论继承性共犯

继承性共犯,是指在先行为人已经实施了犯罪的手段行为或者结合犯的前一犯罪之后,以共同的犯罪故意单独或者帮助先行为人实施犯罪的目的行为或者结合犯的后一犯罪的犯罪人。继承性共犯只存在于两种犯罪形态中:一是由手段行为和目的行为结合而成的犯罪,二是结合犯。对继承性共犯应确定与被继承性共犯同样的罪名。     

Serious white collar fraud: historical and contemporary perspectives

This article traces the development of fraud throughout history and the establishment of a class of criminal activity committed by members of the business community. There have been a number of attempts to legislate against white collar crime as a specific offence and these efforts have thrown up many definitional problems. The historical development of crimes committed by the business community is investigated within the context of the different approaches formulated in England & Wales and France, this leads into discussion of the possibility that in future there may be a fusion of organised crime and white collar crime in a global context. Many commentators and government agencies believe there is an expansion of the network of organised crime into the business environment and there is a danger that in attempting to overcome legal and socio-legal terminology active deterrence and prosecution is delayed. The issue of competing themes and meanings are explored and the conclusion identifies the controversies that continue to surround this subject and proposes a definition of white collar crime for international application. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

ADOLESCENT VICTIMIZATION AND INCOME DEFICITS IN ADULTHOOD: RETHINKING THE COSTS OF CRIMINAL VIOLENCE FROM A LIFE‐COURSE PERSPECTIVE*

Estimating the financial costs of criminal violence to victims is important for assessing both the impact of crime on individuals and evaluating the feasibility and utility of various crime prevention, crime control, and criminal justice policies. Traditionally, such estimates focus on short‐term costs: costs connected to the victimization event itself and costs incurred during the immediate aftermath. Although the possibility of more long‐term costs is acknowledged, research has yet to articulate how and to what extent criminal violence impacts socioeconomic fortunes. In this article, I propose a life‐course model for estimating the long‐term costs of violent victimization. Using prospective, longitudinal data from a national sample of American adolescents, and retrospective data from a national sample of Canadians, I use this conceptual model to estimate income losses over the life cycle associated with violent victimization. Three significant results are reported. First, income losses from violent victimization are age‐graded, with the greatest costs occurring for victimization experienced in adolescence. Second, criminal violence experienced in adolescence appears to influence later earnings by disrupting processes of educational and occupational attainment. Third, the total costs of criminal violence over the life course for adolescents are considerable in comparison to estimates provided in previous research. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.     

Disappearing act: The representation of corporate crime research in criminological literature

Following the labeling, conflict, and radical movements of the 1960s and 1970s and the attention these perspectives directed toward crimes committed by the powerful, it became commonplace for most criminologists to assume that corporate and white-collar crime received adequate attention in criminological and criminal justice literature. At the same time, corporate and white-collar crime researchers continued to assert that the behaviors they studied remain underrepresented in criminological literature, especially relative to the level of harm these behaviors cause. This article examines these two competing assumptions concerning the prevalence of corporate and white-collar crime literature during the later 1990s by: (1) analyzing the contents of several major criminological and criminal justice journals over a five-year time period; and (2) analyzing the coverage, placement, and integration of white-collar and corporate crime discussions in criminology and criminal justice textbooks. In addition, twenty-one Ph.D. granting criminology departments were polled to determine whether they offered regular and required courses on corporate and white-collar crime. Representativeness was determined through comparisons of the number of journal articles and the number of textbook pages published on white-collar and corporate crime indicators relative to the number of articles and pages published on several other criminological issues. Indicators of and the determination of representativeness are related to indicators of the seriousness (financial costs and level of violence) and impact of corporate and white-collar crime on society compared to the seriousness and impact of street crimes.     

论罪过形式的“知欲构造”——兼论酒后驾车连续撞人事件的罪过定性

＂知＂和＂欲＂可以被分别用来对应罪过理论中的＂认识因素＂和＂意志因素＂。＂知＂和＂欲＂结合在一起所形成的＂知欲构造＂可以用来对罪过形式重新进行分类,而疏忽大意的过失将不属于罪过形式的一种。用＂知欲构造＂对罪过形式所作出的重新分类将有助于在刑法立法上适度紧缩犯罪圈和刑法司法上实现刑法的基本价值。     

身份犯类型的学理探讨

身份犯是刑法中明文规定的由具有特定身份的犯罪主体进行的一类犯罪。根据主体身份对共同犯罪的刑事责任的影响 ,可以将身份犯分为纯正身份犯与不纯正身份犯 ;根据主体身份的形成原因 ,可以将身份犯分为自然身份犯与法定身份犯 ;根据主体身份的确定程度 ,可以将身份犯分为定式身份犯与不定式身份犯 ;根据刑法中规定的身份犯的犯罪构成要件的内容是否要求具有特定身份之主体去亲自实施 ,可以将身份犯划分为排他性身份犯和非排他性身份犯。     

