车辆碰撞痕迹的同一性认定

目的判断车辆是否发生过碰撞和怎样碰撞。方法应用痕迹检验方法对车辆的痕迹进行检验分析比对。结果通过车辆痕迹检验总结出车辆碰撞形态技术鉴定的具体方法。结论判断车辆是否发生过碰撞和怎样碰撞可以从车体痕迹、人体痕迹、微量物证及轮胎路面痕迹等方面来进行判断。     

车辆拐弯痕迹的测算与推断

在各类案件现场中,如盗抢车辆案件、交通肇事及利用交通工具作案等,常会在现场上遗留有车辆轮胎的拐弯印痕.对车辆直行轮胎印痕的轮距测量通常分别量取前后轮轨距即可,但拐弯痕迹的前轮轨距要短于前轮距,且通过车辆拐弯痕迹来推断车辆类型的文章少见报导.笔者通过对车辆拐弯痕迹的初步研究,发现车辆拐弯痕迹比直行痕迹能反映出更多的信息,如车辆的轴数、轴距等,这无疑对分析推断车辆类型有重要意义.下面以二轴四轮车拐弯轨迹为例作以说明,多轴多轮轨迹可依此类推.     

几种交通事故痕迹鉴定类型的鉴定要点

道路交通事故痕迹鉴定主要可以分为是否与其它车辆发生过碰撞鉴定和碰撞形态鉴定两种类型。道路交通事故痕迹鉴定可以从车与车、车与人、车与客体物的相互关系来进行判断。通过对2000例道路交通事故痕迹鉴定的案例进行回顾性的研究,应用痕迹检验方法对车辆及其它客体物的痕迹进行检验比对分析,总结出道路交通事故痕迹鉴定的具体鉴定要点。     

通过痕迹认定肇事车辆

随着交通事故勘验技术的发展,物证技术在重特大交通事故现场勘验以及侦破交通逃逸案件中发挥的作用越来越重要.痕迹检验技术作为物证技术的一个重要分支,在认定肇事车辆中发挥着举足轻重的作用.交通事故中的痕迹是车辆与车辆、人体、道路等客体在路面上相对高速运动形成的痕迹,相对于其它类型案件有着自己的特点.交通事故中的痕迹分布范围广、造痕体和承痕体相对运动剧烈,形成痕迹的造痕体和承痕体大多都会发生形变.基于交通事故中痕迹形成的这些特点,交通事故中的痕迹检验难度是比较大的.但交通事故中车辆的特殊结构形成的印压痕迹、车辆轮胎、摩托车车篮等造痕体在灰尘等介质作用下在人体的衣服等表面形成的印压痕迹都可以很好反映造痕体的外部结构特征,从这些痕迹反映出造痕体的外部结构特征可以寻找和认定交通肇事车辆.     

关于车辆碾压人体的鉴定

目的 判断车辆是否碾压过人体.方法 应用痕迹检验的方法对车体及轮胎的痕迹进行检验,并结合人体损伤特征进行分析.结果 车辆碾压人体鉴定的具体方法.结论 车辆碾压人体鉴定可以通过车体痕迹、轮胎花纹与人体及衣物上的印痕比对、人体损伤特征等方面进行判断.     

计算机在车辆痕迹检验中的应用

利用计算机对痕迹图像处理,进而分析确定遣留痕迹车辆是一种有效的检验手段.本文将介绍计算机在车辆痕迹检验中的应用研究.     

对交通事故中人体衣着痕迹的研究与应用

人体衣着痕迹是交通事故痕迹中人体痕迹的重要组成部分。通过对人体衣着痕迹特征的研究与应用,对交通事故的责任车辆认定,对肇事人的责任追究起着重要的证据作用。     

交通肇事案车辆痕迹的检验

当前交通肇事后逃逸的案件呈大幅度上升趋势,给国家、集体和个人造成了重大的人员、财产损失,也给交警部门调查取证、认定肇事车辆带来很大的难度。随着群众的法律意识不断增强,对事故责任的划定、车辆的认定提出上诉要求的日益增多,对肇事案车辆痕迹的检验研究具有十分重要的作用。 1 交通肇事案车辆痕迹分类 1.1 交通肇事案可划分为3类。分别为车与车相撞、车与人相撞、车与建筑物或其它物体相撞。我们把肇事车辆称作造痕体,被撞车辆、行人称作承痕体。     

