环境刑法的伦理基础

在环境伦理学中 ,关于人与自然的关系主要存在人类中心主义、动物解放 (权利 )论、生物平等主义和生态中心主义四种学说。其中 ,现代人类中心主义是一种最低的道德标准 ,可以作为环境刑法的伦理基础。从现代人类中心主义的角度审视环境犯罪 ,可以发现 :环境犯罪是对当代人和未来世代人利益的侵犯 ,其社会危害性并不仅仅体现为经济价值 ;环境犯罪正在向一种自然犯罪演化。     

论生态伦理视野中的环境犯罪

环境犯罪与生态伦理具有某种程度上的联系。以生态伦理的视角来看,环境犯罪在与传统＂人类中心主义＂、＂现代人类中心主义＂和＂生态中心主义＂的联系中被赋予新的特征,即是环境犯罪是传统＂人类中心主义＂伦理观的一种表现行为,是违背可持续发展理念,侵犯生态系统中的生物利益与权利,否定环境、资源的内外在价值的行为。     

浅析环境犯罪客体

现代人类中心主义具有更大的兼容性,应该成为环境刑法的理论基础。环境犯罪的客体是环境刑事法律关系,其内容是与刑法有关的环境权利和义务,环境犯罪是对环境权的侵犯,依法应当受到刑事处罚的行为。我国应该借鉴国外的先进立法经验,对环境犯罪客体作出修改与完善。     

浅析环境犯罪客体

现代人类中心主义具有更大的兼容性，应该成为环境刑法的理论基础。环境犯罪的客体是环境刑事法律关系，其内容是与刑法有关的环境权利和义务，环境犯罪是对环境权的侵犯，依法应当受到刑事处罚的行为。我国应该借鉴国外的先进立法经验，对环境犯罪客体作出修改与完善。     

环境犯罪刑法治理早期化之理论与实践

基于环境犯罪的特殊性,人们对以刑法谦抑主义和人类中心主义为基础的事后刑法治理理念进行了深刻反思,反思的结果是以预防性理论和生态中心主义为基础的早期化治理理念得以确立.环境犯罪早期化治理的理论依据是积极预防,实践依据在于国家治理环境犯罪之战略的确立以及刑法对环境犯罪之社会治理的深度参与.我国新近的环境立法、环境刑法立法以及相关刑法司法解释在一定程度上都体现了环境犯罪刑法治理的早期化,但从生态中心主义立场来看,这种体现还需要从刑法上进一步拓展.     

东西方哲学传统与科学的自然观

20世纪,在对工业文明引发的生态危机反思中,西方学者将现代的环境污染、生态破坏和资源短缺等等归咎到西方固有的人类中心主义的价值观念和现代工具理性,而对中国"天人合一"的哲学传统推崇备至,认为是解决环境问题的灵丹妙药。在解决现代人类所面临的生态环境问题上,东方的"天人合一"与西方的"天人相分"既是对立的,又是互补的,合理的态度是恰当地把二者结合起来,实现一种现代意义上的人类中心主义。     

论环境污染的刑法治理:理念更新与立法完善

当前日益严峻的环境污染犯罪态势要求我们必须更新环境污染犯罪治理的理念,尽快实现从人类中心主义向生态中心主义的转换,在此基础上通过立法体例改革、罪名分解、危险行为入罪、刑罚体系完善和法定刑提高来重构环境污染犯罪治理机制,保障环境污染犯罪治理的效果。     

我国环境立法中的若干理念检讨

立法受理念驱使,理念会影响立法。综观我国既往的环境立法,其理念中有很多值得探讨的地方。"经济人类中心主义"是我国环境立法一直秉持的一种理念,在日益恶化的环境情势面前,已显得不合时宜。经济人类中心主义的祛魅,是我国环境立法正本清源,继往开来的前提。回应型环境立法是对既往被动、顶层设计式环境立法理念的反思。整体主义是对既往孤立、割裂环境联系立法理念的一种修正。     

环境刑法的伦理基础及其对环境刑法新发展的影响

环境伦理与环境刑法的发展具有互动性。环境刑法必须遵循环境伦理的导向性指引,同时环境刑法对环境伦理具有能动作用。随着环境伦理的不断发展,人们逐步认识到人类中心主义环境伦理观的局限与非人类中心主义环境伦理观的困境,折中的可持续发展环境伦理观成为环境刑法之伦理基础。可持续发展环境伦理观影响着环境刑法的新发展,这主要表现在环境法益的扩容和环境犯罪设置向刑事犯的逐步转化方面。     

论环境伦理观的嬗变对环境法价值理念的影响

环境法的价值理念深受环境伦理观的影响,现代环境伦理观从"人类中心主义"到"生态中心主义"再到"可持续发展观"的演进,推动了环境法价值理念从"人类优先"到"生态优先"再到"可持续发展"的不断更新并影响到环境法制的建构。     

Crime and the Family

Although there has been a great deal of speculation about the relationship of crime and the family, the nature of that relationship is not well understood. After tracing the origins of the theory that crime can be genetically transmitted from parents to children, I go on to critique current biological theories of crime. Next I discuss work emerging from several disciplines that helps explain the environmental influence of families on crime. Arguing that familial influences cannot be understood apart from the structural context in which families exist, I focus on two structural factors, gender and social class. I conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of current research and with recommendations for steps we can take to reduce familial contributions to criminal behavior.     

