159例家庭暴力损伤的法医学鉴定分析

目的 探讨家庭暴力损伤的特点及其有关的法医学鉴定问题。方法 对１９９８年４月～１９９９年１２月间来诊的１５９例家庭暴力损伤鉴定案件进行回顾研究。结果 家庭暴力的受害者绝大多数为妇女（占９３．１％），主要发生在配偶间（８５．５％），其次为虐儿（５％）。家庭暴力一般发生在家中，以晚上为发生高峰。致伤方式以拳脚为主，其次为随手可得的钝器或锐器。损伤多为软组织损伤；有４０％的受害人投诉前未去医院就诊；损伤     

面部损伤的特点及其法医学鉴定

目的　研究面部损伤的特点及法医学鉴定要点。方法　对 1 997年 1～ 6月期间活体损伤鉴定例中有关面部损伤的案例进行分析 ,并按年龄段分为 3组 :Ⅰ组 (未成年组 ) <1 8岁 ;Ⅱ组 (青壮年组 ) 1 8～5 9岁 ;Ⅲ组 (老年组 )≥ 6 0岁。结果　半年期间所有活体检验案例中 ,面部损伤占总数的 4 3 4 0 % ( 1 2 3例 ) ,其中未成年组 1 5例 ,青壮年组 1 0 0例 ,老年组 8例。各组研究结果显示 :( 1 )未成年组多因意外事故致伤 ( 6 6 6 7% ) ,发生地点以学校和住家附近为主 ( 6 6 6 7% ) ,主要被认识的人致伤 ( 73 33% ) ,未发现亲属致伤 ;老年组 ( 8例 )损伤较轻 ,多为软组织损伤 ( 5 7 1 4% ) ,因家庭纠纷引起多见 ( 5 0 0 0 % ) ,发生在住家及其附近为主 ( 75 0 0 % ) ,大多数被亲属及熟人所伤 ( 75 0 0 % ) ;青壮年组 ( 1 0 0例 )的起因、发生地点及损伤情况广泛及多样。结论　面部损伤是法医学鉴定中常见损伤之一 ,面部损伤的特点与不同年龄组别有密切关联。但由于损伤的部位特殊 ,有些问题需要在法医学鉴定中进一步讨论     

家庭暴力的法医学鉴定

家庭暴力在现实生活中呈现增长趋势,不仅侵害了受害人的身心健康,而且对于和谐社会的建立也有破坏性。通过以往案例研究,受伤人损伤类型以头面部损伤和肢体损伤为,主临床表现为软组织挫伤、骨折、鼓膜穿孔的居多,暴力类型多是拳打脚踢。本文通过探讨家庭暴力损伤的特点,分析相关法医学鉴定的问题,对于遏制家庭暴力的发生,使受害人的合法权益得到充分保障具有相当重要的意义。     

220例损伤导致精神障碍损伤程度的法医学鉴定

研究损伤导致精神障碍损伤程度的评定标准。对 1986年 7月～ 2 0 0 0年 7月受理的精神损伤司法鉴定 2 2 0例资料进行回顾性研究。结果显示 :男女比例无差异 ;以中青年组居多 (占 5 5 % ) ;职业以工人、农民多见 ,损伤原因多为伤害和交通事故 (占 82 % ) ;鉴定时间以 1年内为佳。损伤与精神障碍间有直接因果关系者 110例 ,有间接因果关系者 6 9例 ,两者间条件相关者 35例 ,无相关者 6例。对有相关关系的 2 14例作损伤程度评定 ,重伤 91例 ,轻伤6 8例 ,仅就伤病关系作出评定者 5 5例。损伤导致精神障碍的损伤程度应具体案情具体分析 ;对颅脑外伤所致神经症的损伤程度评定提出可操作性的意见。     

31例胸部损伤并发呼吸困难的法医学鉴定

致胸部损伤的案例逐年增长。收集并整理本院自1998年 10月至 1999年 10月胸部损伤法医学鉴定材料 ,对此进行了分析 ,拟找出胸部损伤检验鉴定的一般规律 ,供同仁参考。1　资料分析　　收集 1998年 10月至 1999年 10月间所受理的556例法医临床鉴定案件资料中的 31例胸部损伤并发呼吸困难的案例。男性 2 6例 ( 83 87% ) ,女性 5例 ( 16 13% ) ,年龄 19～ 69岁 ,平均年龄 38 2岁。　　本组资料 ,锐器 2 9% ,钝器 71% (表 1)。从损伤类型分析 ,单纯性损伤占 2 9% ,复合性损伤占71% ,说明在胸部损伤中以复合性损伤为主 ;同时合并气胸 9 7% ,血胸 1…     

眼眶骨折的法医学鉴定研究(附50例分析)

