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1.
A firm can improve its innovation either by its internal research and development (R&D) efforts or by forming external collaborative
R&D alliances. While previous studies on R&D collaboration and knowledge diffusion mainly focus on various external sources
of R&D collaboration, little effort has been made to investigate the joint impact of competitive and non-competitive R&D collaborations
on firm innovation simultaneously. By examining the data of 165 Taiwanese firms in the information and communication technology
industry, we find that: (1) non-competitive R&D collaborations with universities have a positive direct impact on firm’s innovation
performance; and (2) both non-competitive and competitive R&D collaborations have a positively moderating effect on the relationship
between a firm’s internal R&D efforts and firm innovation and the positive moderating effect is higher for non-competitive
R&D collaborations than that of competitive R&D collaborations. These findings suggest that R&D collaborations, either non-competitive
or competitive, exhibit the nature of a win–win situation. We also derive implications for firms’ selection of R&D alliance
partners and government policies. 相似文献
2.
This article details the construction of a firm-year panel dataset combining the NBER patent dataset with the Survey of Industrial
R&D conducted by the Census Bureau and National Science Foundation. The dataset constitutes a platform that offers an unprecedented
view of the R&D-to-patenting innovation process and a close analysis of the strengths and limitations of the R&D survey. The
files are linked through a name-matching algorithm customized for uniting the firm names to which patents are assigned with
the firm names in the Census Bureau’s SSEL business registry. Through the Census Bureau’s file structure, R&D can be linked
to the operating performances of each firm’s establishments, further facilitating innovation-to-productivity studies.
相似文献
Shihe FuEmail: |
3.
Geographic and technological R&;D spillovers within the triad: micro evidence from US patents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper aims at assessing the magnitude of R&D spillover effects on large international R&D companies’ productivity growth.
In particular, we investigate the extent to which R&D spillover effects are intensified by both geographic and technological
proximities between spillover generating and receiving firms. We also control for the firm’s ability to identify, assimilate
and absorb the external knowledge stock. The results estimated by means of panel data econometric methods (system GMM) indicate
a positive and significant impact of both types of R&D spillovers and of absorptive capacity on productivity performance.
相似文献
Michele Cincera (Corresponding author)Email: |
4.
Anja Schmiele 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2012,37(1):98-123
This paper aims to shed light on firm-specific drivers that lead firms to internationalise their innovation activities. The
paper paints a comprehensive picture of driving forces by including firm capabilities, characteristics of the firm’s competitive
environment and the influence of innovation obstacles in the home country. In particular the influence of potential driving
forces on the probability to carry out different innovative activities abroad is assessed (R&D, design/conception of new products,
manufacturing of innovative products and implementation of new processes). In a second stage these driving forces are observed
with regard to their impact on the decision to locate innovation activities in various countries and regions (China, Eastern
Europe, Western Europe and North America) as well as in groups of countries with similar levels of knowledge (“country clubs”).
The analysis is based on the Mannheim Innovation Panel survey which represents the German CIS (Community Innovation Survey)
contribution. Two survey waves have been combined, resulting in a sample of about 1,400 firms. The results show that the decision
to perform innovation activities abroad is mainly driven by organisational capabilities such as absorptive capacities, international
experience and existing technological competences of the respective firm. Innovation barriers at the German home base such
as lack of labour and high innovation costs prompt the set-up of later-stage innovation activities abroad while the lack of
demand demonstrates a barrier to the internationalisation decision for the development and manufacturing of new products.
Location decisions receive the strongest influencing effects from the international experience of the firm. Firms which innovate
in developing countries seem to require a more extensive level of international experience through international R&D cooperation. 相似文献
5.
The strategic value of new university technology and its impact on exclusivity of licensing transactions: An empirical study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Commercialization of new university technology within the new product development process is an important tool by which established
firms can expand their innovative capabilities. The strategic importance of the university technology to the firm, however,
can vary considerably. An exclusivity agreement is a useful tool to protect the firm’s investment and help ensure that value
is appropriated through the commercialization process. An empirical study of 66 technology transfer projects in the information
and communications technology industry reveals that licensing transactions are usually secured by some form of exclusivity
agreements when the product innovation enabled by the new university technology is new-to-the-firm or new-to-the-market and
the firm’s perception of the strategic value of the new technologies is high.
相似文献
6.
Large players in the nanogame: dedicated nanotech subsidiaries or distributed nanotech capabilities?
