乡村治理模式变革与农村社会发展——以浙东DT村为例

新中国成立以来的乡村治理模式变迁可以分为两个阶段：改革开放前以人民公社体制为载体的控制型治理模式与20世纪80年代开始确立的以村民自治为核心的＂乡政村治＂治理模式。在这两个阶段,农村社会呈迥然相异的发展状态。反思乡村治理模式对农村社会发展的影响,可得到如下启示：乡村治理须以经济社会的现实发展为基础,乡村治理须尊重农民的意愿与创造性,乡村治理不应割裂历史文化传统。     

城市化发展进程中农村治理之路探讨

随着我国城市化大规模推进,广大农村不同程度卷入城市化运动中.然而,我国农村管理制度差不多仍旧停留在八十年代初,主要制度建设仍旧是农村自治法.农村经济基础的变化、人民生活方式的改变都不同程度冲击着旧有的农村管理.在现实中,现代都市农村治理到底是怎样的一幅图景呢?本文主要以一种描述性语言勾画广州A村治理的实际形态,深入洞察城市化进程中农村管理的内在治理结构和运作逻辑,最后为建构合理的乡村治理关系提出若干思考.     

浅议政府在乡村治理中的作用

乡村治理是多主体共同参与的系统工程,是治理理论在我国乡村社会中的运用。现阶段,我国乡村的公共服务需求快速增长,乡村治理的重心在于通过扩大基本公共服务的供给以统筹城乡发展,缩小城乡差距,实现城乡经济社会协调发展。同时,由于我国社会力量发育不完全,在公共服务提供中要注重发挥政府的主导作用,鼓励和引导社会的发展,建立政府主导、多主体积极参与的农村治理模式。     

完善乡村治理机制的思考与建议

加强农村民主政治建设,完善建设社会主义新农村的乡村治理机制,既是社会主义新农村建设的内容,又是社会主义新农村建设的重要保障。改革开放二十多年来,我国乡村治理机制发生了根本性的改变,初步形成了多元治理结构。但是,目前我国乡村治理还存在诸多问题。本文对目前我国乡村治理存在的问题及其原因进行了分析,并就如何完善乡村治理机制提出具体建议。     

转型期中国政府改革之治理范式结构

改革开放以来,我国逐步进入社会转型期。以经济转型为主线的变革同时也推动了我国政治和社会的整体变革,政府改革也必然要与这个转型的方向相吻合,笔者把这种倾向称之为“治理取向”,把这种治理体系的确立过程称之为治理范式的建构。本文从市场经济体制的必然要求与经济全球化的压力两个方面阐明了治理范式建构的现实驱动力,并着重从有限政府、分权政府、法治政府、民主政府四个层面论述了其具体内涵。     

留守妇女在乡村治理中的公共参与及其影响——来自苏、鄂、甘地区的一项研究报告

改革开放以来,随着农村劳动力的大规模外移,我国农村出现了一个数以千万计的留守妇女群体.目前,她们不但是农村生产生活的一支重要力量,而且也是参与村民自治和社会公共生活的重要力量,在乡村治理中发挥了人们始料不及的积极作用和影响,表现出了以往农村妇女从来没有过的主体性和重要作用.本文以苏、鄂、甘地区的实证研究资料为依据,探讨了当前农村留守妇女在公共生活参与等方面对农村社会发展的实际影响,进而引发促进农村留守妇女积极发展的若干思考.     

论我国药品安全社会治理的内涵、意义与机制

我国推进药品安全社会治理的必要性在于有助于解决我国药品安全存在的现实问题.从“药品监管”到“药品安全社会治理”转变过程中,治理目标体现为确保公共利益,治理主体呈多元化,治理结构形成一种平等、合作的治理关系,治理手段是基于协调和参与.并从树立药品风险预防理念、创新多元主体参与制度、确立惩罚性赔偿制度、建立药品风险分担与激励惩戒机制等方面提出了药品安全社会治理的核心议题.     

