论油污应属巨灾保险承保对象

油污符合巨灾保险承保对象所具有的损失发生巨大性、风险发生概率低、风险预测难度大和风险难以分散的识别标准,应属于巨灾保险承保对象.油污巨灾保险具有公共产品属性、石油利益的获得者具有广泛性、侵权损害赔偿责任呈现社会化分担趋势,故政府应当作为油污巨灾保险的投保人.将油污纳入巨灾保险体系中,有助于丰富油污保险类型,构建油污巨灾保险与普通油污保险二元并列的局面,以社会力量督促石油行业提高安全生产力度,并达到弥补普通油污保险、油污基金、政府救济等其他油污灾后救济制度缺陷的目标.     

巨灾保险试点问题解析及对策研究

巨灾保险试点运营以来,在取得了一定的巨灾风险管理成效的同时困难也不断出现,因此,如何进一步推行巨灾保险,是一个亟待解决的问题.本文在论述以巨灾保险转嫁巨灾风险与自助、互助、公助的理念相契合,巨灾风险之"公众性"和"社群性"决定了巨灾保险政府介入的必要性和有限性,巨灾保险与大数法则的矛盾及其化解,巨灾保险试点运营存在的问...     

房地产投资信托(REITs)法律制度之基本理论

房地产投资信托(REITs)本质上是一种投资基金.它于1960年在美国通过法律得以确立.房地产投资信托,就其实质而言,是房地产投资权益的证券化,是房地产证券化中的一种形式.依据资金投向的不同,REITs分为权益型、抵押型与混合型三类.依据组织形式,房地产投资信托可以分为公司型与契约型.与房地产直接投资、一般公司股票和债券这些金融工具相比较,房地产投资信托为其组织者和投资者提供了超越其他房地产投资工具的显著优势.     

Moral hazard in health insurance: are consumer-directed plans the answer?

The concept of moral hazard in relation to health insurance is an area that has both haunted and fascinated economists, policy-makers, and payers almost since the first health insurance plans were offered by employers. Through the years since Kenneth Arrow's groundbreaking work in 1963, the health care industry has been looking for the proper level of cost-share for patient insureds that will affect their health care choices. The approach of some newer plan offerings, termed 'consumer-directed' or 'consumer-driven' plans by their promoters, seem to have the potential of affecting moral hazard in health insurance.     

Shipping and scuttling: Criminogenesis in marine insurance

Among the instances of maritime fraud, the scuttling of ships, the deliberate sinking of a ship in order to collect the insurance money, stands out. It has been suggested that marine transport is prone to infiltration by organized crime groups. These are suggestions that have never been substantiated, but they could point towards a criminogenic market-structure of the (marine) insurance industry. The Dutch marine insurance-industry has a reputation to lose. The insuring of ships requires skill, professionalism and money, but the practice of marine insurance has hardly changed since the Dutch Golden Age. Drawing upon the results of two years of fieldwork in the Dutch marine insurance industry, it will be argued that the scuttling of ships is interlinked and intertwined with the practice of marine insurance and the way the marine insurance industry is commercially and legally organized. An analysis of the opportunity-for-fraud-structure of the (Dutch) marine insurance market will be made. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

次贷危机与资产证券化信息披露制度的重构

资产证券化本身并非次贷危机的根源,我国应该继续推进资产证券化的进程。不过,次贷危机充分暴露了美国资产证券化信息披露的制度性缺陷：信息披露制度的长期缺失以及信息披露豁免滥用的可能性。对此,《多德一弗兰克华尔街改革和个人消费者保护法案》进行了校正。应该结合美国的经验教训以及我国的实践。对我国资产证券化信息披露制度进行重构。     

Why requiring employers to provide health insurance is a bad idea

There is mounting pressure at the federal (and state) level to require employers to provide health insurance to their employees. However, two quite different groups of workers could be affected by such a mandate. In addition, there are at least five major problems with requiring employers to provide health insurance. Chief among these is the further fracturing of the insurance market, so that the spreading of risk will be reduced, and only the young and healthy will be offered insurance at relatively low premiums. We should be designing a health insurance system that has both universal coverage and a cost-containment structure. Toward this end, we need to tackle issues that transcend alternative methods of financing health care in the U.S.     

