论电子商务交易的流转税法律属性问题

如何确定电子商务在线交易数据化产品的流转税法律属性,是目前中外各国财税当局在电子商务税收实践中面临的共同问题,税法理论界也存在着不同的观点。在我国现行流转税体制未进行结构性的改革调整的情况下,在线交易的数据化产品提供,不宜视为增值税意义上的销售货物行为,而应该区别具体情况,分别确定为营业税意义上的提供服务或转让无形财产交易。这样能够在更大程度上体现税收中性原则和实现课税公平,也有利于我国对电子商务课征流转税的制度与未来可能形成的电子商务流转税国际协调规则的接轨。     

跨境证券犯罪刑事管辖及法律适用探讨

境内与境外的证券市场适用不同的法律监管体制,跨境证券犯罪的跨境特征可能使境内境外对相关证券犯罪均具有刑事管辖权,从而引发刑事管辖冲突。对于跨境证券交易的监管和法律适用,无论是在法律规定层面还是在司法实践层面,均应遵循“主场原则”。应明确监管职能上的分工以避免适用不同法律法规的混乱情况,应体现最大的监管效能并减少区际法律冲突。跨境证券犯罪的刑事管辖权归属应充分尊重行政监管原则和考虑前置性法律的适用,并与行政管辖权归属保持一致。跨境证券犯罪的刑事管辖权归属应考虑犯罪行为社会危害的主要发生地。以内幕交易为代表的跨境证券犯罪的主要行为是“交易”,根据区际刑事管辖冲突的解决规则,应由交易行为的发生地管辖,按照交易地的刑法对相关行为进行刑事评价。     

平台交易增值税课税规则的重构：以合成给付为视角

根据现行增值税制，针对商户与消费者借助平台建立的平台交易，平台和商户分别按照“信息技术服务”和所售商品或服务的具体类型独立申报并缴纳税款。该课税模式因忽视了平台对商户及交易产生的控制力与影响力，致使平台交易的增值税课税要素无法与其法律外观自洽，课税要素的准确性和合理性受到减损。在私法层面，平台和商户属于商品和服务的共同销售者，二者之间存在管理与被管理之关系。因此，在税法层面，当平台对商户及交易的控制力和影响力足以使平台交易在主体和客体方面皆不可分割时，平台的技术支持与商户的销售应构成一项合成给付。增值税法应明确，平台合成给付中，平台和商户为纳税人，就同一交易承担税收连带债务；征税客体由商户实际销售的商品或服务种类决定；计税依据是消费者实际支付的价款。     

房地产交易:如何从营业税纳入到增值税

2012年1月1日,我国正式启动了增值税试点改革。期望在2015年之前,将营业税全部纳入到增值税。房地产交易在现行税制下征收营业税,未来将纳入到增值税。房地产交易的增值税处理是增值税改革中最大的难题之一。国际实践显示,房地产交易要纳入增值税处理,仍然存在诸多困难,因而就房地产增值税处理问题进行理论探讨,在中国显得非常迫切。     

法律视角下增值税课征属性再认识——R.P.Capano《增值税》一书中的意大利理论观点述评

增值税课征属性从法律的视角讨论包括在增值税中如何适用量能课税原则和如何识别应税行为两项核心问题。根据R.P.Capano教授在其《增值税》一书对意大利早期学界理论观点的梳理和评注,从法律的视角,不应当以税负转嫁、归宿的经济现象为基础,认定消费体现捐税能力并以面向最终消费者的交易的完成作为应税行为,而应基于实定法,认定经...     

从建立被告人有罪答辩制度到引入辩诉交易--论美国辩诉交易制度的借鉴意义

美国辩诉交易制度对于我国刑事司法改革具有借鉴意义,即在我国有必要建立被告人有罪答辩制度.具体而言,应对现行简易程序进行改造完善,主要是建立被告人认罪从轻、减轻刑罚制度,并扩大案件适用范围.还有必要探索引入辩诉交易制度,建立中国式辩诉交易,应着重制度建设.应对适用案件范围、适用条件作出明确规定,还应建立严密的适用程序,保障制度以及司法审查机制.     