轮胎痕迹的简单认识及侦破技巧

轮胎痕迹在交通事故案件以及各种刑事案件侦查中起着极大作用,所以,熟悉轮胎痕迹的相关常识和特征是一个民警的必备能力。本文拟从轮胎痕迹提取技术现状、轮胎痕迹常见形态、轮胎痕迹的形成与功能、车辆轮胎的分类、轮胎花纹特征以及轮胎痕迹的测量方法等几个方面给予一定阐述,以此进一步提高对轮胎痕迹的认识并为相关侦破技巧的运用提供一定参考。     

交通肇事案中的痕迹鉴定

对于交通肇事逃逸案件、可能构成交通肇事罪的案件、多起车辆共同构成的交通肇事案件及其他有明显争议的交通肇事案件,需要进行痕迹鉴定以明确责任和车辆,由于该类事故现场情况的复杂性、痕迹形成的动态性和瞬间性、制作样本的困难性等因素,给痕迹的鉴定带来很大困难,因此,加强     

The forensic pathologist and the determination of driver versus passenger in motor vehicle collisions. The need to examine injury mechanisms, occupant kinematics, vehicle dynamics, and trace evidence

Five cases of vehicular homicide are presented in which the determination of an occupant's role in a motor vehicle collision was an important medicolegal question. The identification of the occupant's role in a motor vehicle collision can be determined by the forensic pathologist. The investigation that coordinates an examination of injury mechanisms, occupant kinematics, vehicle dynamics, and trace evidence will facilitate such a determination. This determination protects the innocent passenger, when faced with criminal or civil charges, from being falsely prosecuted as the driver. The examination of the above-mentioned components in a multi-occupant collision takes on particular forensic importance when a surviving driver claims to be a passenger: the victim rather than the assailant.     

关于利用制动痕迹长度估算车速问题探讨

目的采用理论、实验和实际案例相结合的方法,探讨＂利用制动痕迹长度估算制动速度＂的应用问题。方法通过20辆小型乘用车紧急制动实验,对制动距离、制动力上升时间、制动纵滑附着系数等数据进行分析。结果得出制动车速与估算车速有的差异比较大,有的差异比较小,分析了产生差异的原因。结论如果计算参数选取不当,利用制动痕迹长度估算制动速度的方法有很大的局限性。     

车外人员与汽车碰撞事故现场痕迹特点分析

道路交通事故的发生是人、车、道路等因素综合作用的结果，碰撞过程中。三者之间在极短的时间内发生了强烈的相互作用，如制动、碰撞、损伤产生等。事故发生后。根据国家GA41—2005《道路交通事故痕迹物证勘验》标准规定。交通事故现场痕迹包括路面痕迹、车体痕迹、人体痕迹、其它痕迹等勘验是确定交通事故责任和成因的主要依据。本文研究中通过对200起车外无防御能力的道路使用者（行人、自行车、三轮车、摩托车）与汽车碰撞事故现场痕迹。如人一车一道路位置。车辆的制动印痕、行驶速度、碰撞痕迹，人体致伤特点等各种客观的信息参数．寻找易于提取、利于计算分析、有助于事故重建的现场痕迹参数特点。以此建立起基于现场痕迹信息综合处理的事故再现参数体系。为后续重建交通事故碰撞过程研究提供参考依据。     

车辆部件损坏与事故关系的技术鉴定

目的通过一起交通事故车辆转向器总成损坏与事敞关系鉴定的案例,介绍如何对车辆部件损坏情况与事故发生是否有关进行技术鉴定。方法从痕迹学、车辆工程学等方面,对提供的检材进行检验,根据检验结果,结合转向器总成构造及工作原理,对事故车辆转向器损坏与事故关系进行综合分析。结果排除了事故车辆因转向器故障而诱发事故的可能性。结论道路交通事故车辆部件损坏与事故关系鉴定需要多学科、多专业的技术支撑。     

车外人员撞击伤特点分析

目的以真实案例为基础,研究汽车碰撞事故中,不同机动车车型、不同交通方式等因素造成车外人员撞击伤的特征。方法选取上海地区发生的汽车与车外人员碰撞事故案例200例,通过对事故中的人、车等检验对比,分析车外人员撞击伤的特点。结果车外人员撞击伤主要出现在下肢,其次为胸部和头部;行人（含推车人）撞击伤出现频次与骑车人（含自行车或摩托车后座乘员）无明显差异;小轿车和小客车事故中撞击伤多见于下肢,大客车多见于胸部;车外人员被撞击后发生抛甩频率随车速的加大而增高,且通过车体痕迹检验,人体与车辆挡风玻璃发生（二次）撞击伤匹配程度最高。结论分析汽车与车外人员碰撞事故人体撞击伤特点,对于交通伤法医学鉴定及深化交通伤机制研究具有参考价值。     

