完善我国刑事被害人救助程序探析

以救济的根据和性质为标准,对刑事被害人的救济可以划分为“刑事被害人救助”和“刑事被害人国家补偿”两种模式.只有在“国家依法补偿刑事被害人”已经成为社会主流需求的时候,对国家课以补偿刑事被害人的法律义务才具有合理性、可行性.正是由于这样的原因,先实行“国家救助”、后实行“国家补偿”,应当成为逐步建构刑事被害人救济制度的理智选择.因此,刑事被害人救济制度应当遵循救助先行,补偿从缓的原则,即先建立全国统一的刑事被害人救助制度,经过几年过渡期限,再推行刑事被害人国家补偿制度.本文对此略作探析.     

构建我国刑事被害人国家补偿程序之申请程序和救济程序

只有在"国家依法救济刑事被害人"已经成为社会主流需求的时候,对国家课以救济刑事被害人的法律义务才具有合理性、可行性。正是由于这样的原因,先实行"国家救助"、后实行"国家补偿",应当成为逐步建构刑事被害人救济制度的理智选择。具体而言,与被害人救助程序相比,在构建被害人国家补偿程序过程中我们应当在救济程序的最低公正标准的基础上,更为重视借鉴境外被害人国家补偿程序的立法经验,遵守有关国际条约和国家司法准则的基本要求,最终走一条既符合国情、又接轨国际的新路径。     

和谐视野下刑事被害人国家救助的意义

和谐视野下刑事被害人国家救助的意义主要体现为:刑事被害人国家救助是保障刑事被害人人权的需要;刑事被害人国家救助是维护社会安定、和谐的需要;刑事被害人国家救助是实现社会公平、正义的需要;刑事被害人国家救助是适应刑法现代化改革的需要。     

以科学发展观为指导建立刑事被害人国家救助制度

以科学发展观为指导建立刑事被害人国家救助制度,体现了国家对被害人权利的保障,是刑事被害人获得救助的重要途径,对现代法治国家的建立,和谐社会的构建具有重要的意义。本文首先分析了建立刑事被害人国家救助制度的司法实践价值,阐述了以科学发展观为指导建立刑事被害人国家救助制度的必要性。同时,就刑事被害人国家救助的救助形式、数额和经费来源进行了深入的探讨,具有一定的参考价值。     

“三把握、三注重”做好刑事被害人救助工作——以A基层检察院为视角

建立国家补偿制度,给刑事被害人以有效和必要的救助,既是国家对弱势群体的关怀,也是司法文明的要求,然而现实司法实践中,刑事被害人救助工作仍然面临重重困境。笔者所在A基层检察院对建立和完善刑事被害人救助制度进行了有益的探索,积累了一定的经验。     

构建我国刑事被害人国家补偿制度之思考

恢复社会正义理论、权利的公力救济理论、利益权衡理论与效益价值理论等是构建刑事被害人国家补偿制度之基础。在我国,建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度具有必要性和可行性。刑事立法应当在遵循取得公理和公平待遇,以犯罪人赔偿为主、以国家补偿为辅,国家补偿的有条件性,国家补偿程序的公正性,补偿的力度与损害的程度相适应等原则的前提下,就接受补偿的主体范围、补偿的对象和限度、补偿的决定机关、补偿程序等问题做出规定。     

浅议刑事被害人国家补偿制度在我国的构建

上个世纪以来,随着被害人理论研究的深化和被害人权利运动的发展,被害人权利保护问题引起了社会各界的高度重视。为了有效的保障被害人在遭受犯罪侵害后得到有效的经济补偿,各国都建立了被害人国家补偿制度①。本文在分析我国刑事被害人救助体系的缺陷和刑事被害人国家补偿制度的价值的基础上,提出了刑事被害人国家补偿制度的具体构建思路。     

浅论我国进行刑事被害人救助的立法设计

随着社会文明程度的发展以及人权、法制观念的深入人心，社会保障的理念逐渐被人们所重视。近几年来，理论界掀起了保护和救济刑事被害人的热潮，这对完善我国社会保障体系，健全社会保障立法研究起到很火的作用。但是。理论界多提议建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度，建立刑事被害人国家补偿方面的立法。本文建议我，国应根据实际情况，先对刑事被害人进行救助，建立刑事被害人救助方面的立法。     

刑事被害人国家补偿制度探析

随着我国经济社会的发展和法治进程的推进,人民群众对公平正义的呼声越来越高,而其中以刑事被害人为代表的社会弱势群体尤为引人关注,刑事被害人在刑事犯罪中已经受到一次侵害,如果犯罪发生后其得不到相应的补偿或救助就会受到第二次打击,这与我国积极倡导的保障民生,积极构建和谐社会是极不相称的。国家有必要通过立法建立相应的国家补偿制度来解决刑事被害人的实际困难,帮助其重新步入生活正规。本文试通过探讨国家补偿制度的理论依据、现实需求和立法构想,期望对我国建立相关制度有所裨益。     

