基、序、等──刑罚的相应性的蕴涵

本文对刑罚的相应性原则的蕴涵作了系统的探讨。作者认为,基的相应、序的相应与平等性是相应性的不可或缺的三项基本要求,基的相应性是刑量与罪量在绝对意义上的相应．序的相应是罪量与刑量在相对意义上的相应,平等性是相同的罪量应受的刑量应该一致,三者共同制约着立法上法定刑的确定与司法上判定刑的裁定。     

法治规律与中国国情创造性结合的蓝本——论《全面推进依法行政实施纲要》的理论精髓

《纲要》作为我国第一部全面规划建设法治政府蓝图的纲领性文件,在推进依法行政的历史进程中具有里程碑意义。坚持法治规律与中国国情的创造性结合,是《纲要》的核心精神,也是《纲要》的最大特色。《纲要》的理论精髓体现在:(1)《纲要》贯穿的内在主线:监督、规范行政权与保护、扩展公民权相结合;(2)《纲要》规定的基本内容:依法行政理念与依法行政制度相结合;(3)《纲要》确立的法治目标:建设法治政府与形成法治社会相结合;(4)《纲要》选择的法治道路:自上而下政府推进与自下而上全民参与相结合。     

贪污罪概念重构

贪污罪的概念是关系到贪污罪的认定的重大问题。然而刑法界对贪污罪的概念的表述各不相同,对贪污罪概念的重构已成为当务之急。结合实践,通过比较研究,对贪污罪作出了新的界定。     

Peculiarities of organization and performance of forensic medical expertise of the corpses of persons died of acute radiation injury

This paper is concerned with the topical problems of forensic medical diagnostics of acute radiation injury. The general and specific problems pertaining to the organization and performance of forensic medical expertise of the corpses of persons deceased by reason of acute radiation sickness are considered. The special emphasis is laid on the selection of autopsy materials and their referring to specialized laboratories for the additional investigation. The methods of anti-radiation protection of the medical personnel are considered.     

Fragments of a Theory of Legal Sources

Abstract. The author discusses a number of issues in the theory of legal sources. The first topic is whether sources should be conceived of as acts or texts. The alternatives are connected with two competing theories of legal interpretation (viz., the cognitive theory and the sceptical theory), which entail different concepts of legal rules and law-making. The second topic is whether a "formal" or a "material" criterion of recognition of sources should be preferred. The third section is devoted to the analysis of rules of change. Four theories of rules of change are discussed, and five kinds of such rules are distinguished. The fourth section concerns judicial law-making, with special reference to the creation of new legal rules by constitutional courts.     

论法治的社会基础

市民社会是法治的社会基础。自治是市民社会的内在要求,法治需以社会自治为基础。市民社会蕴含的公民意识是法治精神的基础。只有大力推进市民社会建设,才能从根本上实现法治。     

犯罪市场与情境控制——农村土地承包经营权流转中的犯罪问题研究

土地承包经营权流转是一项新的变革,形成的一个新兴市场,但由于制度内外的主客观条件的影响,也在一定程度上催生了一个"犯罪市场。"权力要素不当介入土地承包经营权流转的交易关系,引发了诸多犯罪因素。对此,必须从犯罪的情境控制角度出发,从被害控制、权力控制和管理制度控制等方面提出防范和遏制之对策。     

论抢劫罪的加重犯

对构成抢劫罪加重犯的严重情节应该作严格的限制解释。“入户抢劫”应理解为非法侵入住宅抢劫。“在公共交通工具上抢劫”是发生在公共交通工具上并危及交通运输安全的抢劫。把“多次抢劫”规定为抢劫罪的加重犯不够妥当。“抢劫数额巨大”不包含抢劫未遂的情形。抢劫 (过失 )致死与抢劫 (故意 )杀人有必要分开作规定 ,并且对后者应规定比前者更重的法定刑。“冒充军警人员抢劫”比真正的军警人员抢劫有更严重的危害性。“持枪抢劫”不包括持假枪抢劫。     