资产证券化中的超额担保制度研究

在西方资产证券化进程中,尤其是在"后金融危机时代",超额担保制度有助于降低投资风险,提高投资者信心,消弭金融危机的不利影响。为吸取美国金融危机的前车之鉴,我国在资产证券化起步阶段应引入该制度。超额担保的本质是债权质押,其质押标的是将来债权。在我国现行法律体系下,超额担保受制于现行的质押制度和破产法律制度设计。我国应制定专门的《资产证券化法》,明确资产证券化的性质,并对证券化资产的可让与性和出质问题予以专门规定,从而使超额担保制度既符合物权法定原则,又满足现实需要。通过控制超额比率和设置利差账户,以解决超额担保与现行破产法律之间的冲突问题。     

Third‐Party Policing and Insurance: The Case of Market‐Based Crime Prevention

This paper examines a relatively new trend: market‐based crime prevention. The insurance firm is an exemplary agent of this new type of crime prevention. Although the traditional focus of insurance has been on losses sustained after a crime or other catastrophe, we explore the shift from reactive to proactive crime management by the insurance industry. This trend is part of a more general decentralization of policing, from state‐controlled agents to community‐ and market‐based third parties. New ideologies support these shifts, including an actuarial logic about crime and a view of the prudent person.     

美国医疗保险制度改革的历史考察与理论检省

医疗保险法制改革是困扰世界各国的难题,而美国从20世纪初叶开始起步、至奥巴马完成的医疗保险制度的改革,充分考虑到美国的社会需求,走公私结合,政府强力推行和改革内容适当妥协相辅,革命性和渐进性兼顾的医保改革的道路,并在政府干预与市场自由的适度制度构架、多元利益(权利)的平衡妥协、政治精英与民众及媒体的协商互动等方面,形成了独具特色的公共政策制定路线和合法性供给策略。奥巴马"医改"法案的成功实施,不仅实现了美国医疗保险制度的重大突破,也为中国的医疗保险制度改革提供了有益的借鉴。     

中国资产证券化的法律环境分析及立法选择

"资产证券化"是20世纪70年代以来国际金融领域最重要的金融创新。近年来,在中国实施资产证券化的呼声日益高涨。但是,就资产证券化的现实法律环境而言,在证券化基础资产的转移、SPV的设立和定位、资产支持证券的发行和上市以及信用增强等资产证券化的各个环节中,还存在诸多的法律障碍或者法律的空白。为消除资产证券化的市场需求与我国现行法律制度的紧张,必须尽快构建起一个既体现资产证券化的基本规律,又符合我国国情的资产证券化法律机制。     

房地产抵押债权证券化研究——以SPV为中心

随着房地产贷款总量的不断增加，银行面临较大的放贷压力和金融风险，而房地产抵押债权证券化正是一种被住房金融产业发达国家的实践证明了的、行之有效的增强银行资金流动性和消化房贷金融风险的工具。作为房地产抵押债权证券化运作核心的SPV，其制度构造直接决定了房地产抵押债权证券化是否能有效运作。因此，有必要结合国外实践和我国的现行法律制度，就SPV涉及的组织形式、创设主体、独立性及破产等法律问题进行探讨。     

The national residency exchange: a proposal to restore primary care in an age of microspecialization

Healthcare deficiencies in the United States have long been perpetuated by a shortage of primary care providers. A core purpose of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is to provide health insurance for America's approximately fifty million uninsured. Implementation of universal health insurance, however, does not mean sufficient healthcare access for all, since the supply of physicians does not and will not meet demand. For reasons reviewed in this Article, the current physician shortage mainly impacts primary care providers. This shortage is particularly troubling because increased provision of primary care relative to specialty care has been associated with improvement in health outcomes, disease prevention, cost effectiveness, and coordination of care. This Article highlights provisions in the PPACA that impact primary care physicians. Finally, this Article proposes the creation of a universal primary care loan repayment program and a national residency exchange designed to alleviate the U.S. primary care crisis by facilitating optimal distribution of resident physicians in each medical specialty based on community need.     

Recent developments in employee benefits law

The first part of this article highlights important judicial developments involving employee benefits and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), as amended, during the latter part of 2003 and the first part of 2004, including the most significant U.S. Supreme Court and federal circuit court decisions. The second part covers recent legislative and regulatory developments in employee benefits law. This article is not meant to be exhaustive, but discusses the more important developments during 2003-2004, with particular focus on issues of concern to the insurance industry.     