我国刑事被害人国家救助制度之构建

建立刑事被害人国家救助制度对于加强被害人权利保护和增进社会和谐有着重要意义.当前我国各地已经开始尝试对被害人进行国家救助,建立统一规范的刑事被害人国家救助制度工作提上日程.从理论层面探讨,刑事被害人国家救助制度之构建,主要包括救助原则、救助对象、救助条件、救助范围、救助机构和程序、救助立法等内容.     

REDEMPTION IN THE PRESENCE OF WIDESPREAD CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS*

Criminal background checks have now become ubiquitous because of advances in information technology and growing concerns about employer liability. Also, a large number of individual criminal records have accumulated and have been computerized in state repositories and commercial databases. As a result, many ex‐offenders seeking employment could be haunted by a stale record. Recidivism probability declines with time “clean,” so some point in time is reached when a person with a criminal record, who remained free of further contact with the criminal justice system, is of no greater risk than a counterpart of the same age—an indication of redemption from the mark of crime. Very little information exists on this measure of time until redemption and on how its value varies with the crime type and the offender's age at the time of the earlier event. Using data from a state criminal‐history repository, we estimate the declining hazard of rearrest with time clean. We first estimate a point of redemption as the time when the hazard intersects the age–crime curve, which represents the arrest risk for the general population of the same age. We also estimate another similar redemption point when the declining hazard comes “sufficiently close” to the hazard of those who have never been arrested. We estimate both measures of redemption as a function of the age and the crime type of the earlier arrest. These findings aid in the development of guidelines for the users of background checking and in developing regulations to enhance employment opportunities for ex‐offenders.     

网络诽谤犯罪立案管辖之困境与价值抉择

本文对网络诽谤犯罪案件载体与形式进行了重新评估,并解释了刑法扩张的合理性,试图从诽谤犯罪规制的价值选择出发,考察域外法制,平衡社会公益与公民权利,平衡言论自由与公民人格尊严,提出修正现行法律规范的建议,或加强公权力救济、强化现行法律框架下的侦查权合理运行。     

美国《犯罪被害人权利法》扩张适用及其启示

《犯罪被害人权利法》标志着美国犯罪被害人保护立法达到了顶峰,但是环境犯罪被害人的出现使该法的适用引起了争议。反对者的主要理由是基于审判程序的复杂性、被害人的难以确定性和媒体报道所导致的不公正性,然而,支持者认为适用该法不仅不会导致审判程序复杂化,而且能够合理地保护环境犯罪被害人的权利并保证审判的公正性。引起争论的深层原因在于环境犯罪被害人的特殊性。美国《犯罪被害人权利法》的扩张适用对我国环境犯罪被害人的保护具有启发意义。首先是扩展传统犯罪被害人的定义;其次是保障环境犯罪被害人的刑事诉权;最后是完善环境犯罪被害人的救济制度。     

南京大屠杀遇难人口的构成——以南京市常住人口为中心

在南京大屠杀期间,侵华日军在南京城乡地区进行了大规模的屠杀.南京大屠杀刚结束,金陵大学美国社会学教授史密斯以社会救济为主要目的对南京及周边县城进行了十分广泛的社会调查;战后国民政府为了调查战争损失和东京与南京法庭的战犯审判进行了专题调查.两次调查结果显示:在南京市常住人口中,97%以上遇难者是平民,男性遇难者比例远远高于女性.其中乡区女性遇害比例则高于城区.遇难者中80%-90%是20至60岁的青壮年,而在乡区60岁以上老人死亡比例超过了20%.随着大量第一手资料的不断整理出版,将会极大地推动南京大屠杀研究的深入.     

我国刑事被害人社会补偿制度之构建

以犯罪人为中心的刑事政策使被害人权利遭到严重忽视,尤其在经济上难以获得充分赔偿,易于导致被害人的"二次伤害"。建立刑事被害人社会补偿制度,将刑事被害人的权利保护纳入社会保障法体系范畴已被世界多国选择。我国应引入社会补偿制度,重新审视国家与社会、救助与补偿之间内涵与区别,明晰刑事被害人社会补偿制度的性质,构建补偿对象清晰、补偿条件明确、资金来源充裕、管理机构权威的刑事被害人社会补偿制度,以实现我国刑事被害人权利的充分保障。     