酒后驾车道路交通事故流行病学研究

目的比较酒后驾车交通事故与非酒后驾车交通事故的流行特征。方法1999～2003年成都地区酒后驾车交通事故542例组成病例组,另从同期发生的75324例交通事故数据库中随机抽取1%非酒后驾车交通事故731例组成对照组。运用统计方法进行分析。结果酒后驾车交通事故造成人员死亡的危险度是非酒后驾车的1.72倍,两类事故的24小时分布基本呈相反趋势,酒后驾车非职业驾驶员和非驾驶员所占比例明显高于其他原因导致的交通事故(P<0.001),酒后驾车造成车辆的损害程度强于非酒后驾车,两类事故机动车的出行目的亦明显不同。结论酒后驾车交通事故较非酒后驾车交通事故后果严重,酒后驾车交通事故有不同于非酒后驾车交通事故的流行规律。     

The influence of the type of accelerant, type of burned material, time of burning and availability of air on the possibility of detection of accelerants traces

The presented research consisted in a series of field experiments and laboratory analyses of obtained samples. Their aim was to investigate how different factors influence the possibility of identification of accelerant traces in conditions that are as similar as possible to those of real fires. The studied factors were: type of burned material, type of accelerant, length of time between lighting and extinguishing of fire and the air availability level. The obtained results show that, among investigated factors, the type of burned material has the greatest influence. The other factors, with regard to their influence, could be ranked in descending order as follows: 'other' (hard to determine and regulate factors), type of accelerant, time of burning and air availability. 'Other' factors include arrangement of the burned material and dispersion of the accelerant.     

宪法哲学:自由的哲学

宪法哲学是以人为起点并以人为归宿的哲学。一切与人有关的哲学 ,都与人的自由有关 ,因而 ,都可以说是自由的哲学。早期的自由哲学是借助于宪法来谋求其目的的 ;而现代的宪法哲学 ,又往往借助于自由哲学来建构其自身。人的自由状况取决于人的生活方式。普遍的自由只能是一种低度标准的自由 ,低度自由的标准同时也就是有限政府的标准。     

Biolog-Eco法检测尸体微生物群落的代谢功能变化

目的检测死后不同时间尸体上微生物群落功能多样性的变化并评估其在死亡时间推断中的应用价值。方法采用Biolog-Eco微平板对野外实验中来自于死后0~240 h猪和人尸体的肛门拭子进行微生物群体的培养,监测其引起的光密度值变化,结合法医病理学及蝇类演替,观察自然腐败尸体微生物群落的代谢特性及其变化。结果微生物代谢功能多样性与蛆虫数量变化呈负相关关系。冷冻在0 h对每孔颜色平均变化率影响最大,48 h后基本消失,192 h后尸体微生物群落多样性相对不稳定。主成分分析将31种碳源综合为5个主成分(累积贡献率90%)。碳源tsquare分析显示,N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖氨和L-丝氨酸是推断人和猪样品PMI(0~240 h)的优势碳源。结论 Biolog-Eco法能表现死亡后0~240 h尸体上微生物群落对部分碳源利用的代谢差异,有望为死亡时间推断提供新依据。     

Estimation of the age of an individual based on times of eruption of permanent teeth

This is a community based study of the times of eruption of permanent teeth to establish the age of an individual. The study is based on dental examination of 1008 subjects in the age group 5-14 years, residing in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. The median age of eruption was computed based on the concept of "Ex" which is defined as the age at which a specified percentage of individuals show eruption of a given permanent tooth. The median age "E50" was computed by transformation of percentages to probits and plotting a graph between age and probits. E50 was computed graphically corresponding to a probits value of 5.0 or 50%. A mathematical regression equation [Kusri's] was computed for each graph. The age of an individual can be computed based on the E50 value of the permanent tooth which erupted last. The probability of the given individual being above or below the assessed age can be estimated by referring to graph and probit transformation table.     

