完善我国缓刑制度的思考

缓刑在司法实践中被广泛应用,对罪犯的教育、改造起到了重要作用,但在立法上和司法实践中仍存在一些亟待完善之处。立法上,缓刑适用条件和监管机关的设定存在制度缺陷;司法实践中,对缓刑犯的考察及监管方式较为单一,难以适应现实的需求。针对这些问题,结合国外成功经验和中国司法实践,提出完善我国缓刑制度的建议。     

建立缓刑担保制度的若干设想

建立缓刑担保制度的若干设想钟心廉本文所称的缓刑担保制度，是泛指旨在实现对缓刑犯的教育改造，确保缓刑考验有效实施的各项考察、监督、约束制度的总和．我国刑法规定：犯罪分子不致再危害社会的，可宣告缓刑．缓刑犯由所在单位或基层组织于以考察．这实际上就是一种以...     

对我国缓刑制度完善的几点想法

缓刑制度起源于西方国家。在当今的司法实践中,适用缓刑上存在很多问题。本文针对我国刑法对此规定的不足,提出立法、司法建议,以便在司法实践中更准确地把握缓刑的适用。     

试论实行缓刑保证金制度的几个问题

缓刑保证金制度,是指人民法院对适用缓刑的罪犯或其家属收取一定的保证金,以此来“保证”罪犯在缓刑考验期间遵纪守法、服从监督考察的一种制度.近一、二年来,关于应否实行缓刑保证金制度的问题,在理论界和司法实践中争论颇多,本文试就若干相关问题略作探讨.     

论缓刑的正确适用及法律监督

我国现行刑法在刑罚的适用上采用了缓刑制度。然而在司法实践中，缓刑的过多过滥适用，不但违背了我国刑法的立法精神，削弱了对一般犯罪预防的效果，尤为突出的是助长了执法不严、司法不公现象的发生。应正确理解缓刑的法理依据、法律特征和适用条件，加强检察机关对错误适用缓刑的法律监督工作。     

论刑法禁止令制度的司法适用

一、如何正确把握禁止令的适用条件准确把握禁止令适用的条件,应当首先对禁止令的性质和目的有正确的认识。笔者认为,我国的刑法禁止令制度,在性质上类似于国外刑法当中的缓刑指示制度,属于对管制犯、缓刑犯的执行加强监督和管理的特定的刑罚制度。禁止令并非特定的刑罚种类。虽然禁止令在客观上可能对管制犯、缓刑犯的生活和行动自由予以一定的限制,但其本身并非一项惩罚措施,不同于资格刑或保安处分。长期以来,我国管制刑罚执行和缓刑考验的监管制度存在着监管规定过于宽泛,缺乏具体的针对性、操作性的     

设立我国缓刑保护观察制度的构想

随着教育刑思想理论的兴起，刑罚经济性原则的普及，缓刑这一刑罚制度自其诞生以来，在西方各国得到了蓬勃发展。而在我国，尽管刑法对缓刑犯在缓刑期间必须遵守的规定作了列举，但这些规定都是针对行为控制方面的规定，而对于促进缓刑犯在社会化方面的规定却没有；加之我国缓刑考察机关———公安机关的任务繁重、工作头绪多、缓刑考察力量薄弱，一些破产企业、农村基层组织的涣散，使得我国目前对缓刑犯的考察实际是一片空白，造成法院判决缓刑后“一缓了之”无人管的现象，缓刑实际成了“免刑”，这样的缓刑，不仅严重损害了司法权威，对…     

缓刑制度的实践与思考

我国刑法中的缓刑,是指人民法院对于被判处拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子,认为暂不执行原判刑罚,确实不致再危害社会的,在一定考验期内,暂缓执行原判刑罚的制度.缓刑制度在实践中对教育改造罪犯,使之改过自新,预防重新犯罪,维护社会稳定等方面发挥了重要作用.然而,缓刑制度在司法实践中存在着种种具体问题,难以达到缓刑制度的立法目的,因而必须进行改革和完善.通过从立法上明确缓刑的适用条件,可以避免缓刑适用中的随意性,在一定程度上限制法官的自由裁量权;在适用技术上,通过确立缓刑适用前的再犯预测制度,可以更加客观地考量被告人是否具备"确实不致再危害社会"的条件,使缓刑的适用更具科学性;从适用程序上设置缓刑适用的听证程序,增加缓刑适用过程的透明度,可以避免缓刑适用中的"暗箱操作",有利于将缓刑的适用置于法律监督和社会监督之下,体现出法律程序中的公平、正义;在对缓刑的考察监督方面,首先,通过建立缓刑监督考察委员会制度,改革和完善监督考察的主体,以弥补当前以公安机关为主的监督考察主体无力对缓刑人员监管的不足,还可以做到权责分明,利于对缓刑人员的监督考察落到实处;其次,确立缓刑指示制度,完善监督考察的内容,可以使监督考察有的放矢,缓刑人员亦有明确的目标与行为准则;最后,将对缓刑人员的监督考察纳入社区矫正体系,是完善监督考察方式的必由之路,是真正实现对缓刑人员的监督考察的必要保障.建立一个缓刑制度的体系,对于完善我国的缓刑制度是必要的和可行的.     

