德国非营利组织:现状、特点与发展趋势

近年来,非营利组织成为德国政界和学界的中心议题之一,并被赋予了重塑(现代化)德国社会的重要使命.本文将在德国福利制度转型的宏观视野下,运用现有文献资料,梳理和介绍德国非营利组织的类型、结构体系、活动领域、收入结构、雇员及志愿者规模、劳动力市场份额等现状与特点,并就德国非营利组织的发展趋势做简要描述和分析.     

日本因互动建立社会“稳定器”

日本在高速增长时期,曾遇到很多重大经济、社会困难,但国家、地域社会及住民通过积极互动,及时对社会对立进行了整合,反而促进了经济、社会稳定发展。近代社会以后,权利意识增强,维权类型的大型群体抗议活动增加。以日本为例,战后日本大规模群众抗议,基本可分为经济型、环境型、纯政治型。当然,很多抗议活动很难归属某一单纯类型。最近...     

日本大学就业指导的类型与改革方向

高等教育的基本职能是为社会培养高级专门人才,高校毕业生通过就业、奔赴工作岗位是实现高等教育基本职能最直接的途径,随着市场经济体制的逐步建立和高等教育改革的不断深入,大学生就业以及如何建立和完善高等教育就业指导体系必将越来越受到人们的关注,然而,目前高等教育界在这方面的研究不算很多.为建立我国高等院校大学生就业指导体系提供价鉴,本文主要依据日本的有关资料,对日本高等教育的基本特征、目前日本大学就业指导的类型以及改革措施和动向作一介绍和分析.     

儿童社会化视域下日本绿色少年团社会实践活动及启示

日本绿色少年团是公益社团法人“国土绿化推进委员会”领导下的少年儿童组织，以学校或地区为单位建立，旨在通过森林学习和志愿服务等方式宣传与践行绿化行动并培养儿童社会责任。从组织教育角度看，其目标指向少年儿童未来责任与当下品质培育的有机统一，实践活动内容注重“绿色”主线下个人成长与社会服务相结合。日本绿色少年团的社会实践活动以多维方式促进儿童的社会化，包括以真实世界体验推进儿童角色社会化、以社区环境保护促进儿童道德社会化、以社会服务活动提升儿童认知社会化、以互助合作方式训练儿童交往社会化等。开展社会实践活动的路径主要有成人的示范和实践活动引导、学校与社区联携共育以及网络展示和宣传普及等。借鉴相关经验，中国在推进少年儿童组织社会实践活动时需要注重保持社会实践活动的开放性、注重设计地域性的社会实践活动、注重社会实践活动中问题解决能力的训练、注重推进社会实践活动的可持续性等问题。     

从“垃圾战”到“多元协作”——日本垃圾治理的路径与经验

当今日本在垃圾治理方面走在了世界前列,但在经济高速增长期,垃圾公害问题曾一度非常严峻,日本各地爆发了多起被称为"垃圾战"的反对建设垃圾处理场的民众运动。随着日本经济结构的调整、环境保护运动的推进,民众的环境保护意识和再生利用观念不断提升,日本从大量生产、大量消费、大量废弃的社会经济模式走向垃圾分类、垃圾减量、资源再生的循环型社会。日本的垃圾治理靠的是相关法律和制度的建立和完善、环保宣传和教育的持之以恒以及民众对垃圾分类、垃圾减量运动的广泛参与。进入21世纪,各级政府、企业、非营利组织、市民等作为垃圾治理的主体,分工合作、相互支持的"多元协作"~①模式,将日本的垃圾治理推向了一个新的阶段。这种政府引导、市场激励、民众参与的垃圾治理多元主体的协作模式值得中国借鉴。     

试析当代美国联邦行政机构面向非营利部门的政府采购

美国拥有全球最大的政府采购系统和采购市场。联邦政府采购分为典型意义上的采购合同和政府财政援助两大门类,后者明显向非营利部门倾斜。承接政府采购订单的非营利组织是享有联邦免税待遇、具有符合联邦质量要求能力的公共慈善机构,它们所提供的服务主要是以人为中心的公共服务。《联邦采购条例》和"超级通告"是约束采购活动供需双方的基本规则,但一些负有特殊使命的非营利组织享有例外规定。美国的经验说明:非营利部门对政府采购订单的承接,有着积极的政治、经济与社会意义。     

韩国发展社会慈善事业的基本经验及其对我国的启示

长期以来,社会慈善事业在韩国社会中一直发挥着重要的作用,尤其受到1998年亚洲金融危机冲击以后,韩国民众越来越认识到发展社会慈善事业的重要性。无论是韩国政府还是民间力量,都在推动社会慈善事业发展中做出了重要贡献。在政府层面,通过创设或完善相关法律以合理规范社会慈善的发展,充分发挥宗教团体在社会慈善事业中的功能,对公民进行慈善教育以强化公民慈善意识以及积极扶持民间公益组织等;在民间组织层面,民间公益组织不仅严格按照法律规范运作,而且长期秉承透明与负责的运作方式。此外,韩国社会名流也积极参与,以身示范等。这些多重因素共同推动了韩国社会慈善事业的稳步发展。     

日本的绿色采购及其对中国的启示

绿色采购不仅是发展循环经济的主要体现形式,更是构建循环型社会的重要环节之一.日本的绿色采购经过十余年的发展,逐渐形成了政府主导、民间机构支持和企业积极配合的运营模式,取得了良好的成效.日本在政府的立法体系、绿色采购网络联盟的构建以及企业环境经营等方面,对中国绿色采购制度的发展与完善都具有十分积极的意义.     

