中美知识产权“刑事门槛”争端的法律问题

2007年4月美国就中国知识产权刑事保护机制问题提交WTO争端解决机构(DSB)以寻求解决。这是DSB受理的第一起就知识产权刑事保护机制问题所引发的争端。本案的争议核心是如何解释作为"刑事门槛"的《TRIPS协定》第61条所规定的"商业规模"。通过DSB解释实践,可以看出,"商业规模"的解释主权应属各成员所有,但解释边界受《TRIPS协定》第61条相关条件的限制,中国知识产权刑事保护立法机制符合《TRIPS协定》,没有必要继续下降"刑事门槛"。美国对中国知识产权的施压应由单纯要求"降低刑事门槛"转变为"如何在降低正版产品的价格情况下加大对盗版的刑事打击力度"。     

对中美知识产权海关处置措施的对比分析

中美关于知识产权执法问题的争端由来已久,知识产权侵权物品的海关处置又是其中争议聚集点。在对比分析了中美国内立法和TRIPS协议知识产权海关保护的相关规定之后,可以肯定中美海关对知识产权侵权物品的处置方法虽然存在着不小的差异,但都符合TRIPS协议的相关规定,美方针对中方的此项诉求是不成立的。但是,中美海关处置知识产权侵权物品措施的差异,也反映出两国保护知识产权时立法取向的差异。     

简评TRIPS—Plus知识产权执法及其合法性

自《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》（TRIPS协定）生效以来,以美国和欧盟为代表的发达国家,在国际知识产权立法方面,在单边、双边、区域和多边层面,不断推行高于TRIPS协定所规定的知识产权执法标准。因其内容、方式、效果等都具有鲜明的TRIPS—Plus特征,不仅围绕TRIPS—Plus知识产权执法的合法性,而且再就国际知识产权保护与执法的“最低标准”和“最高标准”问题,全球展开了激烈地争论。对TRIPS—Plus知识产权执法及其合法性进行分析与评述,便于我们正视国际知识产权执法领域的新动向。     

中美知识产权刑事保护比较研究

知识产权的保护问题,近年来已经成为中美关系中提及频率最高的热点问题之一。知识产权的司法保护,尤其是知识产权的刑事保护也越来越受到重视。但是,由于中美两国对知识产权刑事保护的理论观念和司法理念存在诸多的差异,中美之间往往就差异问题引起了一些争论,使这个问题变得比较复杂。笔者试图对中美知识产权刑事保护的有关问题加以分析和比较,以供中美知识产权保护人士相互理解和借鉴。     

《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》与人权保护

在全球公共健康危机发生后，国际社会开始普遍关注人权和知识产权之间的相互关系问题，所探讨的热点就是人权标准和TRIPS协议实施之间的冲突。《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》即TRIPS协定，有其负面作用，即它的实施与基本人权存在冲突，发展中国家与发达国家之间的利益没有达到平衡。本文从对知识产权的属性、其与人权之间的冲突，协定个别条文的内涵分析出发，试探寻如何完善TRIPS协定在强调保护知识产权的基础上兼顾人权，已期达到平衡发展中国家和发选国家之间的利益。     

假冒注册商标刑事处罚认定标准

商标作为知识产权的重要组成部分,其在世界经济增长中的作用是巨大无疑的,同时商标权也越来越得到世界性的全面保护。全面认识我国假冒注册商标的立法现状,才能有效地应对越来越高的知识产权国际保护的挑战。本文通过分析我国关于假冒注册商标刑事处罚的立法现状,比较分析TRIPS协定和美国相关立法规定,得出我国有关假冒注册商标刑事处罚的规定符合TRIPS协定的要求,但是也存在一定的不足。     

美国投资协定中的知识产权保护问题研究

美国投资协定将知识产权纳入“投资”定义范畴,使得知识产权能够获得与其他类型投资一样的保护待遇,将东道国采取的与知识产权有关的措施与间接征收挂钩,为美国投资者的知识产权拓展了一条间接保护路径.美国投资协定确立的投者者——国家投资争端解决机制在WTO争端解决机制和东道国国内法院争端解决机制之外为投资者投供一条知识产权救济的新路径.相较与《TRIPS协定》确立的知识产权保护的最低标准,美国投资条约中的知识产权制度体现了一种超TRIPS标准.     