对抗拒改造的缓刑罪犯应撤销缓刑,执行原判刑罚

刑法第70条规定:“被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子,在缓刑考验期限内,由公安机关交所在单位或者基层组织予以考察.如果没有再犯新罪,缓刑考验期满.原判的刑罚就不再执行;如果再犯新罪,撤销缓刑.把前罪和后罪所判处的刑罚.依照本法第六十四条的规定,决定执行的刑罚.”缓刑是我国的一项重要刑罚制度.司法实践经验证明,正确适用缓     

论我国97年《刑法》对缓刑犯适用数罪并罚方法的立法技巧

1997年《刑法》对缓刑犯的数罪并罚作了明确规定,相对于1979年《刑法》的相应规定来说,其增加了对漏罪数罪并罚的内容。但是,在立法上,其对新罪和漏罪的数罪并罚采取合并规定的方法,而没有象对假释犯数罪并罚的规定那样,对新罪和漏罪采取分别规定的方法。这似乎与数罪并罚的一般原则方法:对新罪应适用“先减后并”的方法,对漏罪应适用“先并后减”的方法相矛盾;同时这一规定也同刑法理论界对缓刑犯数罪并罚的立法建议以及最高人民法院针对1979年《刑法》的规定所作的司法解释相冲突。作者在分析数罪并罚的情形与方法的基础上,认为数罪并罚的方法主要有三种:“只并无减”、“先并后减”、“先减后并”,适用这三种方法的相应情形也分别有三类。指出缓刑犯的数罪并罚具有特殊性:独立性、依赖性。独立性表现于缓刑犯的数罪并罚这一情形本身;依赖性表现于缓刑犯的数罪并罚应归属于“只并无减”。由此决定1997年《刑法》对缓刑犯数罪并罚规定的合理性,体现了其立法上的技巧。     

未成年人犯罪刑罚适用区域性考察及其罚则改革研究(下)

对云南省若干地区的实证考察表明,在未成年犯罪人的刑罚适用中存在诸多问题,例如,有期徒刑适用过多,管制、拘役刑基本空置;缓刑适用比例过低且存在很大的地区差异,司法分流的合法性有待确认等等。造成上述问题的原因很多,既有立法方面的,如立法不明确或缺乏弹性;也有司法或执法方面的,如考察机关负担过重,无力进行有效考察;还有地方因素的干扰,如过分强调刑罚的威慑作用等。为此,要解决上述问题,必须从立法、司法与执法三方面着手。在立法上须根据《联合国儿童权利公约》规定的确保未成年人最大利益的原则行事,增加处罚中的弹性规范;增设已在国内外被证明行之有效的某些刑罚制度,例如,缓诉制度、缓缴罚金制度、刑事前科报告免除制度、前科消灭制度等;在司法与执法中应完善相关机制,以扩大缓刑等制度的适用范围,并采取有效措施,加强部门合作,消除地区差异。     

未成年人犯罪刑罚适用区域性考察及其罚则改革研究(上)

对云南省若干地区的实证考察表明,在未成年犯罪人的刑罚适用中存在诸多问题,例如,有期徒刑适用过多,管制、拘役刑基本空置;缓刑适用比例过低且存在很大的地区差异,司法分流的合法性有待确认等等。造成上述问题的原因很多,既有立法方面的,如立法不明确或缺乏弹性;也有司法或执法方面的,如考察机关负担过重,无力进行有效考察;还有地方因素的干扰,如过分强调刑罚的威慑作用等。为此,要解决上述问题,必须从立法、司法与执法三方面着手。在立法上须根据《联合国儿童权利公约》规定的确保未成年人最大利益的原则行事,增加处罚中的弹性规范;增设已在国内外被证明行之有效的某些刑罚制度,例如,缓诉制度、缓缴罚金制度、刑事前科报告免除制度、前科消灭制度等;在司法与执法中,应完善相关机制以扩大缓刑等制度的适用范围,并采取有效措施,加强部门合作,消除地区差异。     

两岸缓刑制度的新发展与比较借鉴——以缓刑制度的刑法价值为视角

本文以缓刑制度的刑法价值为视角，着眼于世界范围内刑法轻刑化、刑罚结构非监禁化的变革趋势，从制度及其体现的价值层面分别分析了我国大陆刑法缓刑制度和台湾地区刑法缓刑制度的最新发展，特别针对缓刑的适用范围、缓刑的实质条件、缓刑的撤销方式、缓刑义务、少年缓刑等问题进行了细致的比较和深入分析，提出了若干可供先互借鉴的建议，以助益于两岸刑事立法和司法适用。     

