试论金融分业监管体制如何应对混业经营趋势

我国金融业自20世纪90年代以来建立起了分业经营、分业监管的体制。但以保险业为例我们可以看出混业经营趋势已经势不可挡,并且对分业监管的体制提出了挑战。目前我国不具备打破分业监管的现实条件,因此,在分业监管的体制下要应对混业经营就应尽快完善金融监管的法律体系,建立监管信息共享机制,加强监管机构之间的联动,做好监管工作,保证金融市场稳定。     

新形势下我国金融监管改革与完善

金融业事实上已经属于混业经营模式，而我国金融监管依然是专业化分工监管体制，存在与金融实践不一致、监管过度与监管空白并存、缺乏掌控金融全局的权威监管，不能很好地预防和化解系统性金融风险等弊病。应该借鉴最适合我国金融监管实际的国际经验，改革金融监管制度，其核心在于建立统一的金融监管体制。     

论我国金融混业经营及金融监管模式的改进

金融混业经营已成为市场的发展趋势,但我国的相关法律规范和金融监管却没有跟上混业经营的步伐,导致市场出现了一系列的违规事件和监管空白,市场呼唤对混业经营的法律上的肯定,同样更要求对混业经营监管的完善。本文简要回顾了自改革开放以来我国金融从混业到分业再到混业的发展历程,分析了我国金融监管面临的现实挑战,着重论述了我国金融监管体制的改进方向。     

混业经营体制下的金融监管立法

相对于分业经营,混业经营对于金融监管及其法律制度要求更严格。加强金融监管立法是混业经营体制下的必要之举。混业经营体制与分业经营体制下的金融监管立法在立法理念及立法模式上均有差异。在金融危机与金融全球化、自由化并存的背景下,混业经营体制下的金融监管立法需要新思路。     

混业经营与我国金融监管体制

金融混业经营已成为国际趋势,我国金融业2006年将全面放开,面临跨国金融公司的挑战。分析、借鉴西方典型的混业经营模式和混业金融监管体制,已成为当前我国金融法律界热点话题。本人认为采用金融控股公司及其伞型模式监管体制符合我国的国情,并提出完善我国金融监管体制的几点建议。     

我国影子银行及其监管立法改进

影子银行是指在传统银行核心业务及其监管体系之外，发挥着传统银行核心业务功能，向市场提供流动性、期限配合、不适当的信用风险转移和高杠杆率等服务的信用中介机构及其业务体系。目前我国影子银行体系是由理财产品为代表的银行表外业务、非银行金融机构的信用业务及民间借贷三个部分构成。针对目前我国影子银行监管中存在的问题，应从构建我国宏观审慎监管框架，做好数据统计制度建设，实行差别化监管制度，强化风险内控制度，健全信息披露制度，健全投资者权益保护制度，构建危机处置机制方面完善我国影子银行的监管立法。     

在华外资金融机构的“政策破局”战略及其破解

中国加入WTO后,外资金融机构的市场准入将逐步放宽,中资金融机构面临的冲击和挑战将加大.在华外资金融机构主要凭借其在成熟市场经济体系下混业经营的体制优势和业务优势,利用中国对外资金融机构在业务审批和金融监管方面的缺漏,从政策上逐步突破业务经营制度上的限制,实现其破局为先、优势取胜的战略图谋.对此,中国金融监管当局应采取正视而不是回避,主动而不是被动的姿态,研究和制定中国金融业迎接外资金融机构挑战的长远期规划和策略,完善金融法规体系,积极鼓励中资金融机构业务创新和制度创新,提高金融监管效率和水平,创造内外资金融机构公平竞争的环境.     

我国金融监管制度评价与对策研究

一国的金融监管制度取决于政治、经济的大背景，在改革和完善金融监管制度时应充分考虑本国的金融监管历史与金融业发展现状。本文通过考察我国金融业和金融监管体制的发展历史，分析在金融混业经营现状下金融监管体制存在的问题，以提出改革完善我国金融体制的意见。     

德国金融监管体制变迁对中国的启示

德国金融监管制度经历了从分业监管到混业监管的转变。本文在概述德国金融监管体制变迁的基础上,并分析其对中国当前金融监管的启示。     

管理信贷资产证券化的关键一步

重构金融监管体系必须以信息监管为中心，以此构建一个统合的金融信息平台，形成有效的信息共享机制，从而完善金融机构和监管者对金融创新产品的全程信息披露制度     

对影子银行加强监管的国际金融法制改革

2008年金融危机的产生与游离于监管体系之外的影子银行的崩溃密不可分。在后危机时代,国际社会金融监管改革中很重要的一个方面即是加强对影子银行的监管。美欧等发达金融体已纷纷采取多种改革办法加强对其监管。以金融稳定理事会为代表的国际组织亦对影子银行监管进行研究,并形成了相关建议。影子银行对金融体系带来的主要威胁是系统性风险和监管套利,改革现有金融监管法制的重点也在于此。我国应当积极参与此方面的国际金融法制改革,并适时加强国内的法制建设。     

提高金融包容:一个银行法的视角

通过提高金融包容促进人类发展已成为国际社会的共识.未来金融法改革,无论是立法还是监管实践应充分考虑金融包容.从银行法改革来看,提高金融包容应与维护银行体系稳定和保护存款人利益共同作为监管机构的监管目标.作为法定的权利,公众获得生命线性的银行服务,可以通过银行社会责任的法定化来实现,并通过私法和公法强制实施.从激励相容和成本效益监管原则出发,对提供小额信贷的金融机构必须实施差异化监管.     