Vincent Mangematin Khalid Errabi Caroline Gauthier 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(6):640-664
Nanotechnologies are reshaping the boundaries between industries, combining two aspects of innovation—both enhancing competences
based on cumulative knowledge and experience and destroying competences by forcing the renewal of the firm’s knowledge base.
To analyze how worldwide R&D leaders adapt to this new technology, we conduct an econometric analysis of about 3,000 subsidiaries
of the largest R&D spenders. We find that large groups are creating medium size subsidiary companies to explore nanotechnologies.
Knowledge circulates mostly amongst subsidiaries within the same group and scientific clusters do not affect their involvement
in nanotechnologies. Nanotechnologies remain marginal within these subsidiaries’ knowledge bases and are distributed within
corporate groups, stimulating recombination between nanotechnology and other technologies. 相似文献
7.
Ismael Rafols Patrick van Zwanenberg Molly Morgan Paul Nightingale Adrian Smith 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(6):624-639
In this article we explore some of the analytical and policy implications of widening the focus of nanomaterials governance
from risk regulation to the broader issue of the purposeful direction of the innovation process. We focus on the impact of
industrial activities on nanotechnology governance, arguing that the specific characteristics of the industrial dynamics of
nanomaterials—flexibility in applications and distributed innovation—limit and enable different potential interventions to shape technology. In particular, these characteristics exacerbate the
difficulties of attempting to directly influence innovation trajectories. Under these conditions, we argue that policies for
nanomaterials governance need to be broadened. The prevailing emphasis in the UK on policy initiatives ‘upstream’ in the R&D
process, while commendable, should be complemented with policies aimed further ‘downstream’ at potential users of nanomaterials,
such as renewable energy procurement or housing regulations in order to modulate technological development towards socially
desirable goals. 相似文献
8.
This paper contributes to ard a better understanding of innovation in the service sector by focusing on the disparate nature
of R&D in the U.S. service sector as learned through case studies of the U.S. telecommunications, financial services, systems
integration services, and research and development testing services industries. Based on this understanding of the nature
and scope of R&D therein, a new policy-oriented model of innovation specific to the service sector is posited. Also, policy
recommendations are offered with regard to the public sector’s collection and interpretation of R&D data related to the service
sector.
相似文献
9.
Michel Ferrary 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2008,33(6):600-618
Innovation is a strategic challenge for high-tech companies and as such, justifies large investments in R&D. After exploring
the limits of the underlying postulates of the organizational management of innovation (the necessary specialisation of researchers,
the possibility of human discontinuity of innovation and possibility of controlling researchers), the objective of this paper
is to show that the relationship between managers and researchers is characterised by asymmetric information (Laffont , J.
J. (1985). Economie de l’incertain et de l’information, Economica.) to the benefit of the researchers. This asymmetry supposes
the setting up of management practices which incite researchers to optimise the company’s interests, but this can only be
done to at the expense of management control. In R&D activities, the informational asymmetry in agency relationship can be
overcome by incentive managerial practices (Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976) Theory of the firm: managerial behavior,
agency cost, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360.). The relationship between the manager (principal) and the researcher (agent), can be resolved by setting up
the practice of strategic spin-off. This practice which enables a researcher to create a company based on work that he himself
has carried out within the R&D department of his “mother” company, constitutes both an economic incentive (through the status
of shareholder) and a symbolic one (through the status of entrepreneur). The incentive is strong for the researcher both to
reveal his information and to obtain financial value from his research. Implementing this incentive contract means putting
into place certain managerial and organisational practices designed to accompany the researcher–entrepreneur: (training, incubator,
venture-capital structure etc.). The practice of strategic spin-off is beginning to emerge in high tech enterprises. This
is why we have chosen to make an in-depth case study of the French company most involved in strategic spin-off, namely France
Telecom.
相似文献
Michel FerraryEmail: |
10.
Internationalisation of corporate R&D—driven mainly by multinational enterprises (MNEs)—has received increasing interest recently.
As a small open economy, Austria faces special challenges with regard to this on-going process. The share of Austrian R&D
financed from abroad is outstanding in international comparison. Indeed, a significant portion of R&D activities in Austria
is defined by strategic decisions of international corporations, which are re-assessing their spatial division of labour continuously.
