理论信息·时论摘要

正立法不是政府"喂"什么就"吃"什么《新京报》2018年1月27日发表记者郭超对北京市人大法制委员会副主任委员李小娟的访谈,李小娟指出,明确立法工作格局,加强党的领导,人大发挥主导作用,政府起基础作用,公众广泛参与。人大发挥主导作用有一套机制,包括立项论证,也就是说这个法立不立法、怎么立法、立法思路是什么,不是政府"喂"什么我们"吃"什么,能小改不大改、盖个橡皮     

论地方社会救助立法的地方性

地方立法的地方性特征是地方立法的灵魂。地方社会救助立法当然也应该把握好地方性这一特征,以明确地方立法相对于中央立法的定位,防止照搬照抄上位法和同位阶法的地方"二次立法"的出现,使地方社会救助立法应有的作用和价值得以发挥。地方社会救助立法的地方性特征应在立法主体、立法权限和立法内容上有所体现。     

浅议学理上的立法完善

学理上的立法完善，一般是指国家立法机关的工作机构和非立法机关、组织、团体和个人对法和法的条文所进行的解释、整理和汇编。这类立法完善的结果在法律上是没有约束力的，不是立法活动。它的主要目的是为有权立法的国家机关进行法的制定、修改、补充、废止和编篡等立法活动提供学理上的依据和参考。学理上的立法完善一般有以下3方面内容。     

地方性法规从“有”转“优”的实施路径——地方人大委托第三方参与立法的实践考察

委托第三方参与立法是近年来各地方人大及其常委会广泛尝试的立法工作方式,已逐渐成为提高立法质量、提升立法效果的重要举措。在探索过程中,其呈现出受托第三方的来源广泛与协同创新、委托事项的全面探索与有所侧重、委托机制的初步成型与不断完善等特点,同时也存在部分难题与隐患。如何发挥委托第三方参与地方立法的最大效能,促进地方性法规从"有"向"优"的转变,成为现实实践和理论研究的重要问题。对此,要在总结已有实践经验的基础上,继续在第三方的胜任力、地方人大的立法权、委托事项的临界线和委托效果的评估等方面做理性剖析和改进完善。     

法治思维与新十六字方针

法治思维作为法治社会中一种思维方式在不断被强化,从法治思维入手,对"科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法"的新十六字方针进行逻辑解读得出:法治思维是逻辑思维的一种形式;新十六字方针之间的逻辑关系并非并列关系,而是有着不同层次。科学立法是第一层,它是依据、准则,它要求任何法都不能违背逻辑规律和矛盾;严格执法、公正司法属于第二层,它们都体现了执法者的态度,将法公正实施;全民守法是第三层,它强调的是全体公民对待法的态度,都要守法。而严格执法、公正司法和全民守法也体现了一种规则意识,而这种规则意识正是逻辑思维的体现。     

论立法后评估回应之法的废止

法的废止,是立法主体依据一定职权和程序对现行法实施变动使其失去法的效力的专门活动.其发生根源在于法律绩效状况低劣,法的存在失去意义.在实践中,通常表现为"专项清理"与"集中清理"的立法活动形式,在主体、程序与方式上与其他形式的立法活动有着较大区别.我国宜进一步完善法的废止制度.     

“春晚”著作权的法律定性问题——从央视国际诉快车网侵权案谈起

目前,关于"春晓"著作权的法律性质存在许多争议,这些争议集中表现在关于"春晚"是否为电影作品和汇编作品方面。过于机械地理解独创性,是造成"春晚"著作权的法律定性存在纷争的关键原因。准确理解和把握独创性背后更高的政策目标和立法逻辑可以得出,"春晚"既不是电影作品,也不是汇编作品,而是录像制品。     

中国实证主义立法价值的检讨——中国特色社会主义法律体系建成之后的思考

中国在立法价值的选择上体现出强烈的实证主义倾向。这种立法上的价值取向自觉或不自觉地把法律作为维护秩序的手段而非自由与权利的保障。其形成既有历史根源也有现实原因。面对新的形势,我们需要法的精神上的转换,"以人为本"应成为法的根本精神追求与价值取向。坚持"以人为本"应坚持以人的自由为本、以人权为本,并且立法要坚持私法自治理念。     

论我国国家赔偿法的归责原则

国家赔偿的归责原则是国家赔偿制度和赔偿立法应解决的首要问题,也是国家承担赔偿责任的总原则。我国借鉴世界各国的立法经验,采用违法原则为赔偿的归责原则。我国国家赔偿法的违法原则中的违法有以下三层含义:1.违法是违反法律、法规和地方性法规,而不包括规章;2.违法指的是国家机关和国家机关工作人员职权违法;3.违法是一个客观标准,指职权行为在客观上违法。在实践中运用违法原则处理国家赔偿应注意两个问题:1.违法原则是确定国家赔偿的关键标准,但不是唯一标准;2.法定的免责情况,国家不承担赔偿责任。     

三重架构托起京剧事业——梁燕《齐如山剧学研究》评

人间万事营生种种，皆因人之需求而生、而成。人饿，则有稻粮菽麦之种植；人冷．则有棉麻布帛之织制；人愁，有歌吟声箫之成韵……那么，京剧呢，这一当今被公认的国剧，诞生于19世纪，兴盛也衰微于20世纪的中国传统戏剧的一种，无非也是中国文化特有情境之中的艺术生产．应国人即时之需而有、而长、而盛、而衰。其过程．必然是初始时的零星，到壮大后的鼎沸，     

Implementing a COAG Reform Using the National Law Model: Australia's National Registration and Accreditation Scheme for Health Practitioners

The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) is undertaking a program of reform part of which requires moving from diverse state and territory based legislated systems to a nationally consistent system. A method which is being increasingly used for this purpose is the national law model. On 1 July 2010 a new national registration and accreditation scheme (NRAS) for health practitioners commenced using this model. The challenges faced in implementing NRAS may be faced by other initiatives using the same approach. The challenges of reaching agreement on a national system, avoiding variations within a national system at local level and delays in legislation across multiple parliaments are considered in the light of NRAS experience and lessons for similar projects are drawn out.     

