Interpretation of the Concept of the Right to Internet Access from the Perspective of International Law

The advent of the internet era breeds a new concept, namely, the right to internet access. Many countries and international organizations, as well as individuals, are advocating or have already embodied it as a basic human right, thus enhancing the issues of whether it should be incorporated into the macro system of international human rights. By analyzing the facts, this article points out that the international concept of the right to internet access should be distinguished from its domestic concept, for there are no legal sources about the right to internet access for guidance as with some treaties in the current international law, despite its close relationship with some existing rights such as the freedom of speech, press and assembly, or the right of equality, or the right to development. And there is still a long time before the legal value and related responsibilities as well as the boundaries about the right to internet access becomes a consensus in the international society. Even though there is quite a possibility, this right hasn't been embodied as part of international human rights, and thus hasn't made a legal concept in international human right law.     

On the Normative Structure of International Human Rights Treaties Monitoring Mechanisms and Its Legal Challenges

The Charter bodies established under the United Nations Charter and the treaty bodies established on the basis of international human rights treaties constitute the two major means of supervising the implementation of international human rights treaties.The treaty bodies responsible for monitoring the implementation of international human right treaties have gradually formed a four-fold supervision system consisting of state reporting,inter-state complaints,individual complaints and inquiry procedures.These quasi-judicial procedures are responsible for overseeing the implementation of international human right treaties.The practice of treaty body procedures has profoundly affected the development of modern international human rights law and is promoting the improvement of international human right treaty monitoring mechanisms.But due to the constraints of international politics,economic structure and related historical conditions,treaty bodies still face severe challenges.The improvement of the four major procedures will promote the development of the international human rights cause.     

Human Rights as Unique Rights——an analysis of Raz's Political Concept of human Rights

The practice of international human rights has led to the development of the political notion of human rights in contemporary times and triggered the theoretical reflection on "what are human rights " The natural rights view, which is based on human nature, regards human rights as universal moral rights owned by everyone against all others.holding a different perspective from the natural rights view, Raz, the representative of the political notion of human rights, bases his view on the political function of human rights in restricting national sovereignty in international practice and defines human rights as the legal rights enjoyed by everyone against the country since the end of the World War ii, which should be enforced by fair and reliable international institutions.Unavoidably, Raz's concept of human rights has been subject to questioning and criticism by natural right theorists.The controversy around Raz's concept of human rights shows that: on one hand, the Western academic circle has not readied a basic consensus on the understanding of human rights based on international human rights practice; on the other hand, it deeply reveals the theoretical need for the international community to reach a basic consensus on international human rights practice in the historical context of the changing international legal order.     

诉讼中的"有直接利害关系原则"应当纠正

诉讼是否应当提起,以及人民法院是否应当受理,关键在于是否存在着合法权益需要保护的事实.而"有直接利害关系原则"却对诉讼作出了进一步的限制,明显偏离了诉讼制度确立的本意,使人民的权益受到了损害,不利于国家的法治建设.因此,诉讼中的"有直接利害关系原则"应当加以纠正.     

新闻自由与司法公正：也谈媒体与法院的关系

在“舆论监督”的流行话语中 ,媒体与法院的关系被错误定位 ,其实两者关系并非监督与被监督的模式。两者分别是代表民主与法治保障人权的重要因素 ,其关系可以定位在统一于人权关怀下的新闻自由与司法公正上。     

谈中国关于空间碎片的立法不足

空间碎片现在已经成为外太空的主要污染源,各国航天事业需要共同攻破的课题。鉴于空间事故的屡次发生,对于空间碎片的探讨已提上日程。通过对中国参加的相关国际条约和中国国内空间的立法研究,发现国际条约中并没有具体的界定空间碎片的概念,更没有具体的条款来规范空间碎片,而国内关于空间的立法里亦没有提及到空间碎片。为了更好的发展我国航天事业,应该进一步完善我国国内空间立法,使航天事业的发展有法可依,有法可循。     

论国际刑法的正义价值

从法的属性看,国际刑法本质上是一种国家之间的制度,国际刑法的正义价值观首先源自国内刑法的正义价值观。由于现行国际法体系中没有超国家机构的存在,且国际法与国内法的渊源不同,国际刑法与国内刑法有相互符合的正义要素,但这些要素在各自领域中又存在着明显的内涵差异。国内刑法正义价值赖以支撑的平等、公平和正当等要素,急需国际刑法以立法和司法的实践加以确认和吸纳,并同时承袭国际法固有的正义基石。从国际人权法的视角分析,国际刑法的正义价值在于尊重和保护人权。国际法体系内的人权法与国际刑法,因正义价值的关联而构成了既对立又统一、相伴相生的矛盾共同体。     