Crime Victims and the Social Services: Social Workers' Viewpoint

The aim of this article is to analyse how social workers in the social services describe crime victims and their role in supporting these victims. Based on focus groups with social workers in the social services, it is established that social workers discriminate between a categorical understanding of crime victims and an assessment of individuals in need. The categorical understanding of crime victims is connected to weakness and innocence, and the discussions are constructed with a focus on women and children. However, when the social workers move beyond this idea and describe individual victims of crime they have met, they attribute a more complicated picture and acknowledge the complexity of crime and victimization. The social workers give themselves a vague role regarding support to victims of crime. They consider themselves as able to connect individuals in need with helping resources, but they do not regard themselves as resources in this area. According to the social workers, an individual should not receive support from the social services just because he or she is categorized by them as a victim of crime. One conclusion is that the category ‘crime victims’ has not gained acceptance among the social workers.     

现行刑法体系下遗弃罪内涵的重新建构

遗弃罪是传统型的犯罪,随着社会观念与人际关系的变迁,如果将遗弃罪的行为对象仅限定在家庭成员之间,并不利于对公民人身法益的保护.遗弃罪在刑法体系中位置的变化为重新建构遗弃罪的内涵提供了契机.正确理解刑法上的"扶养义务"是合理确定遗弃罪行为对象外延的关键."紧密生活共同体"是认定遗弃罪中"扶养义务"的现实基础."扶养义务"的来源受事实上扶养关系的制约.义务的扶养性、义务程度的紧迫性是遗弃罪与以遗弃方式实施的不作为的故意杀人罪的主要区别.     

Private Military Contractors,Crime, and the Terrain of Unaccountability

Criminological research has traditionally attempted to explain the etiological factors of crime and then suggest appropriate controls. More often than not, the foci of this kind of work have remained on “street crime.” Since the 1990s, however, some scholars have turned their attention to the causal factors of corporate crime, state crime, crimes of globalization, supranational crimes, and their various permutations and interconnections. Clearly missing from this literature is the growing phenomenon of private military contractors (PMCs) and the crimogenic culture of and atmosphere within which they operate. Specifically, while the use of PMCs is rapidly growing, the increasing propensity for PMC's crimogenic culture and the unregulated nature of what has become a global industry is rarely studied by social scientists. Further, few criminologists have examined this area of research by applying criminological theory to explain the growth and emergence of PMCs. Our goal is to help fill this gap. Through the process of theory building and refinement we identify factors that facilitate the criminogenic environment within which PMCs operate. Additionally, without attempting to expand explanatory and causal mechanisms, policies aimed at reducing PMC criminality and social justice for their victims cannot be developed. As such, we draw from theoretical developments in state and state‐corporate crime, social disorganization, and anomie literature to shed light on key factors associated with PMCs, namely, the crimogenic atmosphere within which they operate.     

The help-seeking strategies of female violent-crime victims: the direct and conditional effects of race and the victim-offender relationship

The author used national data to examine the help-seeking strategies of female crime victims. The research has two objectives. First, to determine whether help seeking exists as isolated choices or whether there is a discernable set of help-seeking strategies used by victims. Second, the author examined the effects of race and the victim-offender relationship on these help-seeking decisions. Findings identify three help-seeking strategies: (a) minimal or no help seeking, (b) family and friend help seeking, and (c) substantial help seeking (includes help from family, friends, psychiatrists, social service providers, and police). The author found that White women and victims of intimate partner violence are more likely to engage in increasing levels of help seeking. She also found that White women victimized by an intimate partner or other known offender are more likely (as compared to other victims) to seek increasing levels of help and social support.     

金融风险与金融犯罪被害

本文将金融风险和被害人因素结合起来，借鉴被害人理论，社会学的风险社会理论，经济学的金融风险理论，结合收集到的关于金融犯罪被害的实事材料，通过分析金融风险转化为金融犯罪被害的三种模式对导致金融犯罪被害的风险因素进行分析，探讨金融犯罪被害风险问题。具体分析金融风险与金融犯罪被害的关系，金融风险是在何种机制下转化成金融犯罪被害事实，这个转化过程是怎样发展演化的，找出由金融风险转化为金融犯罪被害的关键。在特定被害情境下，金融风险通过风险载体与加害人发生联系，并被加害人加以利用，进而使金融风险发展成金融犯罪的被害要因，由潜在的被害可能性向现实的被害结果转化。探索隐含于金融活动中的各种风险与金融犯罪被害之间的关系，为正确认识金融风险，化解金融风险，也可为防范金融犯罪被害提供决策依据和指导建议。因此，探索金融领域的风险与金融犯罪被害之间的作用机制，消除金融风险的负面影响，进而减少金融犯罪被害问题是十分有意义的。