犯罪构成的性质:事实认识方法抑或规范解释模型

犯罪构成性质问题是犯罪构成理论的基础性和方向性问题。从事实与规范关系视角考察,目前世界范围内对犯罪构成性质的定位有案件事实认识方法与规范解释模型两种。从应然的立场,基于事实与规范关系的法理、犯罪构成理论的目标以及犯罪构成的实际内容等方面的考量,应将犯罪构成性质定位于刑案事实认识的方法而非法律规范解释的模型。这一犯罪构成性质的新定位有着法教义学的重大意义,体现在这一新定位能够深刻体现犯罪构成的本真、合理择定犯罪论体系建构完善的方向和路径、有效推进犯罪认定的司法实践等方面。     

可持续发展与环境伦理探析

可持续发展理论与实践促进了环境伦理学的发展。传统意义上的环境伦理受此观念影响,从人类中心主义的环境伦理与非人类中心主义的环境伦理的分立走向人类中心主义的环境伦理、非人类中心主义环境伦理和可持续发展的环境伦理的鼎立。可持续发展观念指导下的环境伦理强调生态伦理道德和生态价值观,将环境与发展、当前利益与长远利益有机地统一起来,是环境保护唯一正确的选择。     

社会危害性与刑事违法性的关系的新解读

社会危害性是犯罪的本质特征这一刑法学命题,近年来受到学界许多学者的质疑与批判。质疑与批判的理由主要集中在社会危害性具有模糊性、易变性,社会危害性与刑事违法性之间存在着冲突,并会破坏罪刑法定原则。同时,有学者对社会危害性理论进行辩护和论证,但是仍未消除批判者们的疑虑。正确解读社会危害性与刑事违法的关系,仍是刑法理论研究的重大课题。社会危害性与刑事违法性的关系,不能脱离社会历史条件。在现代社会的条件下,刑事违法性是犯罪评价的基本标准,社会危害性是犯罪评价的限制性的补充标准。     

Conceptualising and combating transnational environmental crime

To date, transnational environmental crime has been poorly attended to by the transnational organised crime and transnational policing discourse. Academics have focused on individual elements of environmental crime, neglecting a broader theoretical discussion, while national and international institutions have prioritised other forms of organised crime, giving little thought to the nuanced nature of transnational environmental crime and how this should be reflected in policing and countermeasures. This paper attempts to rectify this by conceptualising transnational environmental crime and suggesting ways forward for countermeasure development. The paper will begin by looking at the problem of environmental crime, its value, scope and effects, concluding that the damaging nature of transnational environmental crime demands a greater focus on its policing. The nature of transnational environmental crime will then be discussed by reference to traditional forms of organised crime. It will be argued that, while transnational environmental crime is a form of organised crime, and has some features in common with the traditional organised crimes, such as drug smuggling and people trafficking, it is the substantial differences that should guide the approach to developing countermeasures. The development of effective countermeasures, it is concluded, requires a significant change in policy at every level.     

犯罪情境预防的理论与方法探讨

犯罪情境是一种与犯罪相关联的,可以被犯罪所利用的有利于实施犯罪的各种社会环境因素的总和。犯罪情境预防就是在了解犯罪情境内容基础上,通过研究犯罪主客观情境因素,以社会作为载体和媒介,对犯罪进行预防的理论与方法。采用理论分析和比较的研究方法,将西方“个体——情境”交互作用的理论与我国犯罪预防的实践相结合,或许可以找到适合于我国犯罪情境预防的理论和方法。     

Where the wild things are: animal victimization in federal environmental crime cases

Although there has been a marked increase in studies of animal abuse from a variety of socio-legal and green criminological perspectives in the past two decades, we have a limited empirical understanding of the extent of animal victimization in environmental crime prosecutions in the United States. In order to better understand the nature and distribution of animal victimization in environmental crime prosecutions, we employ a content analysis of federal environmental crime cases, 2001–2011. Out of 972 cases, results show identifiable animal victimization plays a role in six percent of cases. Although animal victimization in environmental crime may be extensive, its role in environmental prosecutions appears secondary. We conclude with possibilities of expanding animal protection via wildlife and environmental law connections.     

抽象危险犯的概念诠释与风险防控

风险刑法所关注的风险(危险)已经不局限于风险社会理论中的典型的现代性风险,抽象危险犯原本不是风险刑法的产物。抽象危险犯除了有法益保护前置化和积极的一般预防理论的支撑外,避免证明上的困难也是重要的、独立的理由。抽象危险犯的抽象危险可以是强制性推定的,但大多数是可以反驳的。抽象危险犯不同于行为犯、具体危险犯和行政犯,有独立存在的必要。对抽象危险犯的立法应当限制。对推定抽象危险的犯罪,司法认定需要进行两个层次的判断。对抽象危险推定的反驳并不意味着举证责任的转移。     

论环境问题与刑事法律保护

从环境问题引起法律调整的成因入手,分析现代环境观的价值取向,进而阐明对环境问题予以刑事法律保护的必要性.针对环境刑法所保护的客体,从环境刑法的价值理念分析角度,阐述环境刑法的法益内涵.最后,提出进一步完善我国环境刑事立法的几点建议.     

Community crime prevention: A review and synthesis of the literature

In the absence of effective formal means for controlling crime in the Western world, community crime prevention has emerged as a major alternative and supplement to the criminal justice system. This article attempts to review what is known currently about the nature, extent, and effectiveness of community-based efforts to prevent residential crime. Included in this assessment are citizen actions to protect themselves, their property, and their neighborhood, as well as efforts to prevent crime through changes in the physical environmental and through innovations in community policing. The historical, theoretical, and empirical rationale for community crime prevention strategies are discussed, but primary attention is given to the results of evaluation research in the field. Although community-based efforts are supported widely by theory, studies of natural covariation, and by numerous poorly designed evaluations, there is a paucity of strong demonstrations and evaluations showing that such interventions can alter the behavior and local environments of persons who are not already predisposed to crime prevention. Substantially more research is needed to determine the collective benefits of community crime prevention strategies, but a number of promising approaches currently are being developed.