从中美知识产权争端看我国知识产权刑事定罪标准

无论从中国创新型国家建设的角度考虑,还是应对愈演愈烈的国际知识产权争端,我们都应当审视我国对知识产权的刑事保护制度,制定符合我国实际的刑事定罪标准,以对知识产权的保护推进我国的创新发展.     

《TRIPS协定》对知识产权行政保护的规定及其启示

《专利法》第四次修改草案突出强化专利行政保护力度,引发了学界对历来存在“去留之争”的知识产权行政保护制度的关注.反对者的一个重要理由就是《TRIPS协定》对知识产权行政保护的规定与态度不明确.经研究发现:《TRIPS协定》对该制度在整体上持积极肯定的“扬弃”态度；我国取消或者削弱知识产权行政保护制度应当受到《TRIPS协定》“不得减损已有知识产权保护水平”原则的制约；行政查处可成为目前我国知识产权行政保护制度的重心；《专利法》第四次修改草案增加行政裁决侵权赔偿纠纷的职能欠妥当.     

中美贸易战视阈下知识产权保护“超TRIPS标准”发展趋势探究

随着中美贸易战的持续发酵,国际社会争议的知识产权保护标准问题日益突出。以美国为首的发达国家不断向发展中国家施压,逆全球化思潮下的贸易保护主义和单边主义抬头,同时现有知识产权国际保护规则的困境催生了"TRIPS-Plus"的发展。西方国家在寻求采用比TRIPS协定要求更高的保护标准,而发展中国家需认真对待和审慎为之。在全球经济治理的大背景下,有必要探讨"超TRIPS标准"的内涵、表现,以及梳理其历史发展演变,探讨其内在原因及可能的发展趋势。尽管发达国家与发展中国家及最不发达国家之间的利益冲突不可避免,在"超TRIPS标准"问题上存在不同的理解与主张,但经济全球化是世界经济发展的潮流,在知识产权领域,无法脱离经济全球化大环境与大背景,无法回避"TRIPS-Plus"不可逆的发展趋势,国际社会各成员应坚持合作共赢,共享知识产权价值,共同理性面对知识产权保护的"TRIPS-Plus"发展趋势。     

A scale for measuring propensity for abusiveness

A brief self-report is described that assesses propensity for male abusiveness of a female partner in intimate relationships. The Propensity for Abusiveness Scale (PAS) items is nonreactive and contains no explicit reference to abusive behavior. The scale has good psychometric properties, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.91 and three distinct factors. Data were provided by 140 men in treatment for wife assault and by 63 of their female partners. In addition, 44 demographically matched men and 33 of their partners were evaluated. The scale was validated against reports of abuse victimization by men's female partners using the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (Tolman, 1988). The scale correlated 0.51 with women's reports of male Domination/Isolation tactics, and 0.47 with Emotional Abuse scale scores. A discriminant function for high versus low abusiveness indicated that the PAS correctly classified 82.2% of men into high (one standard deviation below) abusiveness. Social desirability corrections do not significantly change the trend of correlations of the PAS with criterion variables. A cross validation of the scale supported the initial results. The scale also correlates significantly with physical abuse.     

Ethics for Lawyers or Ethics for Citizens? New Directions for Legal Education

The Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education andConduct (ACLEC) has called for the reconstruction of the ethicalfoundations of legal education. However, it has not justified its premisethat teaching legal values at the initial stage will enhance professionallegal ethics. It is argued that the present system of education, given itstechnocratic, individualistic, and authoritarian tendencies, cannot meetACLEC's challenge. A more ethical legal education can be envisagedwithin a neo-Aristotelian framework. This perspective emphasizes thereflexivity between micro and macro ethics, and utilizes the active andparticipatory learning approaches which should enable students to engagein meaningful moral discourse and problem solving.     

