我国未成年人刑事司法制度探讨

随着社会的发展、人口的急速增长,未成年人犯罪的现象越来越多,呈逐步上升的趋势,导致未成年人犯罪的因素很多,未成年人犯罪严重影响着社会的发展和稳定,因此,完善未成年人刑事司法制度是至关重要的。本文通过对未成年人刑事司法制度的现状、原则进行分析,探究如何完善未成年人刑事司法制度,更好地保护未成年罪犯的合法权益。     

和谐社会语境下的未成年人犯罪问题——兼论未成年司法程序中的人文关怀

完善未成年司法制度，迎接新形势下预防未成年人犯罪工作面临的严峻挑战，是当前司法工作的一项重要任务。司法绝非简单、消极地适用法律，在司法过程中必须凸显人文关怀，这是司法的灵魂和价值理念。本文从未成年人犯罪呈现出的新特点及相关规律入手，找出未成年人犯罪的共性原因，进行理性思考，以求对当前形势下如何加强未成年法制教育、有效预防和减少未成年人犯罪，并就完善我国未成年司法制度以及在司法中彰显人文关怀提供积极的建议。     

“双重保护”原则在未成年人犯罪刑事检察工作中的应用——以宽严相济刑事司法政策为视角

“双重保护”原则是宽严相济刑事司法政策在未成年人犯罪领域中的具体表现，也是未成年人刑事司法制度的基本原则之一，如何在保护未成年犯和保护社会安全与秩序的固有矛盾间取得平衡，是未成年司法制度的一个重大而又现实的问题，也是检察机关必须回答的问题。作为司法机关的检察机关，应当在未成年犯罪刑事检察工作中贯彻执行宽严相济刑事政策，准确运用批捕权、公诉权、严格把握未成年人犯罪捕与不捕、诉与不诉的界限；改革检察工作方式，建立“恢复性司法”制度，实现“双重保护”。     

未成年人刑事司法制度构建研究

未成年犯罪是指已满14周岁不满18周岁的未成年人实施的刑法和有关刑事法律规定的犯罪行为。因此,在现有的未成年人刑事司法制度的基础上进一步构建就显得尤为重要的了。本文主要对我国未成年人犯罪的现状及特点以及未成年犯罪成因、我国未成年人刑事司法的现状进行了一系列的分析,并且提出了对我国未成年人刑事司法制度进一步构建提出了相关性的建议。     

试论基层公安机关在未成年犯罪嫌疑人打击与保护问题上的冲突与调和

我国对未成年犯罪确立的“教育、保护、挽救”的刑事政策，对于处理未成年人刑事案件提倡从轻、减轻甚至免除处罚，目前司法实践中对于犯有盗窃罪、抢夺罪情节轻微的未成年犯罪嫌疑人一般不作为犯罪处理。由于我国未建立独立的少年司法制度，基层公安机关尚未完全转变执法观念，在打击与保护未成年犯罪嫌疑人问题上产生了冲突。在这种情况下，基层公安机关应当在全面了解未成年人犯罪的特点、如何预防和减少未成年犯罪，以及我国对未成年人犯罪的刑事政策的基础上，适时转变观念，以挽救失足的未成年人为目标，做到打击与保护的有机结合，有机统一。     

美国未成年犯罪人的评估

在美国，未成年人犯罪受到了更多的关注，在世界范围内率先成立了少年法庭专门审理未成年人犯罪案件。未成年人为什么会犯罪？这个问题需要“危险未成年评估”来解释；如何应对犯罪未成人？这个问题需要“未成年犯罪人评估”来回答。     

农村未成年人刑事审判特殊性的研究与实践——对农村基层法院未成年人司法维权的探索

从某种意义上说，我国农村少年司法制度的发展状况，将真正代表我国少年司法制度建设的总体发展水平，因此，必须高度重视并加快我同农村少年司法制度的建设。作为一个典型的城市化程度较低的沿海农村，浙江省象山县的农村未成年人犯罪现象的原因具有特殊性，并且法院系统在未成年人刑事审判实践中面临着各种现实问题。因此，应当树立农村未成年人刑事审判的科学理念，尝试农村未成年人刑事审判的普通程序简化审，合适成年人参与制度，圆桌审判模式，缓刑听证制度，是农村未成年刑事审判取得成效的关键。     

“犯罪的一般理论”视野下未成年人犯罪原因及防控对策

美国＂犯罪的一般理论＂认为任何犯罪都是＂低的自我控制＂和适宜的机会相结合的产物。该理论为研究未成年人犯罪原因提供了新的视角——将犯罪机会纳入犯罪成因系统内。具体而言,未成年人经历不良社会化过程,导致自我控制能力减弱,形成犯罪性;具有犯罪性的潜在未成年犯罪人在合适犯罪机会的推动下实施犯罪,成为现实未成年犯罪人。对此,应当从预防未成年人犯罪性的形成和控制未成年人犯罪机会两个层面来建构未成年人犯罪防控对策。     

我国未成年犯抽样调查分析报告

本报告分析了我国未成年人犯罪的主客观原因，指出未成年人犯罪值得关注的问题。报告结合我国实际提出了加大对预防未成年人犯罪工作的资金投入与政策支持，进一步构建家庭、学校、社会“三位一体”的预防网络，积极探索建立和完善中国特色少年司法制度，大力开展未成年人媒介素养教育，加强对未成年人犯罪的危机干预等预防未成年人犯罪的对策与建议。     

2010年我国未成年犯抽样调查分析报告

本报告分析了我国未成年人犯罪的主客观原因，指出未成年人犯罪值得关注的问题。报告结合我国实际提出了加大对预防未成年人犯罪工作的资金投入和政策支持，加强对未成年人犯罪的早期预防。大力开展未成年人网络素养教育，加强未成年人犯罪实证研究，加强对重点青少年群体的调查研究、社会关怀和犯罪预防，建立和完善中国特色少年司法制度，加强青少年权益保护机制和预防工作机制建设等预防未成年人犯罪的对策与建议。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

Mass homicide and suicide deadliness and outcome

A study of 98 lone, rampage killers in the United States from 1949 to 1999 found that those who were killed by police officers killed and wounded more victims than those who completed suicide who, in turn, killed or wounded more victims than those who were captured. Those rampage killers who completed suicide were less likely to be judged schizophrenic and more likely to be killing present or former co-workers.