The Effectiveness of Trace DNA Profiling—A Comparison Between a U.S. and a U.K. Law Enforcement Jurisdiction

Recovery, profiling, and speculative searching of trace DNA (not attributable to a body fluid/cell type) over a twelve‐month period in a U.S. Crime Laboratory and U.K. police force are compared. Results show greater numbers of U.S. firearm‐related items submitted for analysis compared with the U.K., where greatest numbers were submitted from burglary or vehicle offenses. U.S. multiple recovery techniques (double swabbing) occurred mainly during laboratory examination, whereas the majority of U.K. multiple recovery techniques occurred at the scene. No statistical difference was observed for useful profiles from single or multiple recovery. Database loading of interpretable profiles was most successful for U.K. items related to burglary or vehicle offenses. Database associations (matches) represented 7.0% of all U.S. items and 13.1% of all U.K. items. The U.K. strategy for burglary and vehicle examination demonstrated that careful selection of both items and sampling techniques is crucial to obtaining the observed results.     

Quality assurance testing of an explosives trace analysis laboratory--further improvements

The Forensic Explosives Laboratory (FEL) operates within the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) which is part of the UK Government Ministry of Defence (MOD). The FEL provides support and advice to the Home Office and UK police forces on matters relating to the criminal misuse of explosives. During 1989 the FEL established a weekly quality assurance testing regime in its explosives trace analysis laboratory. The purpose of the regime is to prevent the accumulation of explosives traces within the laboratory at levels that could, if other precautions failed, result in the contamination of samples and controls. Designated areas within the laboratory are swabbed using cotton wool swabs moistened with ethanol water mixture, in equal amounts. The swabs are then extracted, cleaned up and analyzed using Gas Chromatographs with Thermal Energy Analyzer detectors. This paper follows on from a previous published paper describing the regime and summarizing subsequent results from approximately 6 years of tests. Lessons learned and improvements made over the period are also discussed. Monitoring samples taken from surfaces within the trace laboratories and trace vehicle examination bay have, with few exceptions, revealed only low levels of contamination, predominantly of RDX. Analysis of the control swabs, processed alongside the monitoring swabs, has demonstrated that in this environment the risk of forensic sample contamination, assuming all the relevant anti-contamination procedures have been followed, is so small that it is considered to be negligible. The monitoring regime has also been valuable in assessing the process of continuous improvement, allowing sources of contamination transfer into the trace areas to be identified and eliminated.     

Automated SEM/EDS Analysis of Airbag Residue.* I: Particle Identification

Abstract: Deployed airbags can be a valuable source of probative forensic materials. During an accident, trace evidence can be deposited on the airbag cover and in addition, the residue produced by the gas generation system is released into the passenger compartment of the vehicle as the airbag deflates. This residue can be used to associate a suspect with the vehicle at the time of the accident. This study identifies particles containing zirconium, strontium, and/or copper–cobalt along with other elements from the gas generation systems and aluminum silicon microfibers from airbag filters as the probative material which may be produced and deposited on a suspect’s hands and/or clothing. Scanning electron microscopy can be used to identify this metallic residue. Modification of the search criterion used for gunshot residue analysis allows for automated analysis of the samples. Proper collection of the airbag standard is essential to identify which materials were produced. Prompt collection of suspect samples allows the analysts the ability to make the proper identifications and associations. This analytical technique can be a probative tool in criminal investigations.     

道路交通事故痕迹鉴定中常见问题分析

道路交通事故痕迹鉴定是道路交通事故技术鉴定中的重要鉴定项目之一,也是道路交通事故技术鉴定其他鉴定项目的基础,除应用手、足、工、枪、特等刑事技术传统痕迹的基础理论和方法外,还需要结合力学、道路工程学、道路安全学、车辆工程学、法医学等多学科知识综合评判的一门鉴定科学门类。道路交通事故痕迹鉴定的步骤主要分为合同评审、痕迹勘验、比对分析、作出评判、形成文书五个方面,在其发展的十几年时间里,出现了许多亟待解决的问题,根据道路交通事故痕迹鉴定实践工作中遇到的常见问题,重点归纳这些问题并提出解决方案。