解读“规范出发型”诉讼理念——以具体个案为基点

“规范出发型”和“事实出发型”是分别作为代表罗马法系和日尔曼法系诉讼理念的关键词;在中国这一有着悠久成文法传统的国度,裁判案件应在“规范出发型”理念下指导下进行。一般来说,实体法保护的权利仅限于自身框架之内,避免以虚构权利的方式达到保护利益的目的,特别是在该利益可以通过实体法上本来就具有的权利予以保护之时。在适用上,外部的基准应是民事实体法,而不应是宪法;内部的基准应是以规则为主体,只在个别情况下适用原则予以矫正或弥补。     

法治及其社会资源——兼评苏力“本土资源”说

鉴于中国法治建设和法律实施中存在的问题,有必要重新检视苏力的“本土资源”说。中国法治建设之所以不很成功,以及现代法律制度之所以在中国社会“水土不服”,最重要的原因,不是“本土资源”被重视不够,而是“社会资源”(即社会成员之间的相互信任)供给不足。归根到底,是由于中国社会目前面临严重的信任危机。     

Education,Languages and Linguistic Minorities in the EU: Challenges and Perspectives

Although, with the coming into force of the Lisbon Treaty, two provisions of EU primary law now refer to ‘minorities,’ there are no explicit EU competences and policies to promote the rights of minority groups in education. Nevertheless, EU law has a strong potential to impact the educational rights of linguistic minorities in Member States. To evaluate the right to access education, with an emphasis on the needs of minorities to preserve their identity, this paper first discusses the EU's relevant competences in education (Part II) and then in languages (Part III). Based on the analysis of relevant EU provisions, the paper concludes that EU law is unlikely to offer meaningful protection to linguistic minorities without explicitly endorsing their educational rights. However, to do so, the EU needs a stronger competence in education and minority rights.     

少数民族习惯法的现代表达——对民族自治立法机关主体功能定位的思考

习惯法伴随着民族的发展长期存在,在现代社会,少数民族习惯法也以其自身的形态存在于人们的社会生活中,中国社会法治化道路需要国家法同习惯法进行对话和对接。民族自治立法机关要真正成为对话的通道和对接的平台,正确定位自身主体功能,加强对国家法进行＂习惯解读＂和对习惯法进行＂国家法式梳理＂,实现少数民族习惯法的现代表达,为中国法治社会建设做出应有之贡献。     

Criminal history inquiries and minority threat in the legal profession: An analysis of law school and state bar admission applications

While all but one U.S. law school and every state bar ask about criminal history on their admissions application, such inquiries vary considerably in the depth of information sought. One potential explanation for variations in the depth of criminal history inquiries among law schools and state bars relates to minority threat dynamics. Drawing on data quantifying the depth of criminal history inquiries for 190 ABA-approved law schools and all state bars, as well as school and state demographics, this study explores the issue for the first time. Negative binomial regressions reveal that law schools and state bars located in states with larger Black and Latino populations employ more probing criminal history inquiries. We also find that this relationship is parabolic—where the minority threat effect is negative in states with a critical mass of Black/Latino residents. Finally, minority threat effects for law school criminal history inquiries are moderated by state bar criminal history inquiries, suggesting that law schools are cued by state bar policies. These results provide some support for minority threat theory, informing debates about the continued use of criminal history inquiries to screen prospective law students and lawyers, and the inclusiveness of the legal profession generally.     

国际人权法在中国人权法制建设中的地位和作用

国际人权法在我国人权法制建设中具有十分重要的地位和作用。相关实际部门和学术界对此尚缺乏客观、准确、充分和一致的认识。这既不利于我国对国际人权法规则的进一步接受和适用,也不利于我国人权法制的健全和完善。应从国际人权法的自身情况出发,以国际法基本原则为基础,以“尊重和保障人权”的宪法精神和原则为指导,并以有利于我国人权法制建设和人权状况的改善为目标,对国际人权法在我国人权法制建设中的地位和作用加以重新认识,并在此基础上采取一切适当而必要的步骤和措施,健全和完善人权法制,并促进人权状况的进一步改善。     

强制侦查的法律控制与司法审查

为了把强制侦查控制在合理的必要限度以内,法治国家普遍要求强制侦查必须贯彻比例原则、法定原则和司法审查原则,但我国的强制侦查在这几个方面都存在不同程度的问题;解决这些问题的基本思路应当是“以法限权”、“以权制权”和“公平救济”。其中,建立对强制侦查的司法审查制度,不仅仅是解决我国强制侦查实际存在的问题的重要对策,更是基于调整侦查权与审判权之间的相互关系、建立健全宪法权利的程序保障机制的战略需要;在合法性审查的范围内,建立强制侦查司法审查制度也是可行的。在具体设计强制侦查的司法审查制度时,既要体现刑事司法国际准则的基本要求,又要从我国实际情况出发,在司法审查的范围、内容、方式以及违法救济等方面做出适当的规定。     

