警惕!袭警案件——吉林省袭警案件分析及对策

近年来,吉林省刑事犯罪活动日渐突出,犯罪手段不断升级,暴力化程度更加明显。一些犯罪分子气焰嚣张,动辄持刀枪等凶器武装拒捕、伤害公安民警,袭警案件频繁发生。自1999年4月8日起,在不到一年的时间里,吉林省共发生袭警案件13起,有7名公安民警英勇牺牲。其中2000年以来发生袭警案件7起,有2名公安民警壮烈殉职。从刑警总队掌握的情况看,袭警案件除了暴力性、突发性外,主要有以下几个特点: 一是案件多发生在侦办一般刑事案件,特别是查处治安案件时由于这些案件相对     

暴力袭警案件发生的原因及其预防对策

现在袭警现象频发、社会治安严峻,应从社会治安、执法现状、立法概况、自身素质、心理防范等方面分析暴力袭警的深层次原因,采取综合措施预防和遏制暴力袭警案件发生。     

袭警罪限缩适用论

袭警罪的适用存在泛化问题。立足袭警行为暴力分层,强化警察执法权威的尊严和正当,应对袭警罪适用总体持限缩态度。治安纠纷中,轻微袭警行为属于公民特定情境下的应激反应,刑法应当谨慎限制公民权利,慎重介入警民冲突;袭警罪处罚的对象,更多的是社会中下层普通民众,实施袭警行为往往缺乏违法性认识,对轻微袭警行为,可以以行政处罚替代刑事处罚的,应当尽量避免运用刑罚方式予以处置。遵循刑法宽容理念实现袭警罪的限缩适用,对袭警罪的法益应界定为“警察公务保护”的单一法益,对袭警行为的“暴力性”应予限缩解释,袭警罪的对象一般不包括辅警,袭警罪主观方面应当具有妨害警察执法的主观目的,袭警罪的处罚方式应当注意行刑衔接。办理袭警罪案件,应当以限缩为原则,加强具体情境把握,以实现良好效果。     

浅议暴力袭警案件的原因及对策

近年来,暴力袭警案件发生原因的是复杂的、多方面的,既有社会的原因,也有制度和警察自身的原因。本文认为应通过完善社会管理,加强立法保障和法制宣传,提高民警执法水平和自身防护能力等方面入手,来有效预防和减少暴力袭警案件的发生。     

论狱内袭警犯罪的个体被害预防

本文在分析狱内袭警被害现象的基础上，针对狱内袭警防范的现状，提出了被害预防的新的防范视角，指出在监狱的袭警案件中，个体民警存在诱发性和易感性的被害因素。认为监狱民警应从提高警惕，远离被害情景和提高防护技能几个方面强化自我保护，避免遭受罪犯的暴力袭击。     

狱内袭警案件的分析与思考

狱内袭警案件不同于其他狱内案件，它的发生是多方面因素造成的。为了有效预防狱内袭警案件的发生，根据形势的变化及时调整防范重点，构建完整、科学、高效的防御系统，必须增强管理教育的科学性、针对性，坚持依法治监、公正文明执法，以营造一个公平竞争、健康向上的改造环境，让罪犯在希望中改造。     

“袭警”类妨害公务案件分析——结合北京市S区近五年司法实践

目前,"袭警"类妨碍公务案件频发,严重破坏社会秩序和执法机关权威。在司法实践中,存在处罚普遍较轻,将是否达到轻微伤作为入罪标准、将对民警的民事赔偿作为从轻处罚量刑情节等问题。出于保护公民权利自由的同时捍卫公安机关执法权威的考虑,针对袭警类案件的办理,寻求合理解决途径。     

关于是否增设袭警罪之我见

从2005年以来,全国各地的暴力抗击公安执法人员的事件频频发生,尽管有关部门对此类事都已做出了及时有效的处理,可是从公安部通报的数据来看,此类袭警案件仍然是呈上升趋势。随着全国人大代表、民建浙江省副主委车晓端关于《在刑法修正案中增设＂袭警罪＂》这一议案的提出,警察的人身安全,袭警罪的增设问题越来越受到社会各界的关注。     

社会管理创新视野下的警民冲突

近年来,警察在日常执勤及执法过程中频频遭遇暴力袭击,不仅严重威胁着人民警察的人身安危,更对警察执法乃至法律的权威性提出了极大的挑战。因此,主张将暴力袭警单立为一种独立之罪的声音不时见诸报端。而本文以为,目前的暴力袭警绝大多数仍应归属警民冲突的范畴。这就要求我们的政法机关及其人民警察在对待暴力袭警案时,不能简单地从预防和打击犯罪的角度对此类案件加以处置,而应从社会管理创新的高度认识和探究化解袭警案件的有效之途,即从严治警,依法用警。     

