对我国传统正当防卫观的反思——兼谈新刑法对正当防卫制度的修改完善

正当防卫是法律赋予公民在紧迫情况下同不法侵害行为作斗争的一项重要权利。但是，我国传统正当防卫观未能正确反映这一立法的宗旨。如在理论上以“形似犯罪，实质无罪”的观点对这一问题进行阐述，把正当防卫与刑事犯罪紧密相联；在立法上对正当防卫的界限缺乏明确界定，使防卫人在不法侵害面前软弱无力；在司法中对防卫人过于苛求，不能实事求是地处理防卫案件等。新刑法对正当防卫立法作了重大修改，为公民积极行使正当防卫权提供了比较具体的条件。我们应当转变观念，认真贯彻这一立法精神     

正当防卫制度之我见

在现实生活中,有些行为在形式上好象符合某罪的犯罪构成,即具有了犯罪的外观,但在实质上并没有犯罪的本质属性——社会危害性。如果仅从形式上看问题,往往不能正确地界定一种行为,导致混淆罪与非罪的界限。我国刑法中的正当防卫制度,其意义就在于,从理论上进一步说明行为的社会危害性是犯罪的本质属性,而正当防卫是对社会有益无害的行为,不是犯罪。正当防卫是法律赋予公民的一项重要权利,是鼓励和保障公民同违法犯罪行为作斗争的重要手段,其历来受到人们的普遍关注。     

也论战时以伤杀手段制止犯罪的紧急措施——兼与龙宗智先生商榷

战时以伤杀手段制止犯罪的紧急措施应为法令行为而非正当防卫行为,将该行为认定为正当防卫理论上存在诸多缺陷。战时紧急措施的实施必须具备五个条件起因条件、时机条件、对象条件、限度条件、程序条件。战时紧急措施的正当化根据在于相对于其他法益而言军事利益是一种优越利益。     

论正当防卫时间条件的认定

正当防卫的时间条件,一般是指不法侵害已经开始且尚未结束。在对于不法侵害开始和结束时间的认定上,结合考虑不法侵害实际给被侵害人造成的客观危险状态和实施正当防卫行为人的主观认识,不仅可以有效确定实施正当防卫的时间范围,并且限制了正当防卫行为的扩大,有助于在司法实践中准确把握正当防卫的时间条件,达到刑法设立正当防卫行为的法律目的,及时保护被侵害人的合法权益。     

简析正当防卫

正当防卫作为我国刑法规定的排除犯罪性的行为,是刑法赋予公民在遭受不法侵害时,在国家集体利益,或者他人合法权益受到犯罪分子的侵害时,而采取的制止不法侵害的行为。正当防卫在主观上与一般的违法行为不同,在性质上有着内在本质的区别。在理解时可能会面临一些问题,诸如,防卫的时间限定问题,防卫对象问题等等,笔者主要从正当防卫的对象,时间要求,特殊防卫,不法侵害以及不法侵害人是否有防卫权问题做一些简单分析。     

论正当防卫的时间条件——以“3·1”昆明恐怖袭击案、“5·28”招远血案和新疆系列暴恐案为例

在“罪刑法定”、“法益保护”、“责任主义”等刑法基本原则的指导下,给“正当防卫”划出一个清晰的边界十分重要.对不同形态的犯罪行为实施正当防卫的时间条件并不相同,相比较而言,针对不作为犯罪实施的正当防卫,其时间条件应是相对特殊的.另外,在复杂的犯罪构成中,正当防卫的时间条件也应当区别不同情况分别予以讨论.在现实中,解除防卫人对于“防卫结束的特殊时间”,即正当防卫向不正当防卫转化的这个时间点的担忧与顾虑,不失为从根本上避免与防范诸多暴力性犯罪的上佳选择.     

浅谈正当防卫的界定

正当防卫制度的建立,对于保障社会公共利益和其他合法权利免受正在进行的不法侵害,震慑犯罪分子,预防和减少犯罪,具有积极的意义和作用.本文通过对正当防卫的定义、条件以及防卫挑唆、假想防卫、事后防卫、防卫过当等不符合正当防卫条件的非法防卫行为进行深刻评析,从而对正当防卫做出清晰的界定.     

简论正当防卫的几个问题

简论正当防卫的几个问题钱金策一、新刑法对正当防卫制度的修改正当防卫是法律赋予公民的一项重要权利，是鼓励和保障公民同违法犯罪行为作斗争的重要手段，对于保障国家、公共利益和公民的合法权益，威慑犯罪分子，制止和预防犯罪，具有积极的意义和作用。１９７９年刑法...     

浅谈新刑法的正当防卫制度

浅谈新刑法的正当防卫制度谢萍正当防卫是我国刑法中的一项重要制度，旨在鼓励广大人民群众积极地同违法犯罪行为作斗争。尽管我国刑法中有关于正当防卫的一般原则性规定，然而在司法实践中，行为人在什么条件下进行的防卫是正当的，怎样把握防卫行为的限度等问题，都很难...     