扒窃人罪：反思与限定

扒窃入罪，不受数额与次数的限制，会模糊行政罚与刑事罚的界限，导致选择性执法，有损司法的公正与权威，因而有必要予以限制。但书规定是限制扒窃入罪的法律根据，可罚的违法性理论是界分行政罚与刑事罚的基本理念。只有达到盗窃罪构成要件的类型化的违法性的最低标准，满足盗窃罪的违法性的“质”与“量”，才不属于“情节显著轻微危害不大的”扒窃行为，方可入罪。     

Skepticism and Sanction: The Benefits of Rejecting Moral Responsibility

It is sometimes objected that we cannot adopt skepticism about moral responsibility, because the criminal justice system plays an indispensable social function. In this paper, I examine the implications of moral responsibility skepticism for the punishment of those convicted of crime, with special attention to recent arguments by Saul Smilansky. Smilansky claims that the skeptic is committed to fully compensating the incarcerated for their detention, and that this compensation would both be too costly to be practical and would remove the deterrent function from incarceration. I argue that the skeptic is not committed to full compensation of the offender, and that the costs of such compensation would in any case be far smaller than Smilansky thinks. In fact, I claim, the costs of the criminal justice system to which the skeptic is committed might be very much lower than the costs ?C economic, social and moral ?C we currently pay as a consequence of our system of punishment.     

论单位犯罪的形态结构——兼论单位与单位成员责任分离论

现行单位刑事责任的立法规定是以单位犯罪是一个犯罪行为为理论前提的,因而存在诸多理不断、剪还乱的理论死结。为此,有必要重新审视单位犯罪的形态结构,理顺犯罪单位与犯罪单位成员之间的罪责关系。通常所说的"单位犯罪"实是一种特殊的犯罪聚合体,具体包括两个犯罪行为:一个是客观实在的由单位成员实施的自然人犯罪;另一个是法律拟制的单位犯罪。即源初意义上的"单位犯罪"。这两个犯罪行为因"为单位谋利"的单位成员行为在法律评价上的双重性而被立法者人为地聚合在一起,但单位责任和单位成员责任在构成和追诉上应当是各自独立和分离的,二者并不牵涉或互为前提。     

Integrating the American criminal justice and mental health service systems to focus on victimization

Although most research and policy in the mental health and criminal justice arenas have operated independently of one another, there is a growing consensus suggesting the need for an integration of these two disparate, yet complementary systems. Furthermore, in light of the adverse mental health consequences that often accompany victimization experiences, it is apparent that these two systems should develop and foster overlapping services for crime victims. The research reviewed herein provides an examination of issues such as these, identifies some of the barriers that stand in the way of a successful integration of the two systems, and attempts to provide some guidance and direction for future integrated mental health and criminal justice system approaches. An outline of research gaps and directions for future study are offered for the integration of criminal justice and mental health systems, as such collaborations are likely to alleviate some of the deleterious mental health outcomes evident among crime victims and at the same time reduce the occurrence of repeat victimization.     

结果加重犯的本然、实然和应然

从本然角度看,结果加重犯是结果责任的产物;从实然角度看,虽然近代刑法对结果加重犯要求行为人对重结果最低具有预见可能性,贯彻了责任主义原则。但是,仍然存在着刑罚过重、有违罪责刑相应原则之嫌,特别是在我国,结果加重犯的立法存在数量较多、形式特征不明显、加重结果的内容缺乏限定等缺陷。为此,必须在应然层面上,寻找出确立结果加重犯应遵循的若干原则,并在这些原则的指导下,厘清结果加重犯的范围。     

OFFICIAL CRIME DATA: Lag in Recording Time as a Threat to Validity

Official reports are the preferred measure of criminal activity when the goal is to understand whether criminal justice clients are less involved in crime in the posttreatment than in the pretreatment period. However, even this preferred method has drawbacks. Data presented here show that there is a recording time lag in official crime data. At times, the gap between time of crime commission and entry of the offense onto the subject's police record is considerable. Data collected in a short span of time after the treatment period are likely to underestimate crime committed in that period. Consequently, findings of change in the level of involvement in crime should be interpreted with caution.     

公职人员经济犯罪心理形成过程分析

本文在调查某地级市人民法院近3年内判决的365名公职人员经济犯罪案件和全国已公开报道的35份经济犯罪公职人员的忏悔录的基础上，以“原始刺激”为公职人员犯罪心理过程的研究起点，通过对一般公职人员犯罪心理过程进行剖析，提出了公职人员经济犯罪心理一般演化模式，即从对原始刺激认知引发的“初反应”，经济犯罪动机产生的“伴随反应”，经济犯罪行为产生的“结果反映”，再次实施经济犯罪的“恶性循环反应”。     

Female criminality: An overview

This article provides a broad overview of female crime and female offenders in the criminal justice system with a particular focus on the United States. The specific topics covered include the following: the age‐gender‐crime relationship, the types of crime committed by women, women and violent crime, the gender factor in the criminal and juvenile justice systems, and women in corrections. The article also includes the following: recommendations for improving comparative research and analysis in the study of female crime, a listing of important research topics in the comparative study of female crime, a discussion of the value of middle range theory in the study of female crime.     