Reluctant Participants in Restorative Justice? Youthful Offenders and Their Parents

This paper examines offender and parental involvement in the Vermont Juvenile Restorative Panels Program. In this program, juvenile offenders on probation appear before citizen‐run boards to negotiate the terms of their probation, which may include apologies, community service, restitution, and competency development tasks. Victims and parents of the offender also participate. This study reports findings from a qualitative analysis of 22 cases, including observations of panel meetings and interviews with program coordinators, offenders, parents, and victims. We find that offenders vary in level of participation as well as in their willingness to take responsibility. Parents do not understand the program well, worry about their child’s likelihood of compliance, but generally support the goals of the program. The implications of these findings for restorative practices with juveniles are explored in the concluding section.     

Sentencing Recommendations by Probation Officers and Judges: An Examination of Adult Offenders Across Gender

Connecting the courtroom workgroup model with attributions and stereotyping based on the focal concerns perspective and gender sentencing literature, the present study investigates the extent to which probation officer recommendations influence judicial sentencing, and whether the gender of the offender further conditions this relationship. Results from logistic and ordinary least squares regression indicate that there is concordance between probation officer recommendations and sentencing by judges. Offender gender has both direct and indirect effects on judicial sentencing through its relationship with probation officer recommendations, and Black males tend to receive lengthier sentences than other race/gender counterparts. These findings provide evidence that probation officer recommendations are an important part of the sentencing process and offer additional insight on how extralegal factors such as gender and race impact criminal justice decision making.     

Judges who drive under the influence of alcohol: ethical implications and the role of restorative justice measures to balance judicial duty and societal expectations

Judges across the US have been charged or convicted of driving while intoxicated, yet many judges are allowed to continue to practice despite their criminal act(s). The issue becomes not only a societal issue, but also an ethical and professional one which impacts the individual criminal justice practitioner and criminal justice agencies. Duty to judicial and social expectations informs an argument regarding ethical theories: deontology and utilitarianism. Solutions include an examination of restorative justice measures such as: a balance of service to the community such as participating in victim-offender mediation and victim-offender panels as the offender, and completing community service where the victim chooses the judges number of hours and location of the service. While some may believe these jurists should suffer punitive punishments such as loss of judgeships, long-term treatment, and extensive probation coupled with individual psychiatric therapy, consideration of all factors with restoration in mind, might be more appropriate for these judicial offenders.     

我国缓刑制度改进的传统之维——以保辜为讨论中心

保辜制度是我国古代刑法中的一项重要制度，它在唐律中有完备的规定。保辜制度要求人身伤害的犯罪人对被害人进行积极的救治，视救治的效果决定犯罪人的刑罚。保辜制度能够对我国缓刑制度的改进提供有益的借鉴，它在理论、经济和社会价值上都可以给缓刑制度之发展以导引和启迪。借鉴保辜制度，我们应当建立犯罪复原性的缓刑类型，建立缓刑保证制度，这将促进缓刑制度的创造性发展与进步。     

Juvenile participation in conversations with probation officers

Juvenile probation work comprises a mixture of repressive and empowering strategies, since probation officers need to control young offenders' conduct and at the same time help the offender to take responsibility and live life within the margins of society. This ambiguous nature of juvenile probation work may confuse the communication between probation officers and juveniles. Interviews with offenders of Moroccan origin and their probation officers in the Netherlands show that both parties are unhappy with the mutual communication. According to the youngsters, a restrictive policy is inevitable but might be more effective if this would go together with an empowering approach. Interactional analysis of the conversations shows that the lack of juvenile participation is caused by professional conversational dominance, as seen in topic control, poor role clarification, and a cross-examining style of the conversations.     

Costs of Alternative Sanctions in Hungary

ABSTRACT. The author calculated the specific costs of executing probation and community service orders. In addition, she attempted to design indicators that help determine the amount of effort probation officers make to perform their duties. In Hungary, the probation service is under the supervision of the judicial system; therefore, it does not have a separate budget. The author calculated the costs of alternative sanctions in multiple steps. The study found that in 1997 the costs of performing probation orders amounted to HUF 10,645 (± 47 Euro) per case per year whereas those of performing community service totalled HUF 13,395 (± 60 Euro). The analysis established that fines imposed are collected and utilised by the courts themselves. This implies a risk, namely, that judicial sanctioning practice may be determined not only by penal law but also by financial considerations. The author claims that this casts a different light on the recent punishment practice under which imprisonment (and its non-suspended form, in particular) has been increasingly replaced by fines rather than community sanctions.