In our paper, we analyse the characteristics of these foreign-owned corporations in Austria and demonstrate that they form
the more ‘modern’ part of Austrian industry. At the same time, we show that these companies and R&D facilities are embedded
in the Austrian national innovation system (NIS) to a large extent. This embeddedness is also explicitly and implicitly supported
by the Austrian technology policy. We conclude that this high degree of embeddedness in the NIS may be crucial for the sustainability
of foreign-owned R&D facilities.
相似文献
Helmut GasslerEmail: |
11.
“Business development” is a corporate entrepreneurial capability (or competence) that has emerged in the Information Technology
industry to support that industry’s practice of co-creation of value with customers and complementors. As a set of practices
that link the firm’s value creating processes with its external environment, business development capabilities are a key factor
in the success of IT SMEs. This article examines business development functions and business developer attributes in SMEs
in the Information Technology Industry in Eastern Canada. The principal business development functions are finding profitable
opportunities in business networks, developing and maintaining partnerships, providing support for new product development,
and recognizing and responding to customer needs. The regional market and export markets require different business development
capabilities. 相似文献
12.
David C. Mowery 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(6):697-711
A substantial literature on nanotechnology innovation and commercial development has characterized several elements of these
phenomena as constituting new developments in the US national innovation system. Among these elements are the (asserted) “post-academic”
nature of US universities’ involvement with nanotechnology R&D, and federal funding of nanotechnology R&D on goals related
to economic competitiveness. This paper challenges the “novelty” of these elements, while suggesting that other elements of
nanotechnology R&D, including the extensive patenting of the results of nanotechnology-related research and the emphasis within
many university-industry collaborations on patent-based channels for “technology transfer,” may indeed be new and raise questions
for the long-term efficiency and innovative performance of nanotechnology-related R&D. 相似文献
13.
Mark Lehrer 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(3):277-296
The German biotechnology lag illuminates the difficulties of finding appropriate organizational forms of R&D for “embryo”
innovations requiring the continued involvement of basic research scientists even after innovation has advanced to the stage
of commercial product development. The analysis charts the German policy shift from largely unsuccessful “corporatist” networks
(1970s and 1980s) to more promising “emergent” networks (1990s) as organizational vehicles for conducting biotechnology innovation.
A constant of German R&D policy for most of the 20th century, and one underlying the initial reliance on corporatist networks
in biotechnology, was the tendency to exclude universities from major R&D initiatives and rely instead on specialized research
institutes. The structural inflexibilities of universities, combined with the early successes of many specialized research
institutes from the 1880s on, led to path-dependent reliance on the latter for 20th-century reforms of the German national
innovation system.
相似文献
14.
Robert D. Atkinson 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(6):617-628
The research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit has long been the subject of criticism. Some argue that if the goal is more
research and innovation, it’s better to increase direct federal funding of research. Others argue that the credit is not effective,
that companies would do the research in any case. Some object the very notion of using tax policy to influence private sector
behavior, preferring instead a more “neutral” tax code. Still others, including Tassey in this volume, point to what they
see are a host of design flaws in the current credit, including that its incremental nature reduces its effectiveness. I will
argue here that most of these arguments are mistaken. To promote innovation in a global economy both direct funding and indirect
tax incentives are needed. The credit, while it can be improved, has been shown to be effective in stimulating research. Moreover,
far from distorting the market, the credit corrects for a market failure where firms are unable to capture all of the benefits
of corporate research, leading them to under invest in research. Finally, while reform and expansion are needed, it would
be a mistake to shift to a completely flat credit. However, several important changes should be made including doubling the
current value of the credit, modifying the Alternative Simplified Credit to become incremental, and expanding the flat credit
for collaborative R&D.
相似文献
Robert D. AtkinsonEmail: |
15.
Gregory Tassey 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2007,32(6):605-615
The R&E tax credit has never been effective and subsequent attempts to restructure it have not addressed the major deficiencies.
Moreover, in the 25 years since the R&E tax credit was enacted, a steadily increasing number of countries have implemented
or expanded competing tax incentives, which in many cases are better structured and larger in size. As a result, the relative
impact of the US credit is now negative in terms of incentives to conduct R&D within the domestic economy. The inadequacy
of the credit stems largely from its small size and its incremental format. The impact of an R&D tax incentive is affected
by its scope of coverage, the ability of industry to take advantage of it over the entire R&D cycle, the magnitude of the
incentive relative to other nations’ tax policies, and its ease of implementation. In the end, a tax incentive must sufficiently
lower the user’s cost of R&D to overcome barriers to allocation of private-sector resources commensurate with the potential
rates of return on such investments. As a policy instrument, a tax incentive for R&D should be most effective if its form
is a flat rate applied to all R&D.
