论国际刑法中的上级责任原则

在国际刑法规范中,上级责任是个人刑事责任原则衍生出的一项重要原则,是军事指挥官和其他上级人员基于其下属实施了特定国际犯罪而应承担的一种刑事责任类型.从实践价值来看,上级责任原则对指挥官和其他上级人员赋予特定的义务要求,从而将国际犯罪的刑事责任承担者覆盖到上级人员的不作为情形,这对于遏制国际犯罪和有效进行国际刑事审判具有重要的意义.经过一系列国际刑事司法实践,上级责任的观念和原则逐渐形成,并充分确立在国际习惯法和主要的国际性法律文件中.     

“国家犯罪及其刑事责任”理论争鸣与发展研究

在国际立法和司法实践中,有关"国家犯罪及其刑事责任"的理论争论旷日持久,但终因各方观点不一而予以回避。学者对该问题的理论研究主要集中于,国家主权与国家的对世义务、国家犯罪和刑事责任的合法性、集体犯罪和集体惩罚的合法性、实现国家犯罪刑事责任的可行性、国家作为抽象实体有无犯罪意图、国家责任的性质六个方面,分为支持与反对两种观点,彼此针锋相对。基于国际政治现实与国际法治追求的考虑,为了有效遏制最严重的国际犯罪,在国际司法实践和学术研究中出现以"政府犯罪"代替"国家犯罪"的新思路。     

浅谈刑法关于精神病人的刑事责任及其法律适用

我国刑法第十五条规定了精神病人的刑事责任的法律依据。“精神病人在不能辩认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果的,不负刑事责任。”“间歇性的精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪,应当负刑事责任。”几年来的司法实践证明,这一规定对于正确掌握对社会造成危害的精神病人有无责任能力,防止对精神病人的错判错杀起到了较好的作用。但是由于刑法条文规定的比较概括,而司法实践中有关精     

浅探对共同盗窃犯罪人的量刑

对于共同盗窃犯罪人究竟是按各人的分赃所得额,还是按参与盗窃总额定罪量刑,在司法实践中一直是有争论的,有必要进行认真的探讨。共同犯罪人的刑事责任应按刑法总则有关规定,即对于主犯,应当从重处罚;对于从犯,应当比照主犯从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚;对于被胁迫、被诱骗参加犯罪的,应当按照其犯罪情节,比照从犯减轻处罚或者免除处罚;教唆他人犯罪的,应当按照他     

对离任上级的刑事归责探究

习惯国际法认为,上级在明知和有能力防止下级犯罪时必须防止下级犯罪,否则要负上级责任.那么,即将离任的上级是否有防止离任后下级犯罪的责任呢？答案是肯定的,因为源于下级犯罪的上级责任可产生在上级不再有效控制下级的任期外.虽然这一问题并没有引起理论和实务界的足够重视,但有必要对此予以认真的研究和探讨.     

跨刑事责任年龄探讨

<正> 我国刑法关于刑事责任年龄规定,分为四种情况:一是已满十六岁的人犯罪,应当负刑事责任;二是已满十四岁不满十六岁的人只对若干犯罪负刑事责任;三是不满十四岁的人危害社会的行为不负刑事责任;四是已满十四岁不满十八岁的人犯罪,应当从轻或者减轻处罚,犯罪时不满十八岁的人,不适用死刑。在司法实践中,对行为人实施危害社会行为的时间,是以行为的开始还是以行为的终了时来计算,认识分歧。有的认为,从开始实施到实施终了,时间很短,不涉及跨刑事责任年龄的问题。但有的行为,从开始实施到实施终了有一段时间和过程,其行为又是有连续或者继续状态的,则涉及到跨刑事责任年龄的问题。如行为开始时,行为人不满十四岁或十六岁,而行为终了时则已满十四岁或十六岁,或犯罪行为开始时不满     

上级检察院可以这样指定管辖吗?

编辑同志： 　　有一个在司法实践中会遇到的问题：上级检察院对某一案件经审查后认为由某一下级检察院审查决定更为适宜，但该下级检察院既非犯罪地检察院，也非犯罪嫌疑人居住地的人民检察院，那么，上级检察院可否指定该下级检察院审查该案件呢？对此，有两种不同意见。第一种意见认为，刑诉法对案件的审判管辖作了规定，而未对审查管辖作出具体规定。遇到这种情况，应当先由该上级检察院的同级同地人民法院指定与该下级人民检察院同地同级的人民法院管辖该案，再由该上级检察院将案件交由该下级检察院审查决定。 　　第二种意见认为，遇…     

