实施社区警务的几点探索

社区警务在我国的推广，不仅是一种警务学说的实践，更是直接涉及我国公安工作在新时期可持续发展的重大战略问题。坚持一切从实际出发，结合科学原理以及我国警务工作发展需要探讨适用于我国国情并具有中国特色的社区警务模式，正视和解决社区警务工作中遇到的实际困难，进一步深化认识，统一行动；充分利用和整合各种警力资源、社会资源，构筑社会治安防控体系；建立与新型社区管理体制、新农村建设相适应的社区和农村警务机制，实现社区警务工作高度信息化等一系列有益实践探索，不仅是促使我国警务战略创新性转变的途径，也是在新形势下全面推进社区警务战略，进一步发展和完善我国社区警务工作，构建和谐社会的必然要求。     

新公共管理视域下我国社区警务改革研究——以西方经验为鉴

目前,发展社区警务已成为国际警务改革的大趋势。随着我国公安机关建设逐步与世界接轨并走向正规化,社区警务模式被广泛接受。针对我国社区警务建设中存在的问题,借鉴西方国家社区警务经验,建议从以下几方面推进我国社区警务改革:着力构建服务型社区警务模式,建立合理的绩效考核和评估机制,树立善治理念和"打防结合,以防为主"的战略思想,提高警察队伍素质并完善警察培训机制。     

做实社区警务的主观要素

英国是近代警务革命的先驱和现代化警务运动的中心。20世纪60年代以来,该国坚持推行以社区警务为主的警务工作,在构建社会治安防控体系、犯罪预防机制、社区警务工作等方面积累了大量经验。武汉市自2012年以来,大力推进以派出所为核心的警务机制改革,社区警务取得长足进步。通过比较、借鉴英国在推行社区警务方面的工作做法和经验,做实社区警务核心理论、减少犯罪条件和因素、修复社区各层级人防网、提升民警信息应用能力等主观要素,是提升社区警务工作水平,提升中国在世界社区警务领域地位的重要路径。     

民主自治背景下的城乡社区警务比较

城乡社区警务工作受到党和政府的高度重视,随着城市社区警务在官方推动下蓬勃发展,农村社区警务又在村民自治的内生增长的动力下迅速突破,成为中国现代警务改革中最有活力的基础性部分。城乡社区警务具有承继性并相互影响,都着眼于基层社会。但两者处于不同的背景和生态之下。作为对传统警务的改革,两者在制度变迁的背景、组织结构及运行机制、发展走向等方面各有自己的特点。从总体上看,城市社区警务的外部推动力充足而内在动力较弱,而农村社区警务内生需求较强但外部环境欠佳。两者共同发展的基点在于社区治安自治能力的培育。     

论社区警务中的人权关怀

我国自20世纪90年代以来,不断加强社区警务建设,取得了显著成就。在我国社会主义市场经济、民主法制、权利保障不断发展和完善的历史潮流中,不断强化公安机关和社区民警的人权意识,增强对社区民众的人权关怀,应该成为我国社区警务建设的关键性环节。     

浅析情报主导警务战略下的社区情报工作

社区警务和情报主导警务两种模式在我国警务实践中得到广泛推广。情报主导警务的基础在社区,要做到情报信息来自社区,服务社区,以情报主导警务的理念促进社区情报的开展,服务基层公安工作;同时,构建合理的社区情报工作模式可以使情报信息更加有效主导社区警务的开展,夯实情报主导警务战略的基石。两者的有效结合能促进社区治安稳定进而带动整个社会治安稳定的目的。     

浅谈社区警务信息化建设

社区警务信息化是公安信息化建设的重要组成部分。当前社区治安形势严峻，而社区警务信息化建设现状不容乐观，社区民警信息化意识薄弱，工作效率低，信息化人才缺乏，资金、设备不足，各警务信息系统整合度偏低，社区警务工作保障机制不健全。因此，必须端正思想认识，转变工作模式；明确警务职责，补强警力；加大投入力度，完善保障机制；促进系统整合，提高信息研判；促进社区警务信息化建设，提高社区警务效能。     

社会资本理论与社区警务的理论关联及价值运用

社区警务是社区建设的重要内容,而社区建设是中国城市化和现代化的缩影,是中国地方治理的重要单元。用社会资本理论与社区警务理论对社区警务建设进行关联分析,既有无限的理论前景,又对我国社区警务建设蕴含着深刻的实践指导意义。社会资本的积累和运用可以促进社区警务目的和社区公共利益的实现。     