乡村治理现代化视域下软法的功用、不足与优化

我国自古是农业大国,农业是国民经济的基础,乡村是国家稳定的基石。新中国成立后尤其是改革开放几十年来,我国工业化和城镇化迅速推进,国家的经济力量和社会结构发生巨大变化,城乡发展不平衡,大批劳动力进城造成的乡村“空心化”,乡村发展后劲不足等问题,严重阻碍了乡村的现代化发展与治理。乡村治理是社会治理和国家治理的重要组成部分,没有乡村治理现代化,我国全面实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的目标也就无从谈起。     

动因、内涵与特征:社会治理创新综论

社会治理创新是马克思主义社会治理思想与中国传统治理思想的契合,是中国经济社会建设与发展的实践驱动,是解决新时代社会治理问题的现实需要.社会治理创新以人民为中心,以治理为民和维护群众利益为核心,以发展社会事业为基础内容,通过营造良好的内外部环境来实现社会治理现代化,体现出整体性、开放性和实践性等鲜明特征.     

城乡基层协同治理的难题与化解:顺德改革的探索

在实现以人为核心的新型城镇化过程中,构建新型城乡基层治理体制,完成由"乡"到"城"的治理改革是至关重要的。在我国的城乡基层治理改革中,协同(多元)治理已经成为各地尝试的模式。顺德"政经分离、政社分离"的"治权"改革也将协同治理(共治)作为了城乡基层治理改革的主要模式,通过调整政府、市场、社会的最优关系,构建多元协同的新型城乡基层治理体系。顺德的城乡基层治理改革是其农村综合改革的重要组成部分,是在顺德综合体制改革的背景下逐步推进的。然而,随着综合改革的深入,顺德城乡基层协同治理遇到了新的问题和挑战,主要体现在基层党组织作用、监督制约机制、公共服务能力和村(居)民的公共参与意识等方面。顺德在解决这些问题上进行了持续的探索。对其进行全面的分析,可以为我国其他地区的城乡基层治理改革提供借鉴和启示。     

Human trafficking and police governance

Abstract

Human trafficking in its various forms continues to offer significant challenges for law enforcement agencies. There is a growing body of research that addresses some of the police governance and management issues associated with the prevention and control of human trafficking and the protection of victims of this type of crime. This article reviews the literature on the implementation of effective detection, investigation, prosecution, and victim protection strategies; the need for more effective international cooperation; and, the struggle to keep up with the illusive criminal organizations and networks that often defy law enforcement tactics. It also considers some of the specific challenges that result from the frequent conflation of human trafficking enforcement with immigration control strategies. It offers a few suggestions on how these issues may be addressed from a police governance standpoint and concludes with a call for better data on human trafficking and the relative effectiveness of different law enforcement strategies.     

The roles of non-state actors in climate change governance: understanding agency through governance profiles

Globalization processes have rendered non-state actors an integral part of global governance. The body of literature that has examined non-state actor involvement in global governance has focused mainly on whether and how non-state actors can influence states. Less attention has been paid to the comparative advantages of non-state actors to answer questions about agency across categories of non-state actors, and more precisely what governance activities non-state actors are perceived to fulfil. Using unique survey material from two climate change conferences, we propose that different categories of non-state actors have distinct governance profiles. We further suggest that the different governance profiles are derived from particular power sources and that agency is a function of these profiles. The study thereby contributes to a strand in the literature focusing on the authority of non-state actors in climate governance and broadens the methodological toolkit for studying the “governors” of global governance.     

Lessons learnt in global biodiversity governance

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - INEA has featured many articles covering the dilemmas, puzzles, and tensions related to global biodiversity governance; this...     

Effective governance of transnational adaptation initiatives

International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics - Transnational climate governance has mainly been preoccupied with climate change mitigation, both in practice and as studied in...     

