论东正教与俄罗斯村社文化的亲和性

东正教传入俄罗斯并广泛融入整个社会,并非一个简单的过程,尤其是要跨过村社这一关,这就更需要东正教和村社文化有契合以及亲和的地方。长期生活在农村公社中的农民所具有的那种村社精神,如“沙皇是公社之父”的观念,农民彼此之间亲如兄弟、人人都为大家的集体主义的道德习俗,同情他人的贫困与不幸、相互关心和帮助的人道主义等“农民社会主义”因素和东正教伦理构成了一种共同性和亲和性。     

斯托雷平农业改革中的村社政策

斯托雷平改革在俄国历史上具有十分重要的地位。其内容涉及较广，村社政策是改革的重要方面。虽然由于村社的自身特点，改革没能彻底打破村社，但对村社生活也产生了一定的影响：份地交易培养了农民私有财产的观念；越来越多的农民被卷入市场经济，同城市和工业之间的联系日益紧密；农民的思想观念发生变化；村社权威削弱，村社成员不再视村社各种规范为金科玉律。     

从土地关系的演变重新解读俄国农民问题

俄国农民问题由来已久，最大的问题就是土地不归土地使用者所有。俄国的土地随着军事扩张而逐渐扩大，并历史地形成了村社土地所有制、僧俗地主土地所有制和国家土地所有制。俄国土地所有制反映了社会政治关系，并形成了统治与服从的特点。随着俄国的西方化，这种关系逐步加强，并引发社会对抗。解决俄国农民问题不在于自上而下确立个人土地所有制，而是让农民安居乐业。农民安居乐业必须从思想和法律上确立劳动的崇高地位开始，壮大社会力量，改变社会关系，进而转变政府职能。     

俄国1905—1907年革命中的农民决议运动

俄国1905-1907年革命时期,农民决议运动这种独特的人民群众斗争形式获得广泛传播.农民决议和委托书包含了广泛的经济、政治和社会生活要求,涵盖了当时社会斗争的所有范畴,是俄国1905-1907年革命时期形成的农民纲领.农民制定、讨论和通过决议和委托书是一种重要的农民运动形式,对于农民的社会意识的发展起到了极大的推动作用.对于研究者来说,它们是折射20世纪初俄国农民精神面貌的一面镜子.     

村社意识与俄罗斯社会发展

在俄国的农民共耕社这种共有制生产方式下形成的思维定式,即使在村社消失后,仍对人们的观念和社会的发展有潜移默化的影响,它与俄罗斯的改革以及新世纪的走向也有一定的关联.在西方观念引进的同时,村社思维方式在21世纪仍然对社会发展有一定的影响,这可能会形成两种思维方式的撞击,而形成新的俄罗斯思维方式,俄罗斯在21世纪的发展在一定程度上取决于这样的新思维方式.     

俄国民粹主义产生的历史条件和它的主要特征

民粹主义是19世纪中后期俄国沙皇专制农奴制度走向危机和资本主义薄弱发展的产物，它作为一种农民社会主义，是落后农民国度的特有现象。俄国所有各派别即最广义民粹主义共同的主要特征，是信仰和崇尚“人民”，以“平民化崇拜”反对文化崇拜；对资本主义怀着厌恶和恐惧，企图通过被理想化的农村公社，绕过资本主义，“直接过渡”到社会主义。此外，本文还指出了社会民主主义、布尔什维主义同民粹主义在思想史上的联系和继承关系，并简介了民粹主义在苏联和俄罗斯的研究概况．     

民粹派的理论实质及其对俄国现代化出路的理论探索

自19世纪中叶以来,在对俄国现代化出路的探索中,民粹派提出了一条既不同于斯拉夫派也不同于西方派的探索路向.民粹派思想家重视对民众的启蒙,主张在消灭封建农奴制与资本主义制度的基础上,实现以社会公平与正义为目标,以村社为依托的理想政治图景.民粹派对俄国现代化出路的独特探索,成为日后白银时代宗教哲学家对俄国现代化出路探索的重要参照.     

19世纪墨西哥自由派的农业改革与农民运动

19世纪,墨西哥自由派发动了一场以教会财产和村社土地私有化为中心的改革运动.这场运动剥夺村社农民的土地,侵犯村社的自主权利,从而诱发了持续不断的农民反抗运动.北部索诺拉州亚基人的反抗运动,中部查尔科地区的农民运动,南部尤卡坦半岛和恰帕斯州的玛雅人的反抗运动,最为典型.19世纪的农民运动虽然最终被镇压,但在一定程度上延缓了墨西哥的土地私有化进程,并成为1910年墨西哥革命中农民运动的前奏.     

俄国现代化艰难启动的文化因素探析

从彼得一世改革到1861年的废除农奴制改革,俄国的现代化努力足足用了一个半世纪的时间。俄国现代化的艰难启动有其深刻的文化因素;非东非西的文化特征使俄国历史上的任何改革往往陷入一种困难的境地;东正教伦理是专制王权强有力的精神支柱,其中缺少利于资本主义发展的因素;村社传统抑制了个人主义、自由主义因素和竞争意识的增长;现代化努力过程中的社会政治思想是滞后的,脱离社会现实的。     

俄国农民研究史概迹及前景展望

俄国1917年革命开辟了一条由农民社会向社会主义社会的演进之路，它引起了俄国内、外学界的关注。经过几十年的探索，俄国学者虽然积累了可观的研究成果，但并没有对“农民俄罗斯走向斯大林之路”得出清晰的认识。西方关于苏联农民史的研究比苏国内更为多元化，但他们研究方法缺乏变革中社会人们所具有的问题意识。     