目的　研究眼眶骨折的法医学特点。方法　从 3 653例损伤程度的法医学鉴定中筛选出涉及眼眶骨折的案例 ,分成 3组 :Ⅰ组 :爆裂性骨折 ,眼眶骨折而眶缘无骨折 ;Ⅱ组 :直接骨折 ,合并眶缘骨折 ;Ⅲ组 :复合骨折 ,上述两种骨折兼而有之。结果　涉及眶骨骨折 50例。Ⅰ组 2 6例 ,占 52 % ;Ⅱ组 1 9例 ,占 3 8% ;Ⅲ组 5例 ,占 1 0 %。爆裂性骨折以内、下壁多见 ,占 96% ,致伤物以拳脚多见 ,占 78% ,视力和眼球结构损伤较轻。直接骨折以外壁多见 ,占 56% ,致伤物以钝性工具多见占 63 % ,视力和眼球结构损伤较重。复合骨折各壁均可发生。结论　爆裂骨折损伤程度轻于直接骨折和复合骨折 ,容易引起误诊。     

家庭暴力法医学鉴定54例分析

本文从我室96年度1000余例法医学鉴定中，选出54例家庭暴力案件，通过分析可见，家暴受害者中女性明显多于男性，其普遍性、严重性、多样性及隐蔽性的特点很突出。同时也体现出法医鉴定工作为受害人提供法律服务的作用，从而为有效的保障和维护妇女的合法权益作出我们的努力。资料和方法从我室1996年1月一12月所完成的1000余例法医学鉴定中进行筛选，人选对象符合下述条件：1．年龄20一60岁，以10岁为一年龄段；2家庭暴力伤害案件中，损伤后存活；3·有详细的案情记录和法医完整的体检记录。二、方法1．制定统计表格，包括研究对象的一般情…     

受虐儿童及青少年法医学鉴定92例分析

本文对92例不满18周岁家庭暴力受虐儿童和青少年法医学鉴定案例进行回顾性研究。结果表明：虐待行为多发生于下午5时前后，受虐者以女性居多（63．04％），损伤部位以头面部最多见（36．98％）。损伤类型以软组织挫伤最常见（51．13％），损伤具有多部位、广泛性、新旧不一等特点；发生场所以家中及家居周围附近为多，受虐者家庭情感生活环境差等.同时，作者还对虐待行为产生的社会根源、受虐儿童及青少年法医学鉴定及法律保护等问题进行了探讨。     

手部肌腱损伤鉴定相关问题探讨

手部损伤伤及肌腱很常见 ,现统计本院 3年来( 1 995年～ 1 997年 ) 2 8例手部肌腱损伤的案例 ,对手部肌腱损伤法医学鉴定中涉及的相关问题进行探讨。统计资料1 性别　男性 2 0例 (占 71 4 3% ) ,女性 8例 (占2 8 57% )。2 年龄　 1 8岁至 30岁的 1 4例 (占 50 % ) ,30岁至4 0岁的 9例 (占 32 1 4 % ) ,4 0岁至 55岁的 5例 (占1 7 86% )。3 致伤方式　锐器切砍创 2 0例 ,致伤物分别属刀类 1 4例 (占 50 % ) ,铁锹类 4例 (占 1 7 86% ) ,玻璃类2例 (占 7 1 4 % ) ,暴力扭伤 2例 (占 7 1 4 % ) ,压砸撕脱伤 6例 (占 1 7 86% )。4 损伤部位…     

丈夫施暴致伤妇女101例鉴定分析──兼论家庭暴力的法医学鉴定

本文对101例因丈夫施暴致妻子损伤法医学鉴定的资料进行整理分析。资料显示，暴力类型以拳打脚踢为主（49．50％），持械与否在所致损伤程度上没有差异（P＞0．05）。家庭暴力对受伤害妇女造成多种类型的躯体和心理方面的损害，常见损伤类型为软组织伤（47．52％）、鼓膜穿孔（9．90％）和骨折（23．76％）。头部（30．03％）及四肢（36．50％）是常见损伤部位，反复伤（5．94％）、复合伤（30．69％）以及虐待伤是家庭暴力的特征性损伤。本文阐述了法医学鉴定与家庭暴力的关系，认为法医能够在发现、认证家庭暴力及支持诉讼等方面为受伤害人提供帮助。     

Stalking in the Context of Domestic Violence

Abstract

This article examines the effect of criminal justice intervention in domestic violence on stalking in that relationship. Almost two hundred female victims of misdemeanor domestic violence in three jurisdictions were interviewed three times after their cases had closed. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a subsample of 21 victims who had experience with stalking. Specific court outcomes in domestic violence cases and whether or not the victim cooperated with the prosecution do not impact whether or not a domestic violence victim experiences subsequent stalking. Women who experienced stalking in addition to domestic violence were more likely to use the system in the future than women who just experienced domestic violence. The qualitative interviews revealed additional findings regarding victims' opinions of the criminal justice response to stalking in the context of domestic violence.     