学校教育的基本价值——古典学校教育批判的批判

“学校教育的基本价值”几乎是个无人问津的话题，今天，一边是教育大爆炸，一边是教育学的停滞，探讨学校教育的基本价值问题，有重大意义。以古罗马思想家和中国思想家为代表的古典批判家，曾掀起一场学校批评运动。古典批判家证明，从一开始，学校教育就是一个少数掌握多数，精英拨弄大众的过程；制度化教育的初始酝酿，就是制度化教育的本体矛盾和价值冲突的孕育之始。“矛盾”发展为现代学校教育制度析超国家、超化的基本矛盾，“冲突”演进为制度化教育的价值分裂并成为人类的共同命运。善恶二元化和善恶程度的多样性，是学校教育的基本价值。     

完善辨认证据效力之构想——从佘祥林杀妻冤案说开

佘祥林杀妻错案的酿成,源于对尸体之辨认错误。辨认的目的是为取证和查明案情。我国刑事诉讼法虽未规定辨认为侦 查措施,但辨认与某些法定侦查措施如言辞证据并无根本差异。辨认结果的证据效力与辨认主体、辨认客体、辨认过程密切相关 辨 认结论作为证据的使用条件必须要严格按照辨认的规则进行的,方法没有错误;辨认结果是科学可靠的;辨认的结果得到其他侦查 材料的印证。在立法上提出关于辨认的相关建议。     

陶行知校长学的七个命题探析

陶行知校长学是陶行知结合具体的办学管校实践系统阐释校长工作的思想体系。它主要由七个命题构成：一、校长是学校的灵魂，务必有高尚的品行；二、校长要有使命感、责任心和同情心：三、校长要有自己独立的学校观；四、校长要敏于行，做一个行动的校长；五、校长要有创造意识和创造能力；六、校长要做民主的倡导者和领导者；七、校长工作是一项专门事业，需要也值得校长全身心地投入。     

Determination of the age of subdural hematomas from the concentration of hemoglobin

The photocolorimetric method was employed to measure hemoglobin levels in 46 traumatic subdural hematomas of different age. The data thus obtained were used to construct a logarithmic regression model for the determination of the age of subdural hematomas from the concentration of hemoglobin. The model allows to determine injury time points and intervals at any desired level of confidence probability. The fraction of dispersion of hematoma age values attributable to regression was estimated at 41% which accounts for 74.7% of the maximally possible magnitude. Results of the study can be used in practical work of a forensic-medical experts.     

刑事自由裁量权基本问题

刑事自由裁量权是指在刑事法适用过程中,涉及刑事法适用的官方人员在所适用的刑事法规则内容允许的范围内,有权在可以采取的多种行为中作出选择。刑事自由裁量权具有绝对性,同时也具有相对性。绝对性是指裁量行为是任意的,不受限制。相对性是指刑事自由裁量权仅仅是一种弱式自由裁量权。行使刑事自由裁量权的主体涉及公安人员、检察官和法官。公安人员和检察官行使的自由裁量权主要是依据刑事诉讼法的程序性权力。法官行使的自由裁量权除程序性权力之外,主要是依据刑法的实体性权力。     

论道路交通事故损害赔偿责任归责原则的博弈分析

道路交通事故责任分担关系到社会资源配置的公正与效率。从博弈论的研究视角出发,比较了多种不同的责任制度。交通事故责任规则能否达到预期目的,主要取决于该规则对行为人产生的激励和约束效应。     

语义的缠绕和词汇体系的必然性

本根据哥德尔理论的普遍意义，指出在词汇体系中普遍存在着“语义的缠绕”这一事实；词义的形成和确定都离不开相关的词语的意义，词语在语义上的联系是必然的，词语在语义上形成体系也是必然的。