美国公益基金会兴盛原因的制度经济学分析

本文试图运用制度经济学理论,从文化、经济与法制三个方面分析美国公益基金会兴盛的原因.本文认为,美国公益基金会的兴盛并非偶然,它得益于美国的社会文化传统、成熟的市场经济及健全的法治环境.美国社会文化传统在民间形成了一种独特的公益慈善观念,成为美国社会自发捐赠和建立公益基金会的思想源泉.在较为成熟的市场经济体制下,美国社会有大量财富积累、发达的资本市场和能够激励慈善捐赠的税收制度,这些条件为公益基金会的发展提供了充足的资金来源与捐赠意愿.美国健全的法治体系一方面维护了公益基金会的独立实体地位,使之享有充分的自主权和广阔的活动空间;另一方面又将公益救济和置于政府的依法管理与公众舆论的监督之下,为公益基金会的健康发展创造了良好的法治环境.     

当代日本政治中的官僚——以国家发展模式转换为视角

官僚在日本政治结构中的地位归根到底是由国家发展模式所决定的.日本的现代化进程是国家主导下所推动和进行的.作为国家的行政主体,日本各省厅在经济、社会发展上发挥了重要的指导作用,这种巨大的社会作用反馈到政治上客观要求官僚机构在政策制定上扮演重要角色.但是随着日本现代化的实现,日本的国家发展模式开始从"国家主导"向"民间/市场主导"转换,然而日本的政治进程并未及时进行相应的调整,迫于经济长期不景气的压力和日本各界日益高涨的"官退民进"的呼声,冷战后日本进行了两次大的行政改革,使得日本官僚机构在日本社会的活动领域和干预程度日益减少,相应地其在日本政治过程中的地位从"匿名的政策决定者"变为"单纯的政策执行者".     

Locating Kaliningrad And KÖNigsberg In Russian And German Collective Identity Discourses And Political Symbolism In The 750Th Anniversary Celebrations Of 2005

This article begins by briefly exploring issues of conflict and control in relation to the 750th anniversary of the city of Kaliningrad/Königsberg. An analysis of the tensions between Russian regional (Kaliningrad) and national (federal) identity discourses on the political symbolism of the 750th anniversary commemoration is offered, using Russian media reports and interviews conducted in Kaliningrad. German narratives on the political symbolism of the anniversary events and their implications for German national identity discourses are investigated via interviews conducted in Kaliningrad and Germany, German media reports, books, films and a theater production about Königsberg. Particular attention is given to the impact of the German expellee organizations on framing the discourse about Königsberg in contemporary Germany. The article will conclude by comparing and contrasting the various discourses and interpretations of the anniversary in the Kaliningrad region, Russia and Germany.     

CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND THE TREATMENT OF PAKISTAN’S RELIGIOUS MINORITIES

Although Pakistan was created as a homeland for South Asia's Muslims, religious freedom was one of its founding principles. Seventy years later, Pakistan is better known for religious extremism and the persecution of Muslim and non-Muslim religious minorities. Pakistan's blasphemy law is a state-sanctioned tool of religious oppression used to target members of minority faith communities whether Ahmadiya, Christian, Hindu, or Shiite, as well as Sunnis who criticize the law. This paper discusses the blasphemy law and other laws that have led to the state of religious oppression in Pakistan.     

'Adorned with the Mix of Faith and Profanity that Intoxicates the People': The Festival of the Senhor do Bonfim in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 1930–19541

This essay looks at a formative period in the history of the festival of the Senhor do Bonfim, one of Salvador's most important religious festivals. The essay focuses on the public ritual washing of the Church of Bonfim and the tensions between the Catholic Church, who periodically banned the washing from the larger festival, and a variety of historical actors including politicians, journalists, authors and working-class Salvadorans whose efforts eventually contributed to the lifting of the prohibition once and for all in 1953. The author suggests that the defence of the washing both reflected and contributed to a larger hegemonic process taking place in Salvador after 1930, as actors within Salvador's dominant class accepted and even praised Afro-Bahian cultural practices, including them as integral parts of a larger Bahian identity.     

The FBI's Role in Expelling Germans from Ecuador During the 1940s

The expulsion from Latin America of immigrants from axis countries and their descendants is an important but little‐studied episode of the Second World War. The role of the US, and in particular that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their removal has largely disappeared from historical memory. This article examines how the FBI advanced US commercial interests, and in the process harmed vulnerable people who were subject to these expulsions.     

INDIA’S DEMONETISATION: MODI’S ‘NUDGE’ TO CHANGE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

This article offers an account of the impact of Indian PM Narendra Modi’s decision in November 2016 to withdraw suddenly all Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes from circulation in India with the avowed intent of combatting fraud, tax avoidance and other economic problems. The article assesses the impact from the demonetisation in November to the March 2017 Indian regional elections, where wide-scale victories for Modi’s political party, the BJP, appear to have vindicated his reforms. The article provides an analysis of the political background of the period, as well as looking at the economic and societal impact of the changes, including the way in which the behaviour of Indian citizens has been ‘nudged’ with particular regard to use of banking, transactions, social effects, and payment of tax.     

The Health of the Rurality: The Encuesta de Folklore and Popular Healing Practices in Tucumán, 1921

This article examines healing practices among the rural inhabitants of Tucumán in the opening quarter of the twentieth century through a reading of the 1921 National Folklore Survey. It argues that popular medical practices, referred to as curanderismos (popular healing), continued into the twentieth century not only as cultural practice of the popular classes but as necessity due to limited investments in public health in the rural regions on the part of the national and provincial government.