Village Self-Governance and Democracy in China: An Evaluation

Village self-governance in China, of which election of the village committee members is the most salient feature, has attracted much attention in the recent decade. Originally established to deal with the chaotic situation in the countryside after the collapse of the commune system in the late 1970s, village self-governance has been regarded as having made significant contributions to China's political reform and democratization. This article reviews three such contributions: institutional innovations relating to village election, a more democratic style of administration at the village level, and a new consciousness of citizenship among the Chinese peasants. However, limitations and deficiencies also exist which seriously curtail or even overwhelm the possible contributions village self-governance can make. First, only a small part of China's vast countryside implements self-governance. Thus, very few peasants are exposed to and nurtured with democratic values. Second, village self-governance can be easily subverted by the local communist cadres. Third, even if genuine self-governance is implemented, the experience cannot easily be transplanted into an urban setting of a higher level, due to the small size and related characteristics of the Chinese village. Therefore, a more balanced and lucid view is needed in evaluating the contributions of village self-governance to China's democratization.     

19世纪末俄国的中亚政策

俄国对中亚的占领,使其对中亚的政策问题突显出来。1867年和1886年的管理条例确定了俄国政府对中亚实行军政合一的管理体制。在这种管理体制下,俄国政府对当地穆斯林采取了不干涉政策,而19世纪末俄国农民向边疆地区不断移民则成为这一时期民族政策的核心问题。     

菲律宾的火药桶——论20世纪中吕宋农村骚乱的起源

中吕宋向来是菲律宾农村矛盾的集结地。人地矛盾突出是农村问题的根本症结，高利贷的蔓延和农闲时期兼业机会的缺乏，更强化了农民的贫困状态，从而滋生严重的不满。但“贫困”不足以解释中吕宋农村骚乱的原因，中吕宋还具备有别于岛国其他地区的独特性。在资本侵蚀农村的大背景下，中吕宋的主佃关系、土地掠夺和农工运动都趋向激化，而土地兼并和教会地产的长期存在更是中吕宋农村的毒瘤。     

评俄国政党在1905年革命中的作用

1905年革命中,俄国各政党纷纷登上政治舞台,在推动革命进程中发挥了不同程度的作用。首先,从资产阶级在革命中的影响以及革命的进程看,资产阶级及其政党做出了重要贡献。其次,社会革命党在革命期间积极扩大在农民和工人群众中的影响,在推动革命进程中也起到重要作用。再次,作为俄国无产阶级的代表,社会民主党在革命中同样发挥了重要影响,但就其整体而言,不足以与资产阶级政党相抗衡,其作用是有限的。     

What determines poverty transition? An investigation of women livestock farmers in Bangladesh

This article evaluates poverty transition using self-assessment in a quasi-experimental framework. Data are drawn from a survey conducted in 2006 of 400 women who were the beneficiaries of a poverty-alleviation programme which involved longer-term interventions towards building the strength of government departments, participating organisations, and beneficiaries. During the survey, when the project was approaching its conclusion, about 50 per cent of these farmers were still in the programme. The article addresses a number of key questions related to pathways out of poverty through livestock-based activities, heterogeneity in livelihood choice and its impact on household welfare, and wider applications.     

Crop diversity and livelihood security in the andes

Andean farmers have traditionally adapted and selected varieties of quinoa and potatoes to reduce their vulnerability to a range of environmental risks. Data suggest that this strategy is being undermined. Market pressures, particularly the requirements for consistency and quantity along with the import of subsidised wheat products, are leading to the displacement of quinoa and indigenous potato varieties. This paper explores the feasibility of maintaining crop diversity while ensuring that farmers benefit from market opportunities. For potato, the most promising approach is one of ‘conservation through use’, whereby development practitioners identify market niches for local rather than cosmopolitan varieties. Meanwhile, quinoa production and consumption has been enhanced by government-sponsored initiatives that use quinoa in food-support programmes. The success of these efforts to enhance livelihood security requires an enabling policy environment that encourages extension approaches, where the emphasis is on farmers' active participation, and supports public and private interventions in remote rural areas.     

Cassava value chain and its products in Morogoro rural district,Tanzania

This study was conducted to examine the cassava value chain and determine strategies for enhancing farmers' profitable participation in the chain, to reduce poverty in Tanzania. Data were collected from 98 farmers from three villages of Morogoro rural district. Profit and marketing margins along the cassava value chain were computed. A linear model was estimated whereby farm size, experience, total family labour, group participation, non-crop livelihood sources, and food insecurity were the main determinants of profitability. The emerging recommendation was for farmers' participation in profitable cassava value chain strands by strengthened coordination, improved cassava varieties, and enhanced agronomic practices and processing technologies.     

论俄罗斯现代化进程中的文化因素

俄罗斯现代化是在其民族精神的独特性与强势西方文明之间相互鼓荡中催生而出的,它呈现出一幅既波澜壮阔,又谜团纷纭的图式.这一特征与俄罗斯文化底蕴密切相关.村社制度导致俄罗斯老百姓比任何一个国家的老百姓对国家和集体更加服从,对政府和制度更具有忍耐精神.在近千年的时间里东正教一直是俄罗斯帝国的国教,是专制王权的精神支柱.村社精...     

Building pathways out of poverty through climate smart agriculture and effective targeting

One focus of agricultural development is climate smart agricultural technologies and practices (CSA). Development practitioners invest in scaling these to have wider impact. Ineffective targeting stymies CSA’s contribution to poverty reduction by excluding many of the poor and/or including those for whom agriculture is not a pathway out of poverty. This viewpoint proposes the need to recognise differentiated livelihood pathways within smallholder agriculture, linked to farmers’ differential capacity to engage in climate risk management. A farmer and livelihoods typology provides a framework to improved targeting of CSA and to identifying where alternative interventions, such as social protection, are more appropriate.