反洗钱制度研究

洗钱活动不仅对国际金融体系的安全、对国际政治经济秩序的危害极大,更造成了一个国家极其严重的经济、安全和社会后果。要有效的打击洗钱犯罪,我们必须构建一个完善的反洗钱制度体系,充分调动各种资源从各个层面上编织打击犯罪的天网。本文主要探讨了我国的反洗钱制度,通过回顾我国反洗钱制度的建设历程、思考法律制度方面的不足以及法制方面的继续建设等四个方面,以期有益于我国的反洗钱立法建设。     

俄罗斯反洗钱立法对我国的启示

面对国内日益严峻的洗钱形势,俄罗斯在1997年的《俄罗斯联邦刑法典》中将洗钱行为犯罪化。迫于国际社会打击洗钱的政治压力,在面对众多阻力的情形下,俄罗斯于2001年对《俄罗斯联邦刑法典》的洗钱规定予以了修正,初步形成了打击洗钱活动的法律体系。在2002年和2004年,根据本国的形势和有关国际公约的要求,俄罗斯又制定和修正了《反洗钱和恐怖融资法》,朝着综合性的反洗钱和恐怖融资的法律机制发展。俄罗斯反洗钱的立法背景和经验,对我国完善反洗钱法律制度具有启示作用。     

反洗钱犯罪与金融机构的反洗钱义务

“洗钱”犯罪助长上游犯罪的蔓延，严重破坏社会主义市场经济，影响正常的金融秩序，我国为了更有力地打击洗钱犯罪，在相关法律中规定了金融机构的反洗钱义务，金融机构应承担反洗钱的法定义务，反洗钱对于金融机构本身的生存与发展意义重大，金融机构应完善各项反洗钱措施，并从制度层面激励金融机构全面履行反洗钱义务。     

铸造反洗钱之法律利器

不断蔓延的洗钱活动,正在中国不断暴露各种负面效应:洗钱使不法所得合法化,增加了打击犯罪的难度;洗钱导致国有资产大量流失,成为助长腐败的温床;洗钱使国家税收不断流失,资本大量外流……为了解除洗钱活动对国家经济和社会安全的严重威胁,中国正在加速反洗钱的步伐,而建构、完善反洗钱法律体系,则成为近期反洗钱斗争的中心课题。反洗钱立法双剑合璧1997年,中国大幅度修改了现行刑法,首次增设了“洗钱罪”,打击洗钱犯罪的刑事制度就此发端。2003年1月,中国人民银行一天一令,短短3天内连续颁布《金融机构反洗钱规定》、《人民币大额和可疑支…     

我国反洗钱立法涉及的主要问题

制定反洗钱法是国内外预防和遏制洗钱犯罪活动的需要,是健全完善我国反洗钱法律制度的需要.其立法宗旨是预防、监控洗钱活动,维护金融秩序,遏制洗钱犯罪及其上游犯罪.它应当是一部以预防监控洗钱活动为主、惩罚制裁为辅的行政性法律.     

完善我国反洗钱体系的思考

洗钱犯罪的危害极大,本文试图通过介绍洗钱与洗钱罪的概念,在对我国与国际社会反洗钱立法比较的基础上,考察我国反洗钱体系的现状和缺陷及其成因,并在此基础上提出了完善我国反洗钱体系的措施。     

铸造反洗钱之法律利器

不断蔓延的洗钱活动,正在中国不断暴露各种负面效应：洗钱使违法所得合法化,增加了打击犯罪的难度;洗钱导致国有资产大量流失,成为助长腐败的温床;洗钱使国家税收不断流失,资本大量外逃…… 为了解除洗钱活动对国家、经济和社会安全的严重威胁,中国正在加速反洗钱的步伐,而建构、完善反洗钱法律体系,则成为近期反洗钱斗争的中心课题。     

试论中国反洗钱法律机制的完善

洗钱一词,最早来自美国,是把肮脏的钱清洗干净,把非法收入合法化的过程,是对隐瞒或掩饰犯罪收益的各种犯罪活动的总称。各国在反洗钱的斗争过程中,往往都是在借鉴他国经验的同时,根据本国的特点制定反洗钱法律,确立控制洗钱的法律政策与措施。我国的反洗钱措施是随着国内洗钱犯罪的产生和增长及适应国际社会惩治洗钱犯罪的形势而逐步建立起来的。     

中英两国反洗钱立法发展比较与启示

英国是国际社会最早做出刑事立法反应打击洗钱犯罪的国家之一。2002年8月4日,英国下院通过了一部新的反洗钱法律《2002年犯罪收益法》(Proceeds of Cri me Act2002)。一年多之后的2003年11月28日,英国下院又通过了一部反洗钱法律文件《2003年反洗钱法规》(The Money LaunderingRegulations2003)。前一个法律文件是反洗钱的刑事法律,着重规定了洗钱犯罪的构成要件及刑事司法程序;后一个法律文件则是反洗钱的综合法律,着重规定了有关机构防范洗钱犯罪的法律义务,并相应地设定了相关金融机构及其他机构防范洗钱犯罪的法律责任,尤其是刑事责…     

浅析我国金融业反洗钱的相关法律问题

金融机构是支付结算的枢纽,大部分的洗钱活动都是通过金融机构进行的。如果有一套完善的预防和控制利用金融机构洗钱的法律制度,不法分子就不会轻而易举地达到洗钱的目的,国家和人民的财产也就不会遭受不必要的损失。随着我国《反洗钱法》的通过和接下来两部部门规章的出台,我国金融业反洗钱的法律框架已经初步形成。     

Beyond financial regulation of crypto-asset wallet software: In search of secondary liability