醉酒犯罪人的刑事责任能力

我国《刑法》第18条第4款规定：“醉酒的人犯罪，应当负刑事责任”，这就从法律上明确规定了醉酒犯罪应负完全刑事责任。然而在近几年的司法实践中对醉酒犯罪的刑事责任能力有了新的说法。笔者在十几年的司法实践中就曾先后遇到三起因醉酒犯罪而被减轻或免除刑事责任的案件。案例一：1997年春，犯罪嫌疑人葛××酒后盗窃一台价值2000余元的摩托车，经大连市第七人民医院鉴定，认为葛××属急性酒精中毒，复杂性醉酒后犯罪，限制刑事责任能力。据此，甘井子区法院于同年7月对其判处有期徒刑一年，缓刑二年。案例二：犯罪嫌疑人王××，1998年…     

国际犯罪刑事责任的性质及主体界定

考虑到国际刑法本身的特有属性,国际刑法中的国际犯罪只能是国家实施的国家行为,即以国家名义或者代表国家实施的,侵犯和危害全人类共同生活利益的严重危害行为,不应当是个人行为,而这正是国际刑事责任的基础。国际犯罪刑事责任从其本质上来讲只能是国家责任而不能是个人责任,其责任的承担主体只能是特定的个人,这反映了国际刑法的特殊性。     

法人犯罪立法的国际经验及其中国的借鉴

越来越多的国家或政府间组织正通过制定刑法或缔结国际或区域性公约规定法人犯罪。概括起来,法人犯罪立法的国际经验有:明确法人犯罪的成立条件,排除或严格限制国家机关的刑事责任,确立法人刑事责任和自然人刑事责任相分离的原则,建立较完整的法人刑罚体系。十多年的司法实践已证明,我国现行的单位犯罪立法存在诸多不足,导致刑法理论和司法实践对单位犯罪的理解和适用上的种种迷失,有必要借鉴法人犯罪的国际立法经验,进一步完善我国单位犯罪的立法。     

Superior Responsibility under Article 28 ICC Statute: For What Exactly is the Superior Held Responsible?

Superior responsibility is a concept for attributing criminalliability to military commanders and other superiors that isemployed with some frequency in the ad hoc international criminaltribunals. Nevertheless, it remains unclear for what the superioris actually blamed. The author argues that with respect to superiorresponsibility as construed in Article 28 ICC Statute the answerto this question depends on the form of superior responsibilityfor which the accused is found guilty. If the superior is heldresponsible for not having prevented or repressed the subordinate'scrime even though the superior knew of the crime, he or shecan be blamed for both, the criminal conduct of the subordinateand the wrongful consequence caused by it. For all other formsof superior responsibility, the superior can only be blamedfor his or her failure to exercise control properly, which resultedin a wrongful consequence, but not for the criminal conductof the subordinate.     

TESTING A BAYESIAN LEARNING THEORY OF DETERRENCE AMONG SERIOUS JUVENILE OFFENDERS*

The effect of criminal experience on risk perceptions is of central importance to deterrence theory but has been vastly understudied. This article develops a realistic Bayesian learning model of how individuals will update their risk perceptions over time in response to the signals they receive during their offending experiences. This model implies a simple function that we estimate to determine the deterrent effect of an arrest. We find that an individual who commits one crime and is arrested will increase his or her perceived probability of being caught by 6.3 percent compared with if he or she had not been arrested. We also find evidence that the more informative the signal received by an individual is, the more he or she will respond to it, which is consistent with more experienced offenders responding less to an arrest than less experienced offenders do. Parsing our results out by type of crime indicates that an individual who is arrested for an aggressive crime will increase both his or her aggressive crime risk perception as well as his or her income‐generating crime risk perception, although the magnitude of the former may be slightly larger. This implies that risk perception updating, and thus potentially deterrence, may be partially, although not completely, crime specific.     

爱滋病病毒携带者的刑事责任能力探析

当某人得知他/她携带爱滋病病毒(阳性)并与他人/她人进行亲密性行为,他/她是否应当对自己的行为承担刑事责任?争论的焦点是对该行为能否犯罪化?由于我国并没有针对该行为进行专门立法,引用我国《刑法》的有关规定对该行为进行处理可能会带来一些认定上的分歧,特别是在被害人同意的情形下,能否要求行为人承担刑事责任?根据我国《刑法》以及《刑法修正案》的相关规定,仍然可以对该行为进行刑事追究并处以刑罚,该行为符合投放危险物质罪或者过失投放危险物质罪的犯罪构成。     

论未遂犯的处罚根据

世界各国的刑法大都规定了未遂犯,未遂犯为何遭受处罚即未遂犯的处罚根据则是中外刑法学者期望解开的谜团.为解开这个谜团,大陆法系出现了主观的未遂论、客观的未遂论和折中的未遂论的理论对立.主观的未遂论认为未遂犯的处罚根据是实现犯罪的行为者的意思或性格的危险性的外部表现.客观的未遂论认为未遂犯的处罚根据是惹起构成要件结果的客观危险性.折中的未遂论认为未遂犯的处罚根据在于实现犯罪的现实危险性和行为人的主观恶性.通过比较研究,我们认为折中的未遂论应是我国刑法中未遂犯的处罚根据.     