Challenges for teaching interaction skills for law students

Abstract

Are lawyers witty courtroom heroes or professionals working with and for people? Is law only universal judgements and afterthoughts or could it also be preventive and proactive individual planning and dialogue? The traditional legal education could be seen to have been based on the first assumptions. The course “Interaction skills for lawyers”, in the Faculty of Law at the University of Helsinki (Finland), evolves instead from the latter assumptions. In this article we relate our starting points in planning the course and evaluate our challenges and experiences in developing it.     

外观设计专利授权的实质要件探讨

外观设计专利新颖性有绝对新颖性、相对新颖性和缓和新颖性三种。我国正在修订的专利法宜继续坚持混合新颖性标准,其比较对象原则上应限于产品外观设计.抵触申请也可破坏外观设计专利申请的新颖性。我国外观设计专利应引入创造性标准,对同一申请人同日在相同产品上中请的多个相似外观设计,不宜被认定为重复授权。此外,我国外观设计专利应继续坚持“美感”标准。     

Cooperation Challenges for the Special Tribunal for Lebanon

While the Agreement between the United Nations and Lebanon providesa solid framework for cooperation between the Special Tribunaland Lebanon, Security Council Resolution 1757 (2007) is silenton the duty of third states to assist the Tribunal. As a result,the Special Tribunal will be confronted with a variety of obstaclesand problems in obtaining their cooperation, which may seriouslyhamper its functioning.     

论刑事审判监督程序的理论基础

对我国刑事审判监督程序进行改革和完善 ,就要对刑事再审制度的理论基础进行深入研究。对于西方国家既判力理论、避免双重危险理论等原则中所体现的有益价值观 ,也应从我国的实际出发 ,在构建我国刑事再审制度的理论基础中加以吸收。通过研究刑事再审制度的理论基础 ,推动刑事诉讼改革 ,逐步建立和完善中国特色的刑事再审制度 ,努力促进在全社会实现公平和正义的目标。     

Association for Conflict Resolution Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordinators

On November 6, 2014, the AFCC Board of Directors endorsed the Association for Conflict Resolution (ACR) Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination, including ethical principles for Eldercaring Coordinators, training protocols, and court pilot project template. The collaboration between Task Forces created by ACR and the Florida Chapter of AFCC, composed of twenty U.S./Canadian and twenty Florida‐wide organizations, produced both an overarching guide to assist in the development of programs and a more detailed model addressing state/province‐specific needs and characteristics. Eldercaring coordination is a dispute resolution option specifically for high‐conflict cases involving the care, needs, and safety of elders.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• There are currently no dispute resolution options for parties involved in high‐conflict cases regarding the care, needs, and safety of an elder.
• The ACR Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination address the discrepancies between dispute resolution options available for parents in conflict regarding their minor children and mature families with unresolved concerns about the care, needs, and safety of an elder.
• The ACR Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination provide information regarding the ethical practice of eldercaring coordination including a specific definition, recommended qualifications, ethical practices, grievance procedures, training protocols, and a court pilot project template.
• The practice of eldercaring coordination will address the influx of court cases expected as baby boomers continue to age, reducing delays in court hearings, as parties will have the opportunity to resolve their concerns without continuous court attention.
• As of June 2015, five states began Pilot Projects on Eldercaring Coordination, which will be studied by an independent research group to enhance the progress of the process and to develop the best practices for initiating the programs elsewhere.

     

永远怀念郑成思老师

2006年9月10日,当全中国的教师们还在以各自的方式感受第22个教师节的时候,你走了。我们只是感到突然,但并不意外。因为从你的病情被确诊的那一刻起我们就知道,这一天,正在一步一步向我们逼近。一年多来,每当星期二上班或有其他聚会的时候,我们总是小心翼翼地谈到你,三言两语而已。因为我们深怕对你的健康的担忧和牵挂会让我们没有办法若无其事地工作和生活。我们一直有一种凄然的默契:没有你的消息就是