REFUSING TO BLAME THE VICTIM FOR THE AFTERMATH OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

This note addresses the decision of Nicholson v. Williams and the significant impact it will have on the rights of domestic violence victims. Victims are faced with unique challenges with regards to protecting their children from witnessing domestic violence. The Nicholson decision recognizes that the dynamics of domestic violence require special consideration in "failure to protect" cases and that removal from the home is not necessarily the best alternative for the well-being of the children. This note attempts to explain that the abuser, not the victim, is responsible for the effects that domestic violence has on the children who witness it and that it is important to keep the victim and children united to cope with the effects of domestic violence.     

Catch‐22: Exploring Victim Interests in a Specialist Family Violence Jurisdiction

Research and advocacy over the past few decades have combined to draw attention both to the inadequacies of criminal justice intervention in domestic violence as well as the law's positive potential. Radical changes in law, policy, and practice have been implemented in the civil and criminal jurisdictions in most western countries, including Australia. More proactive intervention from criminal justice agencies has not been without its critics. The interests of victims of domestic violence have been portrayed by some as being in conflict with those of the justice system. This article explores this interaction using evaluation surveys and qualitative data from interviews with 360 victims of domestic violence in an urban Australian jurisdiction. Using a smaller subset of respondents, the article provides an exploratory examination of victims’ engagement with criminal prosecution and how they place themselves within the decision‐making process and the objectives of the system. The article concludes that there is significant congruence between victim objectives and interests and those of a public‐interest justice system.     

Living victims of strangulation: a 10-year review of cases in a metropolitan community

The prevalence of reported domestic violence or intimate partner violence has greatly increased, with approximately 1.5 million women violently assaulted annually in the United States by an intimate partner. Strangulation is often seen in violence against women, including domestic violence cases. Strangulation is defined as "a form of asphyxia characterized by closure of the blood vessels or air passages of the neck as a result of external pressure on the neck." This is a 10-year case review of 102 living victims of strangulation who underwent medicolegal evaluation at the Clinical Forensic Medicine Program at a State Medical Examiner's Office serving Southern Indiana and all of Kentucky. The majority of victims (79%) were strangled by an intimate partner, and manual strangulation was the most common method (83%). A total of 38 victims (38%) described a history of domestic violence, and the same number lost consciousness while being strangled. Nine (9%) women were pregnant at the time of the attack, while 13 (13%) had a history of being sexually abused in addition to being strangled. A paucity of cases involved only strangulation, as most of the victims were subjected to myriad forms of blunt force trauma which included not only the head and neck but also other bodily regions. This is a unique presentation of strangulation of living persons as most evidence of strangulation in the forensic literature has been derived from postmortem examinations of the victims. This comprehensive study discussing the examination of a living strangulation victim offers valuable insight into the mechanism and the physical findings involved in the strangulation process.     

Reversing the historical tide of iatrogenic harm: A therapeutic jurisprudence analysis of increases in arrests of domestic batterers and rapists

Therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) proposes that the law is a social force that can heal or cause harm to parties in a legal action. Historically, women victims of intimate partner rape and domestic violence could not seek justice in the legal system because police, like other actors in the justice system, treated these offenses as private matters or fabrications. In domestic violence and intimate rape cases, TJ is concerned with the needs of the victims, and how the law and police play a role in increasing their well-being. In this article, we use a TJ approach to the study of police responsiveness to victims of these offenses by investigating arrests of the offenders pursuant to law reforms that encourage or mandate arrest. Given that in these offenses, victims have the lowest reporting rates of any violent crime, the victim decision to call the police represents an expectation that the mere physical presence of a police officer may redefine the nature of the violence from a private conflict to a societal wrong that will not be tolerated. Police partnership with and treatment of the victim with respect and dignity can change the dynamics of the violence, terminate the violence, and set the criminal justice process in motion by arresting the offender in most cases. Police arrest, and subsequent prosecution and conviction, sends a message to offenders that society does not tolerate their violence, and allows the victim to begin to heal. Yet, past research indicates that police are less likely to arrest intimates than acquaintances and strangers in misdemeanor and aggravated assault, rape, and sexual assault cases. Using the National Incidence Reporting System (NIBRS) for the year 2000, we examine police arrests of intimate partner rape and domestic violence in jurisdictions with mandatory and presumptive arrest policies compared to police arrests in full discretion jurisdictions. We also ascertain whether arrest rates are higher for strangers and acquaintances than for intimates in misdemeanor and aggravated assault, kidnapping, and rape and sexual assault. Third, we determine whether police arrests of intimate partner rape is more likely if there is evidence of violence, injury to the victim, and use of a weapon. Our multivariate findings suggest that both the rape and the domestic violence reform movements have reversed the tide of historical negative treatment of female victims of these offenses. Logistic regression analysis indicates that police agencies in mandatory and preferred arrest jurisdictions increase the odds of arrest for domestic violence incidents and violations of orders of protection, compared to police agencies in jurisdictions with permissive/discretionary arrest policies. In addition, intimate violence increases the odds of arrest by 98%; forcible rape accompanied by simple assault or kidnapping increases the odds of arrest by 467 and 222%, respectively whereas forcible fondling accompanied by simple assault increases the odds of arrest by 293%. We discuss the implications of our findings for future law reform as well as TJ.     