辨诉交易在检察实践中的可行性研究

随着社会的不断发展，犯罪率以及刑事案件不断增多，这就为辩诉交易这种舶来品移植中国带来了可能。具体而言，应对现行诉讼程序中体现辩诉交易思想的制度加以梳理．并依据中国国情加以改造。笔者从检察实践的角度，对辩诉交易在中国适用的基本原则以及适用范围和相关限制、检察官违反救济机制等作以初步探讨.     

完善个人所得税之浅见

近年来．个人所得税收入逐年大幅增长，地位不断上升，成为仅次于增值税、营业税、企业所得税的第四大税种。个人所得税在增加财政收入、调节个人收入方面起到了一定的作用。但随着我国经济体制改革的不断推进，市场经济的建立和完善．现行个人所得税运行机制逐步显露出税制设计不合理，征管制度不严密，调节收入分配乏力等缺陷。     

论现代服务业营业税法的改革取向

现代服务业已经成为衡量一国现代化水平的重要标志。然而，我国现行营业税法律制度存在的诸多弊端，尤其是重复征税问题无疑成为现代服务业发展的重要障碍。因此，剖析现行营业税法律制度是改革之前提。在此基础上，借鉴国外促进现代服务业发展的先进税收立法经验，并结合我国的国情，进一步完善营业税法律制度。与此同时，应改变对现代服务业的征税方式，将其逐步纳入增值税的征收范围，以避免重复征税，从而减轻现代服务业的税收负担。目前，上海正进行增值税扩围的试点，以此为契机积累向全国推广的经验，可促进现代服务业快速有序发展和竞争能力的提升。     

试论实质课税原则

随着经济全球化的发展,世界各国的税收征管越来越复杂,为了弥补法律规定的不明确,实质课税原则越来越受到人们的重视。我们要在坚持税收法定原则的同时,以实质课税原则作为补充,并将实质课税理解为经济上的实质,以产生经济效果作为唯一标准来加以严格适用。本文指出要以收益的真正归属者作为纳税主体,强化违法行为与无效行为在税法上的可税性,将课税所依据的先行私法行为的效力与税法效力独立开来。     

《中德税收协定》的现状与发展趋势

中德两国互为重要的经济贸易伙伴国。《中德税收协定》自1985年签订以来,成为两国解决双重征税和防止逃漏税问题的法律准则。然而,《中德税收协定》实施后,中国不断地推进税制改革,两国间经贸往来出现了新的形式,与此同时,国际税法理论也有了新的发展。因此,适时修改《中德税收协定》是必要的。尽管中国在德国的投资已有所发展,但是应当清醒地看到,中国仍是资本输入国,在修订《中德税收协定》时,应当坚持来源地管辖权为主和适当兼顾居民管辖权的原则。     

Value-Added Tax (VAT) Development and Reform History—A Study of VAT Evolution Around the World and in China

Value-added Tax (VAT), a turnover tax levied on the value appreciated in commodities production, circulation and sale, has been widely practiced by economies worldwide for its neutrality. From the international perspective, European Union VAT and New Zealand VAT stand out as characteristic models of VAT development and reform history. With changing economic development models and the growth of e-commerce businesses, VAT systems have been upgraded to meet taxation challenges brought about by the digital economy. Recently, VAT policies and measures have been introduced particularly to combat the COVID-19 impact. In China, the VAT system has been reformed constantly over the past 40 years and has been converging with international practice. China now needs to address emerging VAT issues through legislation, tax incentives, and tax-rate grades so as to meet challenges in VAT collection and management and to suit the “new normal” of economic development.     

试论国家税收管辖权及其冲突之协调

国家税收管辖权是国家主权在国际税收领域的具体体现。一国在尊重他国主权和遵守国际税收惯例的前提下,便可独立自主地行使征税权。正由于各国选择适用的税收管辖权类型不同,而导致了税收管辖权的冲突。对国际上普遍实行的居民税收管辖权和所得来源地税收管辖权及其认定标准进行探讨,同时也对国际税收协定与中外税收协定中关于管辖权冲突的解决原则和方法加以比较分析,以期为我国征税权的公平实施提供有益的参考。     