Global Human Rights Governance in the United Nations Arena:China's Participation and Contribution

This paper expounds how China participates in and contributes to global human rights governance from the perspective of its participation in United Nations' human rights affairs. For more than 70 years since the United Nations was founded, it has done a good deal of work in establishing the principles and standards for human rights, developing the connotation of human rights, setting up the international human rights treaty system, and reforming the specialized United Nations' body on human rights, and so on. Since the United Nations was founded, China has been an active participant in and made important contributions to global human rights governance under the framework of the United Nations' human rights conventions. It has contributed to the establishment of the principles and standards for human rights and the connotations of human rights. It has also actively joined international human rights treaties and conscientiously fulfilled its obligations.     

刑事证人出庭作证问题探析

当前司法实践中存在的刑事证人不出庭作证问题已影响着司法公正和社会正义的实现.针对造成这种状况的原因,完善刑事立法时应明确规定证人拒绝出庭作证应当承担相应的行政或刑事责任,同时,完善对证人权利的保障制度.     

少数民族人权:权利分类与对应性保护

少数民族民事习惯法治化既是中国法治建设的重要组成部分,也是地方法治建设的重要工程,关系着中国整体法治建设事业能否最终取得成功。因此,论文从立法和司法两个法治化的中心环节上对民事习惯的立法化、司法化路径进行了深入的探析,以期尽快实现少数民族民事习惯与国家民事法制的无缝对接与融合,加快民族地区国家统一法治建设进程。     

China and the International Human Rights System: From Passive Participation to Value Practice

China's participation in the international human rights system is mainly attributed to China's reform and opening-up since1978.The most important influence of the international human rights system on China is the change of the Chinese government's governing philosophy,the awakening of domestic people 's rights awareness,the popularization and deepening of human rights concept and human rights awareness.However,China's participation in the international human rights system is not completely passive.China's participation in the international human rights system is both a strategic issue and an inevitable result of domestic political choice.It reflects China's understanding of human rights from a formal recognition to a major change in value recognition.There is a process of mutual influence,interaction and mutual recognition between China and the international human rights system.While learning and internalizing existing international human rights norms,and adjusting its behaviors with existing international human rights norms,China is also affecting the evolution of the international human rights system with its human rights stance,human rights views and its capabilities of continuous growth.     

谫论建立我国刑事被害人国家补偿制度的可行性和必要性

司法实践中,众多刑事被害人的损失得不到赔偿,其正常生活出现危机,成为影响社会稳定的因素。故此。建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度非常必要,其是我国国家性质的必然要求,也是全面、充分保障人权及维护社会稳定、建立和谐社会的需要。建立我国刑事被害人国家补偿制度不仅有像宪法、国际条约的法律依据,还有理论依据。刑事被害人国家补偿制度的理论依据众说纷纭,其中具有影响力的有均衡保障刑事人权说、国家责任说和命运说等四种学说。将侵权责任法的不真正连带责任理论引进国家责任说,才能使该学说更加完善,并以此论证建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度的的合理性。     

On the Positioning,Contents, and Methodology of Human Rights Law Study

The ideal model of human rights law studies shall be one that is open and comprehensive. On the basis of normative legal studies, it shall pay more attention to and respond to political, economic, and social development in a wide range of human rights issues. These studies should attempt to find practical solutions to concrete problems. Human rights law should be a relatively independent legal discipline, and it should be a problem-oriented object of study. Regarding the research methodologies, human rights law could encompass all aspects of legal studies, and go beyond legal them to some extent to encompass the influence of other disciplines.     

对完善刑事证人制度的思考

证人制度存在的主要问题是证人不愿出庭作证 ,甚至拒不出庭作证。其原因是对证人的保护不利 ,证人的权利、义务、责任相脱节 ,证人拒证的法律后果不明确。要解决证人作证难的问题 ,必须建立健全和完善证人出庭的经济补偿制度、证人拒不出庭作证的制裁措施、对证人的保护制度 ,同时大力进行法制教育 ,提高公民的法制意识和加强司法队伍建设。     

Seeing Human Rights from the Perspective of Development

The significance of including development in the spectrum of human rights lies in the fact that the notion of human rights is thus expanded to include the independence and economic and social development of the third world, instead of being limited to Western philosophical exploration and political experiments. Moreover, in practice, the right to development, as a newly added element of human rights, may correct the traditional idea in some states that the only version of human rights is political freedom, and those states failing to perform well in such freedoms should be criticized or even punished. When the human rights concept and system are examined from the perspective of development, more tolerance and cooperation may be expected in international politics, thus promoting the enrichment and improvement of the whole human rights system.     