民事主体与民事诉讼主体有限分离论之反思

对民事主体与民事诉讼主体的关系,我国现今学界主流持有限分离论。此论是对现行法律的误读及对两主体关系应然与实然的混淆。实体法与程序法在主体制度上的失衡,已成为两法共同有效地实现保障权利、解决民事纠纷、维护社会经济秩序等民事诉讼目的的巨大障碍。自然人、法人、非法人团体的"三元"民事主体结构,应成为我国民事立法关于民事主体结构构建的基本结构。民事主体与民事诉讼主体,应当是内涵有别但外延一致的关系。     

State Tasks and Human Rights

This paper analyses the change in the notion of fundamental and human rights in Germany and throughout the European Union during the process of European integration. This change, that can be summarized in the formula “from human rights to state tasks,” signifies the integration and partial amendment of the French Revolution's ideals (liberté, égalité, fraternité) with the new ideals of security, diversity and solidarity. These new ideals make it necessary for the state to play a positive role in devising, for example, a policy of minority recognition and a long list of social rights. These rights are often translated into merely generic “norms on state objectives” and not directly binding law in force. This means that such rights increasingly become a political and legislative issue making it more difficult for the Courts to offer guarantees. 1 Abstract by Giorgio Bongiovanni.
     

多元的物权法源及其适用规律

从我国物权的立法、司法、交易等实践情况来看,我国的物权法源是多元的。在属于规范性法律文件的法源中,国家立法机构制定的物权法等狭义法律是核心,它们的位阶平等,相互间存在替代、细化、补充等关系。狭义法律之外的其他规范性法律文件,包括行政法规、地方性法规、没有变通规定的自治条例、单行条例或经济特区法规、司法解释、部门规章、地方政府规章,解释和细化了狭义法律,在不违背狭义法律目的的前提下,给物权内容提供了重要支撑。规范性法律文件所认可的法源包括国家有关规定或国务院的有关规定以及当事人订立的合同。在上述法源之外,习惯与物权法的根本宗旨、基本定位、整体风格、相关规定等高度契合,在无其他法源可供适用时起到补充作用。中国共产党的政策在农村土地物权领域发挥着重要作用,在它与狭义法律不一致时,承载基本政策和具体政策的党中央文件可作为法院裁判说理的依据.但不能成为裁判依据。     

论我国《信托法》的法律适用困难

我国<信托法>仍然沿袭了大陆法国家对信托制度的移植路径,即信托基于合同设定,因此受益人的财产权利不明确,受益人无法在权利受损时获得有效救济.2004年发生的金新信托"乳品信托计划"纠纷更是凸显出<信托法>的法律适用困难,"信托财产"和"财产权"的含糊表述无法明确界定信托相关人的责任以及信托财产的具体损失;法官裁量权的不足使得信托制度的衡平和灵活的特点难以得到实现.     

The Global Adoption of National Policies Protecting Children from Violent Discipline in Schools and Homes, 1950–2011

With a focus on the relationship between women's and children's rights and theories of globalization, we conduct an event history analysis of more than 150 countries between 1950 and 2011 to assess the factors associated with policies banning corporal punishment in schools and homes. Our research reveals that formal condemnation of corporal punishment in schools is becoming a global norm; policies banning corporal punishment in the home, in contrast, are being adopted more slowly. We find that the percentage of women in parliament is associated with the adoption of anti‐corporal punishment policies in both schools and homes, suggesting a nexus between women's and children's issues. Countries with more ethnic diversity are slower to adopt home policies, however. We propose that minority groups in these countries may be resistant to laws because of the risk of selective or prejudicial enforcement. In terms of globalization, more aid is associated with both school and home policies, and countries that have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child are more likely to adopt home policies. Surprisingly, international nongovernmental organizations are not significantly associated with either type of policy adoption.     

The Chinese mafia: private protection in a socialist market economy

Gambetta's theoretical framework focuses on two important aspects directly relating to the birth and development of mafias, namely a demand for private protection and a supply of the same. In the Post-Mao era, China started its transition from a centrally controlled economy to a market-directed economy by adopting reform and opening-up policies. The widespread creation of property rights has exponentially enlarged the demand for protection. However, property rights are ambiguously defined in the Chinese legal system, and the state is unable and unwilling to provide efficient and sufficient law enforcement mechanisms for needy people because of the rampant corruption of government officials and the weak judicial system. In this case, the mafia that is interested in the private provision of protection developed into an alternative enforcement mechanism for ‘securing’ property rights in China's economic transition. The most important service offered by the mafia in China is not only to assist business enterprises in monopolising the market, but also to assist local government in China's economic reform.     

