欧洲一体化与主权让渡问题初探

在主权相对主义下,国家的部分主权是可以让渡的,欧洲一体化的进程就伴随着主权让渡。欧盟这一超国家组织的形成正是各成员国在基于自身利益考量基础上的主权让渡的结果。虽然出现了欧盟制宪危机,但成员国为了享受全球化所带来的机遇和利益,欧洲一体化的进程必将继续。     

析金融全球化对国家货币主权的冲击

伴随着经济全球化而发展起来的金融全球化，在诸多方面对国家货币主权产生了广泛而深刻的冲击，如对国家货币发行权、货币独立权、国家维护本国货币币值的稳定、实施外汇管制和进行货币法定升值与贬值的权利等的削弱或侵蚀。这既表现为国家为顺应金融全球化的发展而自主的让渡主权，也表现为金融资本对货币主权无形的侵蚀。但是，金融全球化并没有从根本上改变国家货币主权。     

论全球化背景下的国家主权

国家因主权而地位平等,主权的概念确立了各国在国际社会中的平等身份。然而在全球化迅速发展的今天,传统的国家主权绝对而不可侵犯的观念受到了越来越多的挑战和质疑,主权弱化、主权让渡等主权相对性的理论被越来越多的人接受。本文认为主权是国家的身份,作为国家身份的主权是不能分割、不能让渡的,全球化只是使国家置身于更多的契约约束之中,并未减损国家的身份。     

经济主权原则的发展趋向论析

经济主权是国家主权在经济领域的重要体现,在其演进的进程中,经济主权原则的内涵发生了相应的嬗变。表现为经济主权原则指涉的重心发生变化,经济主权原则中的权利与义务的平衡受到各国的普遍重视、经济主权的让渡与共享、经济主权的强化与弱化趋势并存。     

评析保护责任

“保护责任”这一新术语,用以说明一个国家的主权不仅是对其人民的一种“权力”,更是一种保护其本国公民基本权利的“责任”。这是对传统的“主权”概念的发展。“保护责任”的出现与国际人权法发展和“人道干涉”引起的争论有密不可分的联系。因为“保护责任”是一个新事物,而“主权平等”和“不干涉内政”原则又是国际法的基石,因此关于“保护责任”的规则还在发展当中。     

论国家主权的让渡

全球化浪潮的兴起对传统国家主权理论产生挑战和冲击,国家主权让渡理论应运而生。学术界对该理论众说纷纭,莫衷一是。从国家主权可分理论出发,分析主权让渡的现实可能性。国家政治主权、经济主权、文化主权的部分让渡是国家主权让渡的具体表现。世界各国让渡部分主权要坚持国家主权平等原则,建立平等互利的国际关系,以谋求人类社会的长足发展。     

身份与契约——全球化背景下对国家主权的观察

主权是国家的身份 ,而非国家的权力 ,这种身份来自于明示或默示的约定 ;作为国家身份的主权是不能分割、不能让渡的 ;所谓“主权限制” ,除非是外来的强制 ,其实是主权的行使方式 ;全球化使国家置身于更多的“契约”约束之中而并未减损国家的身份。     

以法哲学为视角厘定国家主权之“权名”

权力是组织性概念,任何组织都拥有某种权力,国家主权自不例外。根据法哲学关于法与法律的一般关系,主权权力行为在法和法律上表现为主权权利行为或主权义务行为。因此,主权行为既是主权权力行为,同时也是主权权利行为或主权义务行为。     

试论金融全球化下发展中国家的金融主权

金融全球化已经成为世界经济发展的主流。国家金融主权作为国家经济主权的核心、国际货币金融法的基本原则有被弱化的趋向。发展中国家在融入全球化过程中一味盲目迎合、过分的摒弃金融主权权利,极易引发金融危机。发展中国家在全球化过程中应充分享有并行使国家金融主权,以维护自身的经济权利。     

从欧洲一体化评述国家主权让渡理论

欧洲联盟是一体化程度最高的区域性国际组织,从对欧盟国家主权让渡的类型、特点、理论动因的分析看出,为了享受全球化所带来的机遇和利益,国家应在坚持国家利益原则的前提下,在适当的领域让渡部分主权。这种由国家主权相对论而引申出的国家主权让渡理论,是对现代国际法主权理论的新发展。     