Is restorative justice for sexual crime compatible with various criminal justice systems?

In addition to the more conventional approaches of the criminal justice system, this article suggests that there is a need for restorative justice as another method of addressing sexual crime. In support of this view, the present article explores the possibility of a hybrid justice system based on a complementary relationship between restorative justice and the criminal justice system. An analysis of the limits of the criminal justice system and the need for restorative justice in the contentious area of sexual crime will be followed by a detailed examination of key justice considerations when trying to marry both criminal justice and restorative justice perspectives. Such considerations include: the meaning of justice; legislation; sentencing principles; due process; victims’ rights; and the location of restorative justice within/alongside/outside the criminal justice system. The aim of this article is to determine whether it is possible to reconcile two seemingly juxtaposed methods of justice delivery in the context of sexual crime in order to create a hybrid system of justice that best protects and responds to the rights and needs of victims and offenders.     

单位犯罪存在范围的批判性反思

市场经济的进一步发展催生出了更多的单位犯罪,我国1997年《刑法》正式将单位确定为犯罪主体,这对于打击单位犯罪具有里程碑式的意义。但是,由于立法层面上没有兼顾单位犯罪与自然人犯罪之间的逻辑平衡,加之刑法理论界相关研究的匮乏,导致在司法层面上对单位犯罪的认定各行其是,以致使得刑事司法难以应对诸多的新型单位犯罪。因此,针对单位犯罪研究与司法操作的混乱局面,深入探究单位犯罪与自然人犯罪的关系,进而全面思索刑事立法对于单位犯罪加以干预范围的明确化和视角转换问题,对于完善单位犯罪刑法规制体系具有立法和理论研究的必要性和前瞻性。     

短缩二行为犯犯罪形态研究

短缩二行为犯属于目的犯中的重要类型,我国《刑法》分则规定了较多的短缩二行为犯,其是指以实施第二个行为为目的的犯罪,但只有第一个行为是构成要件行为,第二个行为不是构成要件行为。短缩二行为犯因其特殊的结构构造使其不同于其它目的犯。正基于此,在短缩二行为犯的共犯形态及罪数形态问题上也相应地区别于一般故意犯罪的犯罪形态,具有其特殊之处。     

社会危害性与刑事违法性辨析--重在从"罪刑法定"视角观之

一个时期以来,社会危害性与刑事违法性的争论越来越引起人们的极大关注。社会危害性与刑事违法性是属于两个不同学科、不同领域的问题。在“罪刑法定”原则下,社会危害性更应当回归于犯罪学之中,而在刑法学中用法益侵害和严重的法益侵害取而代之,并且它们只有被明确规定在刑法中才能叫刑法法益侵害。这样规定,不仅剔除了“社会危害性”这一宏观、模糊的、甚至易受主观价值取向改变的犯罪定义标准,而且有利于刑事司法操作。     

The emergence of restorative justice in Sri Lanka: a review essay

Within the framework of retributive justice, crime is understood as an offence against the State and is defined as a violation of law. It represents the punitive approach of reaction to crime, where the offenders are considered as an unwanted group who should be punished. However, with the development of criminology, offenders are identified as the persons needing rehabilitation and reintegration into the society as law abiding citizens. This novel thinking has paved the way to the establishment of the concept of restorative justice where crime is understood to be an infringement on man and human relationship. It involves reintegration of both the offender and victim within the community. The restorative justice principle could be found in community service orders, probation, parole, and other noncustodial measures as alternatives to the traditional incarceration, victim offender mediation, sentencing, peacemaking and healing circles, police cautions, and active participation of victims in the criminal justice process, and so on. This article evaluates Sri Lanka's transformation from retributive justice to restorative justice by incorporating the above-mentioned means and methods to the criminal justice system. Further, it examines how these innovations have affected the crime rate in Sri Lanka.     

我国罪数理论之基本问题研究

我国的罪数理论对大陆法系理论中的行为说、犯意说、法益说、构成要件说所进行的评判存在重大误读;在罪数的判断标准上没有很好地坚持犯罪构成说;对一罪类型所做的划分存在不少问题,突出表现为对犯罪构成类型和犯罪构成要素复杂性缺乏应有的思考,我们应当将一罪划分为单纯一罪与复杂一罪;将继续犯、集合犯、吸收犯、结合犯纳入其中不符合罪数论的研究宗旨.