Attributions about perpetrators and victims of interpersonal abuse: results from an analogue study

This analogue study (written vignettes and videotapes) examines the influence of victim-perpetrator relationship (spouse or acquaintance), sex of perceiver, and type of abuse (psychological vs. physical) on attributions about victims and perpetrators of domestic abuse. College student participants (73 men, 108 women) were randomly assigned to condition. As expected, type of relationship influenced observer perceptions. Specifically, participants rated the victim of marital violence as more psychologically damaged and disturbed by the abuse than the victim of acquaintance violence. Furthermore, interaction effects showed that men, more than women, rated the actions of the married perpetrator as more of a victim's rights violation than the actions of the acquaintance perpetrator. Second, type of abuse was shown to influence perceptions of the perpetrator but not the victim. Sex-of-perceiver effects were also obtained. Women held the perpetrator more responsible and assigned less blame to the victim than did men. Legal and clinical implications are then discussed.     

Domestic violence: A national study of the nature, size and effects of domestic violence in the Netherlands

This article reports on a large-scale nation-wide study conducted by Intomart among 1,000 randomly selected Dutch adults (male and female) about their experiences with domestic violence. An important goal of the survey was to generate general information on domestic violence. It turns out that nearly half of the Dutch population (45%) has at one time been a victim of some form of non-incidental domestic violence. It was also demonstrated that both men and women become victims of domestic violence, and the high percentages of victimization during childhood are particularly striking. Furthermore, it turned out that domestic violence often involves a combination of physical, mental and sexual forms of violence.     

Legal aspects of sexual violence--does forensic evidence make a difference?

A survey was done of 307 alleged victims of sexual violence reported to the police departments in Greater Aarhus, Denmark, in 1999-2004. The legal disposition was ascertained and related to victim and assault characteristics together with the forensic medical and laboratory findings. The police pressed charges in more than half of the cases and 11% turned out to be false allegations. Nineteen percent of all cases ended with sentencing of the defendant. Sperm was detected in 35% of the examined and analysed cases, and in 46% consumption of alcohol prior to the assault was reported. Information in the forensic report regarding injury documentation, intoxication, and detection of sperm and DNA match between victim and alleged assailant did not aid in the prosecution of the case. Severe coercion used by the assailant increased the likelihood of conviction. Intoxication estimation and sperm detection suffered from low sensitivity compared with laboratory analyses. Results suggest the need for new research and optimising the sexual assault examination protocol to strengthen the legal impact of forensic evidence.     

Legal aspects of sexual violence—Does forensic evidence make a difference?

A survey was done of 307 alleged victims of sexual violence reported to the police departments in Greater Aarhus, Denmark, in 1999–2004. The legal disposition was ascertained and related to victim and assault characteristics together with the forensic medical and laboratory findings. The police pressed charges in more than half of the cases and 11% turned out to be false allegations. Nineteen percent of all cases ended with sentencing of the defendant. Sperm was detected in 35% of the examined and analysed cases, and in 46% consumption of alcohol prior to the assault was reported. Information in the forensic report regarding injury documentation, intoxication, and detection of sperm and DNA match between victim and alleged assailant did not aid in the prosecution of the case. Severe coercion used by the assailant increased the likelihood of conviction. Intoxication estimation and sperm detection suffered from low sensitivity compared with laboratory analyses. Results suggest the need for new research and optimising the sexual assault examination protocol to strengthen the legal impact of forensic evidence.     

Feminist Prosecutors and Patriarchal States

In Prosecuting Domestic Violence: A Philosophical Analysis, Michelle Madden Dempsey focuses on the dilemma prosecutors face when domestic violence victims are unwilling to cooperate in the criminal prosecution of their abusive partners. Starting from the premise that the ultimate goal should be putting an end to domestic violence, Dempsey urges prosecutors to act as feminists in deciding how to proceed in such cases. Doing so, Dempsey argues, will tend to make the character of the prosecutor’s community and state less patriarchal and thus help stamp out domestic violence. This article analyzes two issues arising from Dempsey’s work: first, whether prosecutors can justifiably be viewed as representatives of their states and communities; and, second, how prosecutors committed to using their discretion to battle both domestic violence and patriarchy would go about determining in a particular case whether to pursue criminal charges against the wishes of a victim.