公私领域划分与国际法中的性别歧视

国际法通过公私领域的划分确定其管辖范围,并避免干涉主权国家的内政。女性主义者指出,这种划分包含着对女性的规范性歧视和结构性歧视。国际法的基本术语如国家、主权等,排除了国际法对国内违反人权事项的管辖,维护了男性在国内的特权地位。在国际人权法领域,在确定是否给予女性以人权保护时,也是以维护男性利益为出发点。女性主义方法揭示了国际法中存在的性别歧视,但该方法也存在许多问题,需要加以注意。     

Winning and Losing in Investor–State Dispute Settlement

As tensions between investors’ rights and sovereign power escalate, investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) has become a focal point of backlash and controversy. As a result, ISDS now embodies two opposing currents in international law: (1) the erosion of sovereignty that accompanied economic globalization, trade frameworks, and investment treaties following the Second World War and (2) more recently, reassertions of sovereignty prompted by recent backlashes against the global economic order. This article measures and evaluates outcomes of the ISDS system for sovereign participants. Using the best available data, this article contributes more detailed assessments of sovereign winners (home states of claimants) and sovereign losers (respondent states) in the ISDS system. This article also considers the distribution and the proportional impact of outcomes for sovereign participants, both of which are fundamental in the legitimacy debates surrounding the ISDS system.     

The European Convention and the Relative Rights of Resident Aliens

By virtue of conceptual abstraction, the notion of nationality plays a pivotal role in liberal democracies, governing distinctions in the allocation of 'absolute' and 'relative' rights, and determining that while national citizens, as full member of a sovereign political community, enjoy both human and political/social rights, resident aliens are excluded from the scope of these latter, community-related, rights. Further, The European Convention upon Human Rights appears to countenance this dichotomy, allowing sovereign states to restrict the political activity of aliens. This paper nonetheless argues that such a distinction undermines the democratic imperative upon which liberal constitutional states are founded. A 'social integration thesis,' holding that individuals should enjoy, as a fundamental right, the possibility fully to develop their personalities though establishing and pursuing secure social contacts, as well as interpreting those contacts in the light of prevailing cultural perceptions, not only raises the right of stable residence to one of most fundamental attaching to the human condition, but also indicates that political rights—a mere extension of self‐expression and self-fulfilment within civil society—should be recast as a universal entitlement. Article Three of the First Protocol ECHR may be construed in line with the social integration thesis, and consequently, in the matter of the definition of the members of the national community, the political sovereignty of the Nation State must be limited.     

联合国海洋法公约与中国在南海的既得权利

《公约》在规定新的海洋法律秩序、赋予各国新的海洋权益的同时 ,并不完全打破既有的海洋法律秩序 ,不损害各国既得的海洋权利。《公约》规定的群岛水域、专属经济区和大陆架制度 ,允许沿海国扩展享有主权或主权权利的海域 ,但只能向传统的公海海域扩展 ,不得损害别国既得的领土主权和主权权利。中国对南海断续国界线内的历史性水域享有的各项历史性权利是在《公约》生效以前很久就已经确立的既得权利     

人民币汇率争端的法律分析

人民币汇率问题成为近年来国际社会关注焦点,特别是美国参众两院先后通过关于汇率改革法案,不断质疑人民币汇率政策。汇率主权是国家货币主权的应有之义,主权国家有权决定并且改变本国的货币价值,不受其他国家干涉。一些国家对人民币汇率问题的指控,如汇率操纵、汇率偏差、或者是构成"出口补贴",都可以从法理上看到漏洞。根据国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织的相关规则不足以判定人民币汇率违反国际义务。中国政府应该在坚持货币主权原则的基础上,通过灵活的法律手段解决人民币汇率争端,促进人民币汇率市场化改革,寻求国际合作以推进人民币国际化进程。     

欧亚经济联盟运行机制及其法治化路径

欧亚经济联盟作为近年来一个新兴的区域经济一体化组织,已经成为推动欧亚地区经济发展的重要力量,它以《欧亚经济联盟条约》为法律基础,并形成了以决策机制、关税同盟、争议和纠纷解决机制为主要内容的联盟运行机制。在具体运行中,由于大国政治、经济因素,决策机制出现了俄罗斯主导倾向,关税同盟存在着统一关税执行难、关税分配不平衡的困境,纠纷解决机制中的司法主权冲突问题。发展欧亚经济联盟需要将其运行机制朝向法治化方向发展,包括夯实联盟运行的法治化基础、强化主权平等下的决策机制、利益合理分享的关税同盟,以及联盟与成员国司法权平衡。欧亚经济联盟对中国"一带一路"具有极大影响,在法律框架下将两大项目对接是共同发展的最优选择,也是中国与欧亚经济联盟共赢的法治途径。     