新的正当防卫制度之适用

一、新的正当防卫制度的特点1．内容明确具体。刑法将正当防卫人“采取的正当防卫行为”修改为“采取的制止不法侵害行为，对于不法侵害人造成损害的，属于正当防卫”。这样修改使得正当防卫的内容更加明确，也避免了概念的重复。2．界定了防卫过当的条件，扩大了正当防卫的范围。一是将“正当防卫超过必要限度造成不应有的损害”修改为“正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害”，这样界定使得防卫过当的条件更易于把握；二是增加了第三款的规定，考虑到行凶、杀人、抢劫、强奸、绑架等严重暴力犯罪对社会的严重危害，为了鼓励公民积极使用…     

Bridging the Gender Gap In Bill Sponsorship

Under what circumstances do men sponsor issues that are traditionally regarded as salient primarily to women? By examining the sponsorship of legislation in the upper and lower chambers of 15 state legislatures in 2001, we explored the conditions under which men are likely to focus attention on policy areas involving women's issues and children's issues. We found little effect of institutional context (such as party control of the legislature or diversity within the legislature) on the sponsorship behavior of either men or women. Personal characteristics such as race, education, age, and family circumstances are associated with sponsorship by men, but not by women. Committee service is also strongly associated with sponsorship behavior, particularly for men. Differences in sponsorship are relatively marked in the sponsorship of legislation that focuses on reproduction or other health issues particularly relevant to women. We conclude that the boundaries of the set of issues traditionally defined as “women's issues” may be changing over time and that it is important to recognize that the influences on the sponsorship of women's issues can be different for men than they are for women.     

论民事法律事实的类型区分

依据民法学问题的讨论是否与民法规则的设计或适用直接相关,民法学问题可被区分为民法问题和纯粹民法学问题。民法学界关注和讨论的不少问题,属于与民法规则的设计或适用不直接相关的纯粹民法学问题,其主要包括事实判断问题、价值判断问题和解释选择问题。民事法律事实的类型区分属于纯粹民法学问题中的解释选择问题,我国民法学界就此存在详细区分说、简略区分说与折中说的对立。在三种学说都符合逻辑自洽且富有学说解释力标准的前提下,简略区分说更能满足民法学界对民事法律事实进行类型区分的各种主要学术目的,因而是更为可取的学说。     

论社会热点问题中的预警工作

社会热点问题是复杂的社会问题,也是新形势下影响社会稳定的突出问题,公安机关是维护社会稳定的职能部门,只有密切关注社会热点问题,把握社会热点问题与社会稳定的关联性,明确社会热点问题预警工作的重要性,落实社会热点问题预警的各项工作措施,才能有效完成维护社会稳定、保卫和谐社会建设战略目标实现的历史重任。     

国际海事仲裁员大会第十七届会议综述

第十七届国际海事仲裁员大会共确定五个主要议题：一是世界范围内仲裁的最新发展;二是仲裁程序中存在的若干重要问题;三是提单/租约等运输合同争议;四是海事技术问题;五是近年来出现的航运热点问题。     

Forensic neuropsychology and the criminal law

This article explores theoretical and empirical issues in the application of clinical neuropsychological evidence to forensic issues in the criminal law. The nature of forensic neuropsychological evaluations is discussed with reference to issues of competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility, and other competencies in the criminal process. Examples of specific disorders relevant to criminal law standards are presented, together with data estimating the prevalence of brain dysfunction in criminal and forensic populations. Research is also reviewed on the role of neuropsychological brain dysfunction in the etiology of violence and criminally relevant behavior. Finally, empirical and ethical issues concerning the applicability and admissibility of forensic neuropsychological data in the criminal context are discussed.     

Deconstructing the Construction Defect Insurance Claim

This article provides a practical overview of the issues presented by a construction defect insurance claim. It begins with a discussion of establishing standing under the typical comprehensive general liability insurance policy, with a particular emphasis on additional insured issues. The article then describes the typical issues faced in proving an “occurrence” took place in the context of a construction claim. Thereafter, the article addresses the so-called business risk exclusions and their potential application in a construction defect case.     

Examining the constitutionality of Internet filtering in public schools: a US perspective

The use of Internet filters in public classrooms in the USA has been intensely debated, both in terms of its effectiveness and legality. The debate pits concerns to protect students from indecent material against issues of unconstitutional censorship. This paper examines the legal issues addressed in various rulings by the US Supreme Court pertinent to issues raised in the debate over the constitutionality of filtering in the classroom. The rulings and opinions offer valuable insights into the legal issues raised in this debate.     

Posthumous reproduction and the meanings of autonomy

In recent years there has been considerable debate over the legal and ethical issues associated with posthumous reproduction. This article analyses recent cases and legal regulation of reproductive technologies in Australia. The issues associated with posthumous reproduction are explored through a consideration of the nature of an individual's interest in their reproductive material. The suitability of a property-based model as a means of conceptualising interests in reproductive material is explored. The article concludes that the issues in this area need to be analysed in terms of autonomy interests that are understood relationally.     

论相对独立的量刑程序

量刑程序的正当性与量刑程序与定罪程序分离的可行性属于两个不同层面的问题。现阶段我国尚不具备将定罪与量刑程序完全分离的制度条件，而只能构建相对独立的量刑程序，即在法庭审理的主要环节，将定罪与量刑活动相对分离。在将量刑活动纳入法庭审理程序时，应当注意处理好量刑建议与量刑裁量权之间的关系。     

Clinical Ethics and the Road Less Taken Mapping the Future by Tracking the Past

Although various aspects of clinical ethics consultation have been discussed in the literature, there has yet to be sustained systematic debate about the fundamental philosophical and methodological issues at stake in doing clinical ethics. Arguing that the field of clinical ethics is at ta critical crossroads, the author of this article outline the core issues that need to be addressed, debated, and resolved in order for the field to secure a meaningful future.