论自首的成立条件

根据刑事立法以及自首制度建构理论,可以将我国刑法规定的自首分为一般自首、准自首和特殊自首,在此基础上剖析三类自首成立的条件以及认定方法。     

THE BEHAVIOUR OF LEGISLATORS AND BUREAUCRATS AND POLICING EXPENDITURES: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND SOME EMPIRICAL RESULTS*

Abstract: This paper is concerned with an analysis of legislation, public administration and government expenditure decisions on policing activities. These three dimensions of government can be used as mechanisms of social control. Whether they are or not is an empirical question that has to be determined in each case. It is shown that there are no strict relationships between the three dimensions of government activity: separate decision-making is undertaken for each of the three dimensions. It is indicated that there are eight possible combinations of the three dimensions, assuming that the three dimensions of government activity are bivariate and discrete. The empirical analysis relates to the state of Queensland and it is concluded that Queensland can be described as a case consisting of authoritarian legislation, public administration contrary to the rule of law, and low policing expenditures.     

德里达的公正思想

德里达《法律的力量》和《马克思的幽灵》等著作中,引人注目地提出了他的“公正”思想。德里达以公正为超越自然和理性的法律之上的法律,引经据典阐述它同法律的异同,以及当今之“脱节”时代如何对之翘首以盼,进而论述解构即公正:诚如一切可以解构,唯解构自身不可解构;同样一切皆可解构,唯公正不可以解构。德里达曾经视乌托邦为解构逻各斯中心主义的大忌,然最终假公正之名,系统阐述了他极具乌托邦色彩的政治学思想,思之耐人寻味。     

我国执法权配置的法律实证分析

执法权是国家权力体系中最活跃、最重要的一项权力,其行使的得当与否与每个公民的切身利益息息相关。然而,从目前的情况看,我国执法权的行使还存在着令人忧虑的问题:一方面执法权交叉重叠;另一方面执法权又行使不力。造成这一结果的直接原因是我国的法律制度在执法权配置上存在漏洞,即现行立法过多迁就旧的行政管理体制,过于强调部门的利益,执法权被支解,执法主体过多过滥;同时现行法律制度过于注重对执法行为的约束,忽略执法权的科学配置。这些问题都有待于在我国的立法过程中逐步得到解决,即加强与完善我国各级政府的组织立法,规范各级执法权。     

A political-class perspective and theory for the study of racial stratification in the 21st century: a revised and expanded version of the 1997 ABS presidential address

In this article, I present historical and contemporary evidence of “political class” stratification by race in the U.S. I identify historical sources (e.g., see Rose, 1976, A Documentary of Slavery in North America. New York: Oxford University Press) that show that the founding fathers statutorily defined such classifications as “Blacks” and “Whites” and “slaves” and “free people,” and then legislated that “Whites” be the “free people,” and “Blacks” be the “slaves” in perpetuity. Most importantly, I present historical evidence showing that racial stratification did not come into existence through free marketplace competition as so many social scientist theorize; it came into existence and continued mainly by litigation and legislation. U.S. racial stratification is an estate system not a market-class system.     

The European elections of 1994

Legislatures frequently enact primary legislation that delegates secondary law making powers to administrative agencies. Judicial review designed to ensure that this secondary legislation is in accord with the primary legislation necessarily involves judicial interpretation of the primary legislation and hence also some degree of judicial law making. Both the relative degree of judicial law making and its causes may vary from country to country. Judicial review of secondary legislation in three countries is examined. Judicial activism is great in the United States and probably related both to congressional inefficiency in passing amending statutes and judicial recruitment and career patterns. The level of judicial activism in the UK has been low but may be increasing. It is severely constrained by the capacity of parliament rapidly to 'correct' judicial interpretations but encouraged by judicial career patterns. The formal decisions of the French Council of State show little judicial intervention against administrators' secondary legislation but such intervention may occur extensively at the stage of agency regulation drafting rather than through formal review processes.     

对中国图书馆立法问题的思考及认识

从国内外图书馆立法背景和图书馆发展趋势出发,对图书馆是否立法进行了研究,分析了中国图书馆事业立法的必要性,提出图书馆急需制定出一部具有中国特色的图书馆法,才能保障和促进图书馆事业的繁荣与发展。     

论期待可能性理论与我匡刑事立法和司法

期待可能性理论对刑事立法的借鉴意义主要体现在刑事立法应当融入伦理价值判断，应当关注弱势群体方面。在具体的立法设置上，不宜在刑法总则中作出具体明确的规定，可以在分则中就一些具体问题作出规定。期待可能性理论在司法实务中的运用主要体现是，要求法官应当具备衡平观念，在案件的具体裁判中倾注道德判断。