丹麦警察对家庭暴力的干预

随着丹麦社会对妇女权益的关注 ,丹麦警察开始改变把家庭暴力作为家庭私事的做法 ,把防治家庭暴力作为重要的工作内容。他们除了遵循国际法的基本精神外 ,还制定了国内法及相关操作规章 ,表明不容忍家庭暴力和帮助受害人的明确立场。同时丹麦警察转变了执法指导思想 ,在多机构合作治理家庭暴力的工作中 ,注意关心、尊重并切实帮助受害妇女 ,开展了有效的法律实践。丹麦警察对家庭暴力的干预给我们的启示是 ,防治家庭暴力是一项社会工程 ;警察部门必须转变观念 ,研究工作方法 ,充分发挥应有的作用。     

Strengthening South-South Judicial Cooperation to Promote the Development of Global Human Rights

Judicial cooperation is one of the significant components of South-South cooperation. Furthermore, in the process of South-South cooperation, the establishment of a fair, rational, and transparent new system of international justice must be jointly promoted. The Chinese judicial authorities have made new progress in deepening judicial reforms, enhancing judicial transparency, improving human rights judicial protection mechanisms and strengthening the construction of smart courts, and have accumulated rich judicial experience. Under the background that many changes and great upheavals are taking place in the international world, countries of the Global South should strengthen their judicial exchanges and cooperation, especially in the field of the judicial protection of human rights. SouthSouth cooperation should be enhanced and they should learn from each other, so they can jointly make contributions to the development of the legal world.     

Seeking One's Day in Court: Chinese regime responsiveness to international legal norms on AIDS carriers' and pollution victims' rights

Over the last two decades, international actors have sought to diffuse repertoires of contentious practices, including rights-based litigation, to China. Multilateral organizations, foundations, and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) have used funding and training programs conducted in China and at law schools abroad in order to raise the capacity of Chinese attorneys, NGOs, judges, and legal officials to improve rule of law and protection of human rights. In particular, international actors have worked with Chinese NGOs and state officials to found legal aid centers that provide information and advocacy to protect the rights of pollution victims and AIDS carriers. Legal aid centers, attorneys, and their financial backers seek to bring forward ‘impact litigation’ cases in the courts to establish model decisions for other plaintiffs, attorneys, and judges to follow. To date, environmental groups have enjoyed more success gaining access to the courts and in receiving favorable court judgments than have AIDS groups. In many cases involving AIDS victims, attorneys and legal aid centers seek compensation through alternative dispute resolution methods rather than litigation, which do not establish a legal precedent. This paper explores the reasons for the divergent outcomes of efforts to protect the rights of pollution victims and AIDS carriers in the courts. Primarily, the institutional particularities and contexts of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Public Health have allowed international legal norms related to the environment to take deeper root than those related to AIDS.     

将反性骚扰纳入民事立法的议程

自2001年7月以来,中国大陆已经有十余起性骚扰民事诉讼案件。原告经历的艰难立案过程以及多数案件最终败诉,与中国民事实体法和程序法中反性骚扰立法的缺失有直接的关系。2005年的《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》修正案明确规定禁止对妇女实施性骚扰,但是,保障原告顺利发动诉讼,改变“借名诉讼”和法院审理此类案件无所依存的局面,需要中国的民事立法加以呼应。文章认为,我们应当借鉴国际社会、其他国家的相关立法和司法实践,充分考虑中国历史、文化等社会背景,在民法、劳动法、民事诉讼法等法中增加反性骚扰的内容。目前反性骚扰的立法可以先由最高人民法院做出司法解释。     

从行政诉讼受案范围谈建立我国的行政判例制度

行政诉讼受案范围是行政诉讼制度中的一项重要内容 ,采用概括方式规定法院应受理的行政案件 ,同时借鉴判例法的经验 ,在我国行政诉讼中建立行政判例制度是合理界定行政诉讼受案范围的一个有效途径。