小规模群殴事件处置探析

2011年2月12日晚21时许,重庆市××县发生一起民警在处置小规模群殴事件时遭遇群殴一方袭击受伤的案件。笔者适时对这一案件进行了实地调研。通过对这一袭警案件的深刻剖析,笔者提出了正确处置小规模群殴事件的基本思路。     

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Terrorist Attacks by ETA 1970 to 2007

Rational choice perspectives maintain that seemingly irrational behavior on the part of terrorist organizations may nevertheless reflect strategic planning. In this paper we examine spatial and temporal patterns of terrorist attacks by the Spanish group ETA between 1970 and 2007. Our analysis is guided by a public announcement by ETA in 1978 that the group would shift from emphasizing attacks in the Basque territory to instead launch attacks more widely in the hopes of exhausting the Spanish government and forcing it to abandon the Basque territory. This announcement suggests that prior to the end of 1978 ETA attacks were based mostly on controlling territory in the Basque region that they hoped to rule; and after 1978 the organization decided to instead undertake a prolonged war of attrition. Accordingly, we argue that before the end of 1978 ETA was mostly perpetrating control attacks (attacking only within the Basque territories) and that the diffusion of attacks between provinces was mostly contagious (spreading contiguously). After the 1978 proclamation, we argue that the attack strategy shifted toward attrition (attacking in areas outside of the Basque territories) and that the attacks were more likely to diffuse hierarchically (spreading to more distant locations). As predicted, we find that after ETA moved toward a more attrition based attack strategy, subsequent attacks were significantly more likely to occur outside the Basque region and to target non-adjacent regions (consistent with hierarchical diffusion). We also find that hierarchical diffusion was more common when a longer time elapsed between attacks (a likely consequence of the fact that more distant attacks require more resources and planning) and that attacks against Madrid were unlikely to be followed immediately by more attacks on Madrid or surrounding provinces. After ETA announced a shift in policy, they maintained a highly dispersed attack strategy even during their period of decline. Using information about where and when prior attacks occurred could provide useful information for policy makers countering groups like ETA.     

Terrorist attacks targeting the police: the connection to foreign military presence

Terrorist attacks – suicide attacks in particular – targeting police have increased worldwide over the past decade in both number and relative to other targets. One plausible explanation for this is the presence of a foreign military on a country’s soil, which is theorized to increase terrorism in that country. Terrorist attacks targeting the police may be more likely in these countries because police typically are tasked with assisting the foreign military. The primary research question asks whether there is a relationship between foreign military presence and terrorist attacks on police. This is assessed using a cross-sectional sample of 82 countries, with data drawn from several sources between 1999 and 2008. Because the dependent variables – terrorist attacks targeting the police – are proportions, Tobit and Cragg’s double-hurdle analyses were used. Analyses were confirmed using zero-inflated negative binomial regression models, with the outcomes measured as counts. Foreign military presence significantly increased the proportion of suicide terrorist attacks targeting the police, terrorist attacks using any tactic targeting the police and fatal terrorist attacks targeting the police. Greater economic inequality, involvement in civil war and greater regional terrorism were related to the proportion of attacks targeting police, but each was inconsistent across the outcome measures. To avoid being viewed as an occupying force and, thus, to decrease the proportion and count of terrorist attacks targeting police, administrators and officers alike may wish to reflect on public perception of their image. Future research should expand the dependent variable to include additional target types and a longer time period.     

Why Do Some Terrorist Attacks Receive More Media Attention Than Others?

Abstract

Terrorist attacks often dominate news coverage as reporters seek to provide the public with information. Yet, not all incidents receive equal attention. Why do some terrorist attacks receive more media coverage than others? We argue that perpetrator religion is the largest predictor of news coverage, while target type, being arrested, and fatalities will also impact coverage. We examined news coverage from LexisNexis Academic and CNN.com for all terrorist attacks in the United States between 2006 and 2015 (N?=?136). Controlling for target type, fatalities, and being arrested, attacks by Muslim perpetrators received, on average, 357% more coverage than other attacks. Our results are robust against a number of counterarguments. The disparities in news coverage of attacks based on the perpetrator’s religion may explain why members of the public tend to fear the “Muslim terrorist” while ignoring other threats. More representative coverage could help to bring public perception in line with reality.     