网络中的知识产权保护

本文以分析网络著作权保护的司法态势为切入口 ,从研究中国知识产权保护的现状出发 ,在论证“邻接权吞并著作权”倾向的基点上 ,探讨了我国现行著作权法对网络知识产权保护的局限 ,最后通过对美国及我国香港知识产权保护的比较研究 ,提出我国网络知识产权保护的意见及建议。     

主观公权利的观念与保护规范理论的构造

"刘广明案最高法裁定"开拓性地将主观公权利观念与保护规范理论导入我国司法实践,引发争议。主观公权利观念是公权利理论的产物;保护规范理论是其技术性形态,用来从客观法解读主观公权利。公权利理论以国家法人说为理论基础,志向于在国家与个人之间建构起权利义务关系。在公权利理论的发展过程中,个人对国家的主观公权利成为重心,国家对个人的主观公权利淡出视野;同时,保护规范理论因法律秩序的转换与时代精神的变迁,而不断对其解释要素加以调适,使主观公权利的外延呈现出一种开放性。这个过程体现了法律的动态性,并有其政治哲学背景。"刘广明案最高法裁定"所表达的只是保护规范理论的基点,但通过导入该理论,为行政诉讼原告适格的认定提供一个法律论辩平台,应获积极评价。     

涉外同性婚姻法律适用问题研究

世界范围内,同性婚姻为一些国家法律认可的事实,与中国大陆对该身份领域的变化,仅存于学者呼吁应保护少数人人权的现状,则提出了在中国大陆涉外同性婚姻的法律适用问题。依据我国"涉外民事关系法律适用法"的有关规定,同性结合存在的客观事实,医学上界定其不是一种疾病的科学论断,及公平与正义、且具有全球视野的、与时俱进的现代意识,我们在法律观念与法律制度上应倾注切实可行的法律人文性。在一定的条件和法律环境下,适宜的冲突法或者直接调整方法运用于该领域,是保障人的自由权、契约身份权,维护依法设立的民事关系的稳定性,内外有别地对待与处理涉外民事身份关系的需要。     

警察权益保障的立法建议

警察群体是我国诸多机关群体中的重要组成部分。肩负着保卫国家社会安定、人民安居乐业的重要职责。警察权益的保障是提高警察工作积极性的重要前提。更是维系国家执法权威的关键。但目前暴力抗法、暴力袭警等违法犯罪行为严重地侵害了警察的人格权、健康权甚至生命权。本文分析了我国警察权益保障的现状，并结合国外警察权益保障的经验。提出了完善我国警察权益保障的立法建议。     

满族传统神判制度的法文化分析

满族是东北地区少数民族中的重要一支,曾经在中国历史上留下过浓墨重彩的一笔。长期以来,在国家法一元论的思想下,学术界忽视了对少数民族尤其是东北地区的少数民族的法文化和法律制度的研究,从法文化学的视角对满族进行研究在我国更属空白。以法文化学的研究方法为切入点,对萨满教影响下的满族传统社会中的神判制度进行分析,探讨其独特的法律价值追求。     

紧急状态的宪法实施机制与完善路径

我国宪法紧急状态确立了立法机关保留、法律优先原则、要式职权行为、比例原则等法定实施标准,但在实践中,由于《传染病防治法》等单行立法包含了事实上的紧急状态非常措施,且专门的紧急状态法缺位,导致国家决定和宣布紧急状态面临困难,紧急状态下应当由全国人大常委会另行规定的非常措施缺失,基层实践中出现以应急状态之名行紧急状态之实的争议。完善国家非常状态法治建设,关键是加强紧急状态的宪法实施工作,当前,紧急状态立法应遵循上位法、关系法、平衡法的原则,宜采取一般法与单行法相结合的渐进模式。紧急状态宪法实施需规范行政职权行为,落实全国人大常委会"另行规定"、法律监督、执法检查、答复法律询问等职权。     

The Significance of Marriage: Contrasts between White British and Ethnic Minority Groups in England

It is widely believed that the institution of marriage enhances communal wellbeing, and governments in the United States and the United Kingdom have expressly adopted policies designed to "promote" marriage. These policies, however, are little informed by evidence about how people who marry are using the institution, or how entering or not entering marriage affects people's ideas about the rights and obligations they owe within intimate partnerships. An Oxford study has sought to explore these issues. The study allowed special attention to be paid to the way individuals with differing ethnic backgrounds responded to the investigation, and the current article reveals the results. They show that marriage is used in a variety of ways, and that these uses may vary between ethnic groups. The evidence suggests that the usefulness which people find in marriage may depend on cultural and individual factors that are independent of the goals that government policies seek to promote.