假释撤销条件比较研究

撤销假释是对假释犯不遵守假释条件的惩罚方式之一。罪犯在假释考验期内再犯新罪应当不分犯罪性质、罪过形式和刑罚轻重,一律撤销假释。在假释考验期内,发现罪犯尚有漏罪,不应撤销假释,而是应根据漏罪的具体情况,分别处理。对于假释期间违反应当遵守的假释条件一律撤销假释的规定是不合理的。只有对情节严重的违反假释条件的行为,才应当撤销假释。     

A case of child abandonment--reflections on criminal responsibility in adolescence

The issue of responsibility for delinquent acts has been examined in the light of adolescence as a unique developmental stage, and it has been proposed that the degree to which one should hold an adolescent morally responsible for his/her acts corresponds to the degree to which he/she has individuated from his/her family and become a psychologic adult. A case was presented in which the crime of child abandonment was committed by an adolescent who was still deeply enmeshed interpersonally with her mother and had not yet achieved a separate identity as an adult. The psychiatric findings were presented to the Court after a plea bargain had been struck and prior to sentencing. They conveyed the belief, in lay terms, that moral responsibility for this crime was collective, to be borne in part by the perpetrator's family. The Court responded humanely with a suspended sentence, conditioned on psychotherapy, allowing the young mother to remain together with her first child. Not only does this article suggest the value of an understanding of adolescent psychiatric concepts for the forensic psychiatrist, it also suggests that the more subtle aspects of assigning responsibility can be better evaluated by the court at the time of sentencing than during the trial phase.     

Command Responsibility: Mode of Liability for the Crimes of Subordinates or Separate Offence of the Superior?

The nature of command responsibility is still open to debatein international criminal law: is a superior to be held criminallyresponsible for the crimes committed by his subordinates ‘asan accomplice’, for having participated in the commissionof the crime by omission, or as a perpetrator of a separateoffence of dereliction of duty? This article surveys the post-WW2case law and the first international instruments on this point,and then analyses the jurisprudence of the International CriminalTribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The judges appearto have recently adopted a new approach to Article 7(3) ICTYSt.in that the superior is held responsible ‘for failureto prevent or punish with regard to the crimes of the subordinate’and no longer ‘for the crimes of his subordinates’.It is a responsibility ‘sui generis’ indeed, wherethe crime of the subordinate plays a central role in the attributionof responsibility to the superior. It is, therefore, necessaryto carefully consider the relationship between the superior'sfailure to act and the subordinate's crime, both with regardto objective and subjective elements. The same question finallyarises in relation to Article 28 of the Rome Statute, the literalinterpretation of which implies that a superior shall be punishedfor the same crime committed by his subordinates. In order toavoid the risk of holding a person guilty of an offence committedby others in violation of the principle of personal and culpablecriminal responsibility, it is crucial to consider separatelythe different cases of command responsibility, which are basedon distinct objective and subjective requirements.     

继承的共同正犯研究

继承的共同正犯,是指对某一个犯罪,先行行为者着手实行后,在行为尚未全部实行终了阶段,他人(后行行为者)与先行者之间产生了共同实施犯罪的意思,此后共同实施犯罪的实行行为的情形。是否应当承认继承的共同正犯概念,后行者是否应当对先行者行为所造成的结果承担责任,对此,刑法理论界存在着肯定说、否定说与限定的肯定说等多种观点。应当认为继承的共同正犯概念有其存在的合理性,而限定的肯定说则更有利于准确界定各行为人的刑事责任。     

少年刑事案件的刑法适用

对少年正确认定刑事责任,对少年犯罪人准确定罪与适用刑罚,是少年刑法制度中的重要问题。我国《刑法》第17条第2款的规定及刑罚在少年刑事案件适用过程中经常出现争议。对其中的主要争议的问题,笔者的看法是:已满14周岁不满16周岁的人,在绑架行为中杀害被绑架人应当负故意杀人的刑事责任,对其奸淫幼女行为的刑事责任应按案件的实际情况具体分析,此年龄阶段的少年不应成为转化型抢劫罪的主体。对少年犯罪从宽处罚原则应结合少年个别化的情况进行适用,无期徒刑应限制适用,财产刑的适用则应综合考虑其适用条件,并坚持“教育为主,惩罚为辅”的原则。     

论单位犯罪的直接责任人员

单位犯罪直接负责的主管人员,应当同时符合直接责任条件和主管人员身份条件。单位犯罪其他直接责任人员,是指积极地直接实施单位犯罪行为并对单位犯罪起主要作用的单位成员。《刑法》第31条实际上是否定所有单位犯罪部分行为人承担刑事责任的排除规则。