Alligator attacks in southwest Florida

The American alligator inhabits bodies of fresh water in Florida and other southeastern states. Although attacks on pets are frequent, alligator attacks on humans are relatively rare because of the animal's natural fear of man. Because of the rarity of attacks on humans, the pathologic findings and pathophysiology of death in such cases have not been well characterized in the literature. We report three cases of fatal alligator attacks that occurred in southwest Florida, each with different pathologic findings and mechanisms of death. Although the cause of death in each case was attributed to the alligator attack, the mechanisms of death differed and included exsanguination because of amputation of an extremity, overwhelming sepsis, and drowning. These cases illustrate the varied pathophysiologies associated with deaths due to alligator attacks on humans and the features that distinguish alligator bites from those of other aquatic predators.     

Can computer forensic tools be trusted in digital investigations?

This paper investigates whether computer forensic tools (CFTs) can extract complete and credible digital evidence from digital crime scenes in the presence of file system anti-forensic (AF) attacks. The study uses a well-established six stage forensic tool testing methodology based on black-box testing principles to carry out experiments that evaluate four leading CFTs for their potential to combat eleven different file system AF attacks. Results suggest that only a few AF attacks are identified by all the evaluated CFTs, while as most of the attacks considered by the study go unnoticed. These AF attacks exploit basic file system features, can be executed using simple tools, and even attack CFTs to accomplish their task. These results imply that evidences collected by CFTs in digital investigations are not complete and credible in the presence of AF attacks. The study suggests that practitioners and academicians should not absolutely rely on CFTs for evidence extraction from a digital crime scene, highlights the implications of doing so, and makes many recommendations in this regard. The study also points towards immediate and aggressive research efforts that are required in the area of computer forensics to address the pitfalls of CFTs.     

Chapter 12: Manic-depressive Psychosis

Manic-depressive psychosis is a disease that occurs in the form of attacks of manic and depressive states or phases between which the patient reverts to normal. The alternation of phases may vary both in frequency and in form. Some patients may have rare attacks, whereas in others the attacks are frequent. Sometimes the manic and depressive states occur in regular sequence; in other cases, only manic or only depressive states may occur.     

Dog pack attack: hunting humans.

Dog bite-related fatalities, although unusual, accounted for 304 deaths in the United States between 1979 and 1996 and 6 fatalities in Canada between 1994 and 1996. Fatal dog pack attacks and attacks involving human predation are less common. The following describes a dog pack attack on a family of four involving 2 fatalities with predation of the victims. Factors previously identified that contribute to pack attacks and predation, including prior group hunting, social feeding, territorial defense, lack of human interaction, and prey stimuli, are discussed.     

Microcycles of Violence: Evidence from Terrorist Attacks by ETA and the FMLN

Recent research has demonstrated that individual crimes elevate the risk for subsequent crimes nearby, a phenomenon termed “near-repeats.” Yet these assessments only reveal global patterns of event interdependence, ignoring the possibility that individual events may be part of localized bursts of activity, or microcycles. In this study, we propose a method for identifying and analyzing criminal microcycles; groups of events that are proximate to each other in both space and time. We use the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) to analyze over 4,000 terrorist attacks attributed to the FMLN in El Salvador and the ETA in Spain; two terrorist organizations that were both extremely active and violent but differed greatly in terms of history, grievances and motives. Based on the definition developed, we find strong support for the conclusion that many of the terrorist attacks attributed to these two distinctive groups were part of violent microcycles and that the spatio-temporal attack patterns of these two groups exhibit substantial similarities. Our logistic regression analysis shows that for both ETA and the FMLN, compared to other tactics used by terrorists, bombings and non-lethal attacks are more likely to be part of microcycles and that compared to attacks which occur elsewhere, attacks aimed at national or provincial capitals or areas of specific strategic interest to the terrorist organization are more likely to be part of microcycles. Finally, for the FMLN only, compared to other attacks, those on military and government targets were more likely part of microcycles. We argue that these methods could be useful more generally for understanding the situational and temporal distribution of crime.     

Pitbull mauling deaths in Detroit

Between the years 1987 and 2005, there were 6 deaths reported in Wayne County, Michigan, associated with pitbull dog attacks. This article discusses the age incidence, scene investigation, nature of the injuries, and discussion relative to fatal dog attacks, an unusual accidental type of death.