社区警务的社会学分析

20世纪70年代,社区警务出现于西方。在当今学术界社区警务依然是研究的重点。社区警务是一种新的预防犯罪的理念,它立足于社区,把警务工作的内容从打击犯罪转移到了预防犯罪。随着社区警务研究的不断深入,有必要对它进行社会学分析,以此来规范对社区警务的学术研究。社区警务是有组织的社会行动,是由各方社会角色扮演的社会互动过程,其本质是社会控制。     

论我国社区警务合理运行的策略要素

社区警务工作主要通过动员社区的多项资源与力量,激发社区的防卫意识,提升居民生活质量,以构筑整体的社会安全体系。社区警务的基本理念是:解决社区安全问题的根源在于社区本身;加强警民互动,强调公众参与;主动出击,着眼犯罪预防;社区警务是警务理念的转变。社区警务合理运行的策略要素分别是咨询(consultation)、调适(adaptation)、动员(mobilization)和问题解决(problem solving)。     

On the Spatial-temporal Diffusion of Community Based Policing from Japan to Peninsula Southeast Asia: The Case of Timor-Leste

ABSTRACT

This article traces the legacies and variances of ‘community based policing’ in Timor-Leste, and inquires about historical trajectories and cross-cultural sociopolitical influences which forged and determined the idea of policing in Timor-Leste. By drawing on diffusion theory, the article investigates the changing interpretations and transformations of ‘community based policing’ from the Imperial Japanese koban policing, to its Indonesian babinsa- and bimpolda-variant through to the current Timorese ofisial polísia suku approach. It delivers a historically based explanation for the difficulties and challenges of implementing an approach to ‘community based policing’ in Timor-Leste during UNTAET and following missions of the United Nations.     

The Crime Preventers Scheme: A Community Policing Initiative for Regime Security in Uganda

ABSTRACT

For decades, Uganda has received substantial support from development partners to implement Security Sector Reforms (SSR). Using the crime preventers’ scheme that has been implemented by Uganda Police as an element of community policing, I argue that SSR achievements in the country seem unclear and limited. Based on an ethnographic study I illustrate that the widespread crime preventers’ scheme has had contrasting effects on the Ugandan security architecture. The scheme seems to have reduced the police-citizens social distance and augmented police presence while simultaneously cased operational excesses and is routinely used in regime security strategies. To provide a better conceptualization I ask and answer a number of questions; how and why has the crime preventers’ scheme been initiated? How is the scheme related to community policing as we know it? What is the political role of the crime preventers? What motivates people to become active members of the crime preventers’ scheme? How does the scheme empirically operate?     

Defeat in Iraq: The Challenges for Obama and the Region

Abstract

Though community policing is widely promoted by donors and criticized by academics, there has been little research on its practice in Africa. This essay examines one of the main elements of community policing, namely community forums, in Freetown, Sierra Leone. They were examined from the point of view of the police, Partnership Board executives and local communities. The triangulation of response provided an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses. Positively they have improved communication between police and communities and provided intelligence, investigation, intervention, arrest and dispute resolution. Negatively they are elite dominated and most of the activities, initiatives and even finance come from the community. Despite the difficulties, the Partnership Boards are universally valued and are not seen as unwelcome foreign imports.     

Hate Crime: Record or Perception?

Public policing in Northern Ireland has gone through a process of reform and governance change in reaction to the peace process and the requirement to shift from a police force, largely engaged in conflict-centred policing, to a policing service dedicated to civil policing and normalisation. During the past decade, Northern Ireland has witnessed a significant decline in recorded sectarian crime. This decline in ethnic conflict has been accompanied by a growth in support for the police, especially within the Catholic community. However, information pertaining to support for public policing is determined at national level and we know little about how residents of sites of previously high levels of political and sectarian conflict feel about policing reform and delivery. In this paper we show that the perception of sectarian crime is much greater than recorded sectarian crime. Moreover, the perception of sectarian crime is a significant predictor of negative attitudes regarding police performance. The paper offers a unique quantitative insight into perceptions of sectarian crime and posits a predicament that is not discussed or debated with regard to the delivery of community policing. The evidence presented offers a benchmark upon which such a debate could occur. We argue that knowledge of sectarian hate crime should not be centred at the national level, but at the more discrete scale of neighbourhood. Perceptions, whether linked to reality, signal or prejudice, can at times destabilise the peace-building process, yet are rarely attended to or discussed. Knowing the difference between recorded and perceived crime as either sectarian exaggeration or actuality would aid localised police-community interaction. Here we provide a statistical basis to stimulate such enquiry.     