Recent developments in German corporate governance

This paper provides an overview of the German corporate governance system. We review the governance role of large shareholders, creditors, the product market and the supervisory board. We also discuss the importance of mergers and acquisitions, the market in block trades, and the lack of a hostile takeover market. Given that Germany is often referred to as a bank-based economy, we pay particular attention to the role of the universal banks (Hausbanken). We show that the German system is characterised by a market for partial corporate control, large shareholders and bank/creditor monitoring, a two-tier (management and supervisory) board with co-determination between shareholders and employees on the supervisory board, a disciplinary product–market, and corporate governance regulation largely based on EU directives but with deep roots in the German codes and legal doctrine. Another important feature of the German system is its corporate governance efficiency criterion which is focused on the maximisation of stakeholder value rather than shareholder value. However, the German corporate governance system has experienced many important changes over the last decade. First, the relationship between ownership or control concentration and profitability has changed over time. Second, the pay-for-performance relation is influenced by large shareholder control: in firms with controlling blockholders and when a universal bank is simultaneously an equity- and debtholder, the pay-for-performance relation is lower than in widely held firms or blockholder-controlled firms. Third, since 1995 several major regulatory initiatives (including voluntary codes) have increased transparency and accountability.     

Co-evolution of politics and corporate governance

In the OECD countries, there exists a negative cross-country correlation between an economy's degree of employment protection and its degree of corporate ownership dispersion. One explanation is that employees’ political rights influence corporate governance: systems characterized by strong employees’ rights tend to be balanced by strong and concentrated owners. In this approach, the separation between ownership and control is only possible when unions and social democratic parties are sufficiently weak. In this paper we argue that causation runs also in the opposite direction (from strong concentrated ownership to strong employees’ protection) and leads to multiple equilibria characterized by alternative co-evolution paths of politics and corporate governance. To empirically assess our theoretical arguments we estimate a simultaneous equation model for workers rights’ protection and corporate ownership structure determination by three-stage least squares in a sample of 21 OECD countries. We conclude by arguing that the relative relevance of each flow of causation has important economic policy implications.     

Process-focused analysis in transboundary water governance research

Previous analysis of transboundary water governance has been focused primarily on state-centred approaches. The articles in this special section move us forward from this focus in three ways. First, they highlight the crucial role played by non-state actors in shaping water governance outcomes. Second, they show us how these actors can increase the ‘room for manoeuvre’ in negotiations. Third, they provide an entry point for developing process-focused approaches in transboundary water governance research. This article argues such an approach might improve our understanding of transboundary water outcomes and suggests new focus on how key actors form networks of alliances and shape decision-making landscapes at multiple governance levels and arenas. From a scholarly perspective, it brings to light the blurred boundary between state and non-state actors, as derived from a better understanding of the elusive links between actors and organisations; it unravels additional layers of complexity in the hydro-hegemony concept and bends the rigid notion of power asymmetry, towards the subtleties of power relations and interplays in transboundary decision-making processes.     

Legitimacy in REDD+ governance in Indonesia

This paper addresses the question of legitimacy in REDD+ governance in Indonesia. It develops a legitimacy framework that builds on elements of Scharpf (J Eur Pub Policy 4(1):18–36, 1997) input and output legitimacy concept and the political economy lens described by Brockhaus and Angelsen (Analysing REDD+: Challenges and choices, CIFOR, Bogor, 2012). Using data collected through key informant interviews and focus groups, we identify and explore stakeholder perceptions of legitimacy. The analysis reveals a complex interplay between input and output legitimacy, finding that state, non-state and hybrid actors perceive output legitimacy (i.e. project outcomes) as highly dependent on the level of input legitimacy achieved during the governance process. Non-state actors perceive proxies for input legitimacy, such as participation and inclusion of local people, as goals in themselves. In the main, they perceive inclusion to be integral to the empowerment of local people. They perceive output legitimacy as less important because of the intangibility of REDD+ outcomes at this stage in the process. The findings also highlight the challenges associated with measuring the legitimacy of REDD+ governance in Indonesia.