相似文献
Gregory TasseyEmail: |
16.
Legal Environment,Firm-level Corporate Governance and Expropriation of Minority Shareholders in Asia
Claessens et al. (2000, Journal of Financial Economics 58(1–2), 81–112) show that corporate control is substantially enhanced by using pyramid structures and cross-holdings by
firms in nine East Asian countries. Claessens et al. (1999, SSRN Working Paper; 2002, Journal of Finance 57(2), 2741–2771) provide empirical evidence regarding expropriation arising from the separation of cash flow from voting
rights in Asian firms. Their analysis suggests a high degree of expropriation in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.
We re-examine the problem of expropriation in Asian firms reported by earlier research. We explore firm-level governance-control
structure interactions, and control-legal environment interaction for a set of Asian firms for which we are able to obtain
relevant data for all the required variables. The major contribution of this paper is that it jointly examines ownership-control
structure, firm-level governance and country-level legal protection available to external suppliers of capital. Using post-crisis
data, we find a strong country effect in governance. In general, high control firms in countries with weak legal protection
have lower firm-level governance scores in general. On the other hand, high control firms, in countries which have a stronger
legal protection environment, signal their intention to not expropriate minority shareholders’ wealth by voluntarily adopting
measures to strengthen their discipline and responsibility scores. Contrary to earlier findings, we do not find a relationship
between control-ownership wedge and firm value. Furthermore, we do not find any relation between firm-level governance and
firm value as measured by Tobin’s Q. 相似文献
17.
Christian Growitsch Nicole Nulsch Margarethe Rammerstorfer 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2012,33(1):1-22
In 2004, European competition law had been considerable changed by the introduction of the new Council Regulation No. 1/2003.
One of the major renewals was the replacement of the centralized notification system for inter-company cooperations in favor
of a so-called legal exemption system. We analyze the implications of this reform and its arising uncertainty on the agreements firms implement, especially
on innovative agreements like vertical R&D agreements. By means of a decision theoretic approach, we show that the law’s intention to reduce
the incentive to establish illegal cartels will be reached but innovating cooperations might be prevented. To avoid this unintended
side effect, fines but not the monitoring activities should be increased. 相似文献
18.
19.
Peilei Fan 《Economic Change and Restructuring》2011,44(1-2):49-73
Decomposing the GDP growth from 1981 to 2004, this paper finds that innovation capacity has contributed significantly to the economic growth of China and India, especially in the 1990 s. Outputs of the national innovation system, measured by patents and high-tech/service exports, demonstrate the considerable progress China and India have made in innovation capacity. The enhanced innovation capacity of China and India is primarily due to their heavy investment in the inputs of innovation system, i.e., R&D expenditure and R&D personnel, in recent decades. This paper emphasizes the role that the governments have played in promoting innovation capacity and their contribution to economic development. Both governments have transformed their national innovation systems through linking the science sector with the business sector, providing incentives for innovation activities, and balancing import of technology and indigenous R&D effort. Using case studies of domestic biotech firms in China and India, this paper also offers micro-level insights on innovation capacity and economic development: (1) innovation capacity has become essential for domestic firms?? market success and (2) global institutional factors and national government policies on innovation have considerable influence on the choice of innovation at the firm level, i.e., to conduct indigenous R&D or to import foreign technology. 相似文献
20.
Although control has long been considered central to understanding intimate partner violence (IPV), there continues to be
a notable lack of validated scales measuring control (e.g., Strauchler et al. Journal of Family Violence, 19(6), 339–354, 2004). The purpose of this study was to develop and empirically validate a brief assessment tool, the Intimate Partner Violence Control Scale (IPVCS), designed to measure control in the context of IPV. Data from a sample of male undergraduate and graduate students
(n = 436) were used to examine the scale’s properties. After reviewing theoretical conceptualizations and measurement issues
of control, psychometric properties of the IPVCS and results of exploratory hypotheses tests are presented. The availability
of a brief and reliable measure of control offers a tool for professionals in the judicial system, for IPV victims’ advocates,
and for human services workers in practice settings to adequately assess for control and fills a gap in this area of research
and practice. 相似文献