administration. A new tier of local government called Upazila Parishad (UZP) has been created and a large number of functions have been devolved to this institution along with the placement of central government employees at its disposal. The reformers argue that the present system will remove the inadequacies of the previous administrative system and will bring about an improvement in the co-ordination of field services at the upazila level. However, the actual situation represents a totally different picture. The desired integration— both vertical and horizontal—and co-ordination in local level planning is non-existent due to the absence of any clear direction from the central government. Proper co-ordination among the field services in the upazila administration does not exist due to the anomalous relation between the upazila and the national government, including excessive central control; the involvement of multiple agencies of the central government in guiding and supervising; ambiguity in government thinking; the absence of clarification from the ministries concerned and agencies on the timing of different development programmes; and conflict over the allocation of resources. There is also conflict between the different tiers of local government in respect of authority and resources. Relations between public representatives and officials at the upazila level are strained because a clear allocation of authority to political executives is lacking; areas for co-operation among different agencies have not been clarified; and public representatives and government officials lack mutual respect.     

An analysis of mechanisms used by CSOs in the promotion of community participation in governance in Kenya

Civil society organizations (CSOs) are often perceived to provide the magic bullet to complex societal problems including alternative approaches that ensure good governance. Fresh new research is therefore needed due to the prevailing paradox of escalating governance challenges in Kenya despite CSOs efforts to address the same. This paper specifically seeks to understand mechanisms that CSOs use as they seek to intervene in governance issues in Kenya. It links persistent poor governance happening at the counties to inadequate mechanisms used by CSOs. It argues that CSOs have not been bold enough to confront poor governance but, instead, have used superficial mechanisms with little outcomes. They have particularly focused on providing trainings and creating awareness and have shied away from more direct engagement with poor governance such as monitoring utilization of public funds. The study methodology involved a survey, focus group discussions, and in-depth face to face interviews. The tools used included a survey questionnaire, Focus Group Discussion guide and In-depth Interview guide. Among the recommendations are that CSOs need to go beyond creating awareness and trainings and engage with governance issues more directly using well-tried mechanisms.     

The Reform of the Local Administration in Spain in Terms of Population

Spanish Local Corporations are playing an increasingly important role in the provision of public services without reducing their function of consolidation and structuring of the current sociopolitical system. This reality implies an increase in their need of financial funds without new compensation resources. Also, there is a certain tendency to loose population in many counties along with a greater organic and territorial dispersion that accelerates their financial weakening. This makes necessary to find management alternatives ensuring the appropriate provision of local public services and thus the Local Corporation reform becomes an alternative. In this context, the present paper approaches the analysis and the results based upon a territorial balance criterion on the population and its distribution, aiming ultimately to design an indicator able to measure the need of the Spanish local government structure according to its population and the size of its municipalities. This indicator might measure the regional impact to any variation both in the distribution of its population and in the number of municipalities.     

全球化背景下经典文化教育的价值取向

全球化对我国教育的冲击是深刻的,经典文化教育是应对挑战所必需的选择之一。经典文化具有时代性、开放性和包容性,对成就一个人以及提高整个国民素质都有重要的意义与价值。经典文化教育在学校教育应有所作为。     

工科院校英汉双语教学中英语运用度

文中通过＂英语运用度＂这一指标对双语教学模式进行了划分,通过对在工科院校双语教学中的实际教学效果对比研究,对制约双语教学中英语应用度的各项因素进行了详细研究分析,阐述了工科教学时开展双语教学工作应解决的重要问题和解决问题的措施,并给出了＂英语运用度＂的最佳取值范围。     

全球化视域下教育体系民族性问题的再审视——以研究生教育体系为例

蔓延全球的经济危机是经济全球化的必然结果之一,由危机所引起的全球范围内政治、文化、科技实力的此消彼长已成为一股不可逆转的历史潮流。面对当前的经济危机,对研究生教育体系国际化的趋势和后果进行理性的再审视,使中国的研究生教育体系在经济危机的背景下,既体现出时代性,又具有鲜明的民族特色,是我们构建研究生教育体系的必然战略选择。