The Aarhus convention and process cosmopolitanism

The convention on access to information, public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters (Aarhus) celebrates its twentieth birthday in 2018, yet its ethical potential remains unexamined. This paper assesses its ethical potential via the ethico-normative lens of the English School of international relations, eliciting the degree of pluralism and solidarism evident. It first presents pluralism and solidarism as ideal types against which research objects are assessed. Second, it analyses Aarhus’ trinity of procedural rights, identifying solidarist potential whilst noting pluralist realities. Third, it casts Aarhus as exemplifying a nascent process cosmopolitanism, rendering sovereignty more responsible by enriching it with humanity, which here denotes a rudimentary sense of affinity between humans, irrespective of territorial identities, based on the rights shared by, and duties towards, one another. The paper concludes that Aarhus demonstrates the presence of, and contributes to, a solidarist international society, delineated by convention membership. If weaker cosmopolitanism accords equal concern to humans and stronger cosmopolitanism requires equal treatment, Aarhus demonstrates the feasibility of a stronger cosmopolitanism emerging in international environmental politics. Chiefly, Aarhus seeks to reduce imposed harm, suffered by humans who lack the knowledge and autonomy to influence decisions that affect them. Such headway is tentative, but this is welcomed as evolutionary reform coheres with the persistence of sovereign statehood. Aarhus’ cosmopolitanism, yielding a moderating influence on sovereignty, will not emerge without a stable framework in which states institutionalise it. International politics remains, but can be enriched by procedural approaches to foregrounding human rights, which states must accommodate to be deemed legitimate.     

Cyprus under British Rule: An International Law Analysis of Certain Land Surveys and Land Assignments Between 1878 and 1955

From 1878 onwards, Great Britain exercised sovereign rightscoming close to full sovereignty over Cyprus. The present articledemonstrates that, by undertaking certain land surveys and landassignments with regard to religious property in North Cyprus,Great Britain ultimately failed to abide by the restrictionon the exercise of its sovereign rights flowing from internationallaw, which in turn referred to the Ottoman Law on Foundationsand Endowments. Apart from shedding light on a commonly neglectedaspect of colonial law, which is closely linked to key conceptsof public international law continuing to shape our present-daydiscourse, a loose frame of reference for reparation of pastinjuries is sketched out.     

论欧盟法在成员国的适用

欧盟法主要由欧盟与成员国签订的基础性条约、欧盟与第三国或国际组织签订的条约和欧盟通过的条例、指令和决定组成。在欧盟内部,欧盟法可以直接适用,具有直接效力,并处于优先地位。欧盟法与成员国法的关系既不同于国际法和国内法关系,也不同于联邦法与成员邦法的关系。欧盟成员国各自适用欧盟法的实践,反映了欧盟法独特的适用方式,表明国际法日益得到普遍的尊重与遵守,主权国家自觉灵活适用国际法以维护国家利益,国际组织在国际法国内适用方面发挥重要作用。这是对现代国际法的丰富与发展。     

欧亚经济联盟框架下海关管控领域犯罪及其刑法规制路径研究

欧亚经济联盟作为复杂的跨国组织机构,其经济体系刑法保护机制的构建必须具备一定前提,即应当对各成员国所面临的现实经济安全威胁及其预防的基本方向进行详实分析,并在此基础上制定和实施切实可行的刑法规制路径,构建欧亚经济安全保障新理念。欧亚经济联盟框架内的动态整合过程,不仅影响各成员国内国政治、经济、社会、法律等领域的发展进程,而且使得打击海关领域犯罪成为各成员国的紧迫任务。海关管控领域的常发型犯罪对同属于"关税同盟"和"欧亚经济联盟"国家的经济安全造成严重威胁。欧亚经济联盟成员国应当在公平正义和罪刑相称原则的基础上,修订本国经济活动领域和海关管控领域犯罪的刑事立法规定,有效打击统一关税空间内的违法犯罪,以保障各成员国的内国经济安全。