生态文明视域下的环境税收法治省思——从平移路径到并行路径

近年来,环境税收法治的结晶集中体现为环境费改税与环境税立法。要评估环境税收法治在生态文明建设中的表现,庇古税原理是重要标尺之一。由此观之,由于未能严格秉持庇古税原理进行设计,立法者在生态文明建设和政治文明建设任务"竞合"且时间紧迫的情况下,选择了一条成本最小的"平移路径",导致环境税成了迷你版环境税,环境税立法也未能与整个税制的"生态化"统筹起来。对此,应全面、正确理解庇古税理论,统筹环境税法与整个税法制度"生态化"两路并进,不仅从征税范围、税率结构、税收优惠、税权配置等方面完善《环境保护税法》,而且同步优化相关税制,以环境税收法治并行路径来积极推进生态文明建设。     

When the Belt and Road Initiative Meets BEPS: Reforming China's Foreign Tax Credit Rules in the New Era

Today, international taxation is at an inflection point. The implementation of action plan on base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) and enforcement of the Belt and Road Initiative are reshaping taxation rules and principles. As a crucial aspect of outbound taxation, foreign tax credit is expected to embrace the normative objectives of the new era, which emphasize the importance of subjecting all trans-border business activities to equitable, efficient, and coordinated taxation. Currently, China’s foreign tax credit prescribes in an incompatible pattern; it lacks clear legislative intent, despite marking specific rules with archaic unilateral characters. To reform this regime, legislative principle should reflect the latest consensus on the economic activities’ nexus and ensure that the income derived from trans-border transactions falls under a minimum tax. Regarding specific rules, it is strongly suggested that active and passive incomes be distinguished and the equity holding threshold of obtaining indirect credit be lowered. China’s foreign tax credit reform should take an inclusive perspective, actively participating in the cooperation between countries.     

Is the power of a state to impose sales tax in Nigeria fettered by the imposition of value added tax by the federal government?

The imposition of sales tax by some states in Nigeria has been resisted on the grounds either that a state lacks the power to impose taxes under Nigeria’s constitution or that a state cannot validly impose sales tax as long as the Value Added Tax Act, a federal law, remains in force, the Value Added Tax Act having ‘covered the field’. This article contends that none of these grounds is valid under Nigeria’s constitution: a state government can impose sales tax in exercise of its residual powers; and the doctrine of covering the field is inapplicable in the inquiry.     

加入WTO后对我国现行税收立法模式的思考

随着我国加入世界贸易组织的需要,我们应根据中国的国情和税收立击现状,建立适应中国社会主义市场经济运行机制客观要求的税收立法模式。     

房产税改革正当性的五维建构

房产税改革是当前我国财税体制改革中的焦点、重点和难点,其正当性建构必须得到重视。在现行法律框架下,有关土地公有制和双重征税的质疑能够化解,存量房产具有可税性。房产税改革的正当性可分解为五个维度:一是征税正当,应以完善财产税制为直接目的,组织收入的功能则需经由整体性的税费结构调整来渐进地实现。二是定税正当,应以税负适度为核心,合理确定计税依据、税率及税收优惠。三是管税正当,应完善房产评估等配套制度,建立以纳税申报为主体的新型征纳模式。四是用税正当,应强化地方财政支出的公共性,形成地方财政收支健康运转的良性循环。五是程序正当,应以制定房产税法的形式推进改革,通过改革路径的法治化和可参与化来增强其民意基础。     

European group taxation-the role of exit taxes

The European Commission’s proposal to establish a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base reduces both compliance and administrative costs for European groups. The proposal would replace separate entity accounting with a profit allocation based on formula apportionment. Since formula apportionment rests on the source principle, the group faces an incentive to invest in low tax member states. Residence-based group taxation based on separate entity accounting could be an alternative. The subsidiaries’ profits and losses are attributed to the parent of the group (current inclusion), and the European group’s profit is taxed at the corporate income tax rate of the parent. The parent’s state of residence grants a foreign tax credit. Current inclusion prevents tax distortions regarding the location of investments, if no limitations on the foreign tax credit exist. A serious drawback of residence-based taxation is the incentive to move the group’s headquarter to a low tax member state. At present, this incentive is mitigated by exit taxation. Applicable exit taxation rules, however, most likely infringe upon European law. Rules that conform to European law probably abolish unfavourable liquidity effects upon exit. In net present value terms, however, exit taxes still render it burdensome for the group to move the headquarter to another member state.