Since Bitcoin, the blockchain space considerably evolved. One crucial piece of software to interact with blockchains and hold private-public key pairs to distinct crypto-assets and securities are wallets. Wallet software can be offered by liable third-parties (‘custodians’) who hold certain rights over assets and transactions. As parties subject to financial regulation, they are to uphold Anti-money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorist (AML/CFT) standards by undertaking Know-Your-Customer (KYC) checks on users of their services.In juxtaposition, wallet software can also be issued without the involvement of a liable third-party. As no KYC is performed and users have full ‘freedom to act’, such ‘non-custodial’ wallet software is popular in criminal undertakings. They are required to interact with peer-to-peer applications and organisations running on blockchains whose benefits are not the subject of this paper. To date, financial regulation fails to adequately address such wallet software because it presumes the existence of a registered, liable entity offering said software. As illustrated in the case of Tornado Cash, financial regulation fails to trace chains of secondary liability. Alas, the considered solution is a systematic surveillance of all transactions.Against this backdrop, this paper sets forth an alternative approach rooted in copyright law. Concepts that pertain to secondary liability prove of value to develop a flexible, principles-based approach to the regulation of non-custodial wallet software that accounts for both, infringing and non-infringing uses.     

Financial Intelligence Units: Reflections on the applicable data protection legal framework

Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) are key players in the current Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) legal system. FIUs are specialised bodies positioned between private financial institutions and states’ law enforcement authorities, what renders them a crucial middle link in the chain of information exchange between the private and public sectors. Considering that a large share of this information is personal data, its processing must meet the minimum data protection standards. Yet, the EU data protection legal framework is composed of two main instruments, i.e. the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Law Enforcement Directive (LED), which provide different thresholds for the protection of personal data. The aim of this paper is to clarify the applicable data protection legal regime for the processing of personal data by FIUs for AML/CFT purposes. To that end, the paper provides an overview of the nature and goals of AML/CFT policy and discusses the problem of the diversity of existing FIU models. Further, it proposes a number of arguments in favour of and against the possibility of applying either the GDPR or LED to the processing of personal data by the FIUs and reflects on how convincingly these arguments can be used depending on the specificities of a given FIU model.     

Potential impact of the Draft Money Laundering Regulations 2007 on trusts

Representative bodies, including the Law Society of Englandand Wales and the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners,have raised concerns on the Draft Money Laundering Regulations2007 released on 22 January. They are intended to implementthe Third European Money Laundering Directive in England. However,many are fearful about the impact of Part 2 of the Draft Regulationswhich deals with customer due diligence (CDD) and, in particular,how the requirements will apply to trusts.     

The Regulation of Trust and Company Services Providers * By Kimberley Roe and Gary Envis

Discussions in the European Parliament during the passing ofthe third EU Money Laundering Directive, stimulated the Societyof Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP) to commission researchinto anti-money laundering and the regulation of trust and companyservice in a number of financial services jurisdictions. The Third Money Laundering Directive has been adopted now whichmakes this study     

New money laundering regulations bring rules up to date

The Money Laundering Regulations 2007 come into effect in theUK on 15th December 2007 to ensure that the UK's approach tomoney laundering at home and abroad is effective and proportionate.These     

The Council of Europe Laundering Convention: A recent example of a developing international criminal law

Conclusion With the Laundering Convention, the Council of Europe has contributed once again to the development of the international criminal law and to the promotion of international criminal law cooperation. The Council has shown that it is possible to elaborate a complex, highly technical convention within a period of less than a year so long as the political will exists. It is now a matter for the individual member states and other states to sign, if they have not done so, or to ratify, if they have already signed the convention. The future of the Laundering Convention lies in the hands of those states that have responsibility for its application. An efficient tool for international criminal law cooperation has been created-it must now be used.This is a revised version of a paper presented at an international workshop on Principles and Procedures for a New Transnational Criminal Law, organized jointly by the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law and the Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg, Germany, May 21–25, 1991. The opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Council of Europe.Juris kandidat, Uppsala University 1979. The author was Secretary to the Council of Europe expert committee that elaborated the Laundering Convention.     

‘Indirect Method of Proof’ and the Kuwaiti Anti-Money Laundering Law: A Lesson from the UK

Criminal Law Forum - The money laundering offence (ML offence), as established by the Kuwaiti Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 106/2013 (“AML/CFT Act”),...     

联合国反洗钱立法的发展及其对我国的影响

联合国《禁毒公约》最先在国际公约中对洗钱作出了惩治性规定,其后的《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》进一步将反恐融资与洗钱犯罪联系起来,之后的《巴勒莫公约》则明确地提出了独立的＂洗钱罪＂概念,2003年《反腐败公约》开始通过专门条文的形式对洗钱行为的预防与定罪作出了更详细的规定。这些联合国公约对反洗钱所作规定的变化,体现了国际反洗钱立法的发展过程,也对我国不同时期的反洗钱立法产生了重要影响。     

The implications for trustees of the possible EU Savings Directive reforms

The EU is considering making the Savings Directive more effective.One measure could be redefining trustees for the purpose ofthe Savings Directive and adopting the definition used in theThird Eu Money Laundering Directive.     

《联合国反腐败公约》与我国反洗钱立法的完善

《联合国反腐败公约》对洗钱犯罪作了规定,我国现行《刑法》对洗钱罪的规定与《公约》存在较大差异,从而使我国对洗钱罪及其上游犯罪的预防和打击的效果受到影响。我们有必要对洗钱罪的犯罪构成要件作深入的研究并根据《公约》的规定完善我国关于洗钱犯罪的立法。