Banking on China's WTO Commitments: 'Same Bed, Different Dreams' in China's Financial Services Sector

Foreign banks and the Chinese Government have different dreamsabout the business opportunities and obligations that ariseunder China's World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments onfinancial services. This article provides an overview of China'sbanking sector reforms and its gradual opening to foreign participationin the context of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)rules governing international trade in financial services andthe obligations that apply since China's WTO accession in December2001. The article highlights the contradictory interpretationsthat China and other Members have issued regarding China's GATScommitments and provides a framework for assessing the WTO consistencyof China's banking measures. An analysis is conducted underthis framework to evaluate whether China has fully implementedits GATS commitments on (i) the acquisition of Chinese banksby foreign financial institutions, (ii) legitimate ‘prudentialregulation’ in the banking sector, and (iii) full marketaccess for credit card and electronic payment services. Notwithstandingthe apparent complexity of GATS rules, the article concludesthat the WTO legal framework supports the case for increasedaccess to China's financial services market consistent withits GATS commitments, and fully consistent with China's plansfor continuing domestic growth and its medium-term financialservices export interests.     

The Banking Crises and Housing Finance: The Political Economy of Financial Deregulation*

This paper explains current problems in the housing and banking industries by reviewing the history of the post-New Deal U. S. banking system as it relates to housing finance. Current problems in banking and housing are seen as the result of the interaction of long waves of growth and decline in the U.S. economy and structured conflict over financial regulation between large commercial banks and a shifting alliance of other social groups. Contemporary problems of affordability, price volatility, and credit “crunches” flow from increasing financial fragility and economic stagnation. Policies to democratize finance and create new financial institutions are considered.     

中国金融业:改革与发展及监管中的法律问题

本文对我国金融业改革与发展中的问题进行了回顾与分析 ,指出银行业有效监管呼唤金融法治 ,提出了包括市场准入监管法制在内的一系列措施。     

Banking in a theory of the business cycle: a model and critique of the Basle Accord on risk-based capital requirements for banks

This paper presents a theoretical framework for understanding the investment decisions and financing decisions of financial and non-financial enterprises over the business cycle. At the core of this theoretical framework is an agency problem between relatively more risk averse depositor/bondholders and relatively less risk averse stockholders. The solution to this agency problem is a corporate governance system that takes the form of an up-front contract that directs managers to make portfolio/investment decisions in the interest of their stockholders, and financing decisions in the interest of their depositor/bondholders. This enables depositor/bondholders to offset any risk shifting portfolio/investment decisions made on behalf of the shareholders thereby mitigating the moral hazard problem among debtors and creditors. The Basle Accord on risk-based capital requirements for depository institutions is one particular regulatory application of this more general theoretical framework. The paper concludes with a comparison between the Basle Accord and the 100% reserve or narrow banking proposal as the means of achieving a risk-free medium of exchange and a financial system that facilitates the optimal transfer of resources from savers to investors consistent with society’s aversion towards risk.     

商业银行专利保护现状分析与策略研究

中国加入WTO以后,国内的商业银行面临着外资银行的强烈冲击及挑战,外资银行意图利用专利策略在我国银行业面前竖起一道“专利壁垒”。由于体制和观念上的原因,我国银行业一直以来并不重视金融产品的专利保护,致使金融产品数量少、质量低,且整个行业金融产品专利保护的意识淡薄。对此,国内银行业应该以积极的态度采取各种适当的方法来保护自身的知识产权。     

Can financial development enhance transparency?

A substantial strand of literature unambiguously established the importance of financial development for economic growth. Relatively less attention has been paid to the impact that financial development of a country can have on important development outcomes like transparency. As established by existing research, strong financial institutions in a country would imply an improved and transparent banking system, better corporate governance, ease of accessing credit, greater availability of information and best practices in investment protection. All these should theoretically promise a more transparent economic system. Our empirical findings confirm this. Using several estimation strategies, our results confirm that greater financial development enhances transparency.     

Separated by Bars or Dollar Signs? A Comparative Examination of the Financial Literacy of Those Incarcerated and the General Population

This study examines the level of financial literacy of inmates in Arkansas correctional institutions. Furthermore, it compares the financial knowledge, planning, and practices between not only white and non-white inmates but also between males within and outside of penal institutions. Specifically, this research combines primary data on the financial realities of those within correctional institutions and existing statistics on the public to examine the relationship between demographics, banking history, use of non-traditional lenders, and financial literacy. While prior literature on the public is extensive, research on the financial literacy of individuals currently incarcerated is sparse. Findings indicate vast differences between the public and those within penal institutions, particularly in financial knowledge and planning. For our incarcerated sample we find similar disparities between our white and non-white respondents. Last, we find that youth, minority status, and lowered education are predictors of lower financial knowledge, use of predatory lender use, and poor financial planning among inmates. This is crucial because low levels of financial literacy, use of predatory lenders, and poor financial planning often provide barriers to asset accumulation, which increases the probability of incarceration and recidivism.     

Russian banking since the crisis of 1998

Banking is one of the most difficult areas in the transition process. In Russia most reforms were less smooth than in the formerly socialist countries of central Europe and creation of a financial sector met with weak regulations and an opportunistic and weak government. The financial crisis of 1998 was therefore not the result of unforeseeable external events but one of limitless recklessness. The paper describes the major problems in building up a banking sector before 1998 and identifies the major reasons for the crisis. Crisis management also turned out to be atypical. Instead of seizing the opportunity to carry out necessary reforms, in particular a regulatory overhaul, not much happened. Now nearly ten years after the reform, the banking system has strengthened thanks to a very pronounced macroeconomics boom based on favourable terms of trade. The major weaknesses survive however under the cover of strong growth of the economy.