Social Context,Institutional Capacity,and Police Services: A Local Public Economies Perspective

This article examines levels of policing services, focusing on an assessment of resources and their measurement for municipalities. Two measures of policing levels assess the reliability of the findings across alternative measurements. Social and institutional characteristics are explored to evaluate alternative explanations in policing efforts. The article presents four decades of census data for municipalities in metropolitan areas. The central finding is that unequal levels of policing are prevalent across American municipalities. An additional finding is that social and institutional contexts affect policing, based on a pooled time‐series analysis of municipal governments. Although its main contribution is to local public economies research, the research also integrates the social and institutional literatures to identify factors in the allocation of resources to policing.     

浅析网络小说中关于社会公德意识缺失的问题

网络小说作为当代网络文学中重要组成部分之一,其发展受到社会各界的关注,由于刚刚起步,发展中难免存在着各种严峻的问题,而当前发展中的一个重要问题既是网络小说中社会公德意识缺失问题,本着治病救人的原则,笔者着重分析了这种道德现象的成因以及解决问题的一些有益的思考,希望对解决此种问题有所帮助。     

北京社区民警驻区制研究

北京市公安局在逐步推行社区民警驻区制过程中，取得了可喜的成绩，也存在不少困难，如经费保障稳定性差、人员管理与考核难度大、驻区民警的警务素养与社区工作要求有一定差距等。依据相关警学理论，从多渠道筹措资金、科学安排勤务、创新考核机制、多角度提升驻区民警的警务素养等几个方面对上述问题提出科学化建议，以期更好地发挥功效。     

情境预防视阈下首都社区安全治理——基于北京市23个社区的调查分析

情境预防理论表明首都社区安全治理绝不能仅依赖警察为主体的国家强制力,而应通过社区情境的优化来达到"无为而治"的社区治理效果。基于对北京市23个社区的调查分析,发现社区物理环境显著影响着社区安全度,楼房社区-自住平房-公寓-出租平房形成自高至低的社区安全梯度,因此情境预防应融入社区物理环境的规划-设计-建设-维护流程。另外,社区社会情境同样显著影响着社区安全度,社会治安综合治理机制与社区警务机制作为安全网络的双重支柱,应由压力型体制下单向执行转向双向互动网络,而基于互联网与物联网的社区大数据平台应构成社区神经系统与实时自动监测系统。     

Community environmental policing: Assessing new strategies of public participation in environmental regulation

This paper evaluates a new form of public participation in environmental monitoring and regulation advanced through local “bucket brigades,” which allow community members to sample air emissions near industrial facilities. These brigades represent a new form of community environmental policing, in which residents participate in collecting, analyzing, and deploying environmental information, and more importantly, in an array of public policy dialogues. Use of this sampling technology has had marked effects on local residents' perceptions and participation in emergency response and citizens' right‐to‐know. However, when viewed through the lens of the more developed literature on community policing, the bucket brigades are currently limited in their ability to encourage “co‐production” of environmental protection between citizens and the state. Means are examined to strengthen the bucket brigades and to more broadly support community participation in environmental regulation. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.     

Beyond Inclusion: Critical Race Theory and Participatory Budgeting

Critical Race Theory (CRT) researchers maintain that mainstream liberal discourses of neutrality and colorblindness inherently reify existing patterns of inequality, and that privileging the voices of people of color and the marginalized is essential to addressing issues of equity and equality. Participatory budgeting (PB) aims, too, to include the voices of the marginalized in substantive policy-making. Through a CRT lens, I examine the ways in which the New York City PB process has thus far worked to simultaneously disrupt and maintain racial hierarchies. I pay particular attention to how social constructions of the “good project” shape the discourses around community priorities and winning projects—especially in the areas of security/policing and education. While the New York PB process has successfully reached out to and effectively enfranchised traditionally marginalized constituents, including communities of color, its current focus on districts and the voting phase, alongside limited work on critical praxis, limits the extent to which these newly enfranchised constituents can problematize larger funding formulas and criteria in public budgets.