加入WTO中国保险业面临的挑战和对策

中国是世界十大贸易国之一,在国际贸易的舞台上扮演着重要的角色。改革开放的中国需要世界,世界也离不开中国。加入世贸组织,参与经济全球化潮流是中国的必然选择。表面上"入世"不可避免地会给我国工业、农业、服务业诸产业带来冲击,更为深刻的是将发生在体制层面,尤其集中在经济贸易法律方面。着重阐述加入WTO以后中国保险业面临的挑战和对策。     

Suicidal contact gunshot wounds to the head with .38 Special Glaser Safety Slug ammunition

Glaser Safety Slug TM ammunition is a uniquely designed, essentially prefragmented ammunition. Tests performed by the U.S. Justice Department demonstrated that the ammunition possesses high kinetic energy, high relative incapacitation index (RII) and poses a very low risk to bystanders because of its total loss of kinetic energy in the target. Despite having been manufactured since 1974, no deaths from this ammunition have been previously reported. The authors herein describe the first three reported human deaths.     

Profiling the mobile customer – Privacy concerns when behavioural advertisers target mobile phones – Part I

Mobile customers are being tracked and profiled by behavioural advertisers to be able to send them personalized advertising. This process involves data mining consumer databases containing personally-identifying or anonymous data and it raises a host of important privacy concerns. This article, the first in a two part series on consumer information privacy issues on Profiling the Mobile Customer, addresses the questions: “What is profiling in the context of behavioural advertising?” and “How will consumer profiling impact the privacy of mobile customers?” The article examines the EU and U.S. regulatory frameworks for protecting privacy and personal data in regards to profiling by behavioural advertisers that targets mobile customers. It identifies potential harms to privacy and personal data related to profiling for behavioural advertising. It evaluates the extent to which the existing regulatory frameworks in the EU and the U.S. provide an adequate level of privacy protection and identifies key privacy gaps that the behavioural advertising industry and regulators will need to address to adequately protect mobile consumers from profiling by marketers. The upcoming second article in this series will discuss whether industry self-regulation or privacy-enhancing technologies will be adequate to address these privacy gaps and makes suggestions for principles to guide this process.¹     

从美国启动201条款谈保障措施制度

美国于 2 0 0 2年 3月启动 2 0 1条款 ,对进口钢铁采取保障措施。包括中国、欧盟、日本等国及利益方在内的各国对此均作出了反应 ,各有关国纷纷要求与美国磋商 ,并向世贸组织申诉 ,有些国家还拉出了报复清单。此案是中国加入世贸组织后第一次利用世贸规则来解决贸易争端 ,具有重要的意义。     

论我国环境侵权责任保险制度的构建

面对日益严重的环境污染 ,我国应建立环境侵权责任保险制度 ,并可以引进巨灾风险证券化等制度 ,以更有效地分散风险。对于突发性环境侵权行为的责任保险应作为商业保险看待 ,对于持续性环境侵权的责任保险应作为政策性保险看待。我国环境侵权责任保险制度的实施应采取分步走的策略 ,即先承保突发性的环境侵权行为 ,待条件成熟时再承保持续性的环境侵权行为。针对环境侵权的危险性、突发性、持续性等因素 ,应采取强制投保和自愿投保相结合的方式。在给予受害人赔偿时 ,应实行责任限额制。     

State legislative approaches to regulating coverage for experimental procedures

As addressed in past issues of the Newsletter, the Employment Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. sections 1001 et seq., limits the ability of states to regulate the terms and conditions of group health plans. See Newsletters, Vol. 8, No. 6, June 1993, at 6 and 23; Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1993, at 7; Vol. 7, No. 2, February 1992, at 13; Vol. 6, No. 11, November 1991, at 3. Under ERISA, states cannot mandate that self-insured group health plans or employers provide specific types of coverage. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Massachusetts, 471 U.S. 724, 105 S.Ct. 2380 (1985). Such mandates are enforceable only as to insurance companies and HMOs, and only to the extent that they are deemed to "regulate insurance." Id. As a result, state legislative attempts to regulate experimental treatment insurance coverage have largely been limited to health plans that are not self insured. Given the inconsistent handling of experimental treatment insurance coverage by both insurance companies and courts across the nation, state legislatures have demonstrated that they are ready to address this matter themselves. However, unless ERISA is amended to afford employees with self-insured plans the same protections as those with insured plans, such state efforts will not be able to resolve the problem for all citizens.