俄罗斯土地私有化改革及其对农业的影响

作为"休克疗法"的主要内容之一,俄罗斯在迄今为止的十多年中,对土地所有制进行了强制性私有化改革,俄罗斯农业也在这段时间产生了巨大转折,但农业生产效率并未随土地私有化的推进出现质的飞跃.要整体上提高农业的劳动生产率,俄罗斯以私有化为内容的土地改革进程注定是一项长期性任务.     

俄罗斯的农业、农民和农村问题

本文从目前俄罗斯的农业状况、土地所有制、农业生产经营主体和农村居民生活四个方面阐述了关于俄罗斯农业、农民和农村的一些问题.例如,农业的现状和问题;农业用地归谁所有和能否买卖以及俄政界围绕通过俄联邦土地法典进行的激烈争论;农业生产基本经营形式的状况和今后的发展方向以及农村居民的生活贫困化等.     

俄罗斯农业改革的经济后果

本文采用科学方法对俄罗斯与东欧及独联体国家的农业改革进行了比较研究 ,说明了俄罗斯农业改革的滞后性。还以翔实的资料和最新数字阐述了全俄以及远东农业的危机形势 ,指出俄罗斯已失去食品保障的独立性 ,远东农业生产已下滑到只能保证农业人口生存的临界点。     

浅析俄罗斯的农业改革

苏联解体后,伴随着俄罗斯经济的全盘西化,叶利钦政府对农业进行了改革。改革围绕着土地私有化和国营农场、集体农庄的改组进行。但是这场轰轰烈烈的改革并没有达到预期效果,相反,农业出现了连年滑坡。普京上台后,将农业视为关系国计民生的重要领域,继续实行农业改革,加大国家对农业的支持,发展大型农业综合体。至此,农业危机得以解除,农业状况从根本上得到改善。虽然我国与俄罗斯基本国情和农业改革之路不尽相同,但俄罗斯农业改革的很多经验仍值得我们借鉴。     

俄罗斯远东农业现状、问题与发展前景

在俄推进农业改革的情况下,俄远东地区农业不但没有发展,反而持续衰退,陷入困难境地.农业作为国民经济的基础,对远东地区整个经济状况有着很大影响.农业危机直接影响到地区食品工业的发展和居民的生活.俄罗斯的农业改革虽然走了一段弯路,但是普京执政后政局趋于稳定,俄罗斯远东地区又有较好的自然条件和广阔的土地.俄罗斯只要重新调整以往的农业改革方针和政策,加大国家对农业的投入,扶持国内食品市场,加强国际农业合作,经过一段时间的努力和磨合,远东地区的农业生产就一定能够走出低谷.     

俄罗斯农业信贷合作社监管机制研究

苏联解体后,俄罗斯农业信贷合作社发展速度非常快,从最初1996年注册的8个增加至2012年的1 847个.农业信贷合作社在农民经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用,已经成为农户、小农业企业获得贷款的主要来源之一.如今俄罗斯已经初步形成了对农业信贷合作社从国家层面、行业层面到自身监管多层次、立体的监管体系.     

转轨以来俄罗斯农业发展状况及前景

众所周知,近年来俄罗斯农业在经历了严重的危机之后已开始步入恢复的道路。农业产值不断增长,粮食产量实现自给且有余。然而,尽管出现了这些可喜的成就,但由于目前俄罗斯农业中仍存在着许多问题与困境,近期内其发展态势并不十分乐观。     

新时期俄罗斯外交转型中的软实力政策调整

新时期俄罗斯外交转型始于2012年开启的普京第三个总统任期,对国内形势、地区局势和国际格局的再评估促使莫斯科开始注重通过软实力建设与多极世界中的不同行为体进行合作,转型首先从软实力政策调整开始。新时期俄罗斯的软实力政策调整主要在对外宣传、教育国际交流和国际发展援助三个领域展开,在对传统公共外交领域进行政策调整的基础上,俄罗斯更加注重公共外交与国际发展援助的机构功能整合,以更有效地兼顾国内发展和国际影响,提升国家软实力,为整体外交战略目标服务。     

当前俄罗斯的东亚政策研究

苏联解体后,俄罗斯的外交政策从向西方“一边倒”转为东西方平衡的“双头鹰外交”,东亚在其整体外交格局中的地位上升.俄罗斯东亚战略的主要目标是要成为东亚大国,其政策主要受到两方面因素的驱动和影响：一是基于对国际和地区均势的追求,二是出于本国平衡发展的需要,以及对自身面临威胁的认知.中俄关系是俄罗斯东亚政策的重心,同时它也积极发展与东亚其他行为体的关系.俄罗斯与东亚的关系在过去十多年里稳步提升,但也面临着俄远东地区开发困难重重、融入东亚经济空间进展缓慢、国内意见分歧等诸多挑战.在世界战略重心东移的背景下,在当前因乌克兰危机而使俄与欧美的地缘政治冲突激化的情势下,俄罗斯将会进一步加强其整体外交政策中的东亚维度.     

中国农业发展对非洲的启示

中国和大多非洲国家是基于小农家庭经营为主体的农业国家,但近30年来中非农业发展成就迥异。影响中非农业发展的主要因素有:历史文化背景;农业技术生产模式;农业发展战略、政策和执行能力;农业科技推广组织系统;外部学习机制和外部支持状况。中国农业发展在农业生产模式、农业发展战略和政策、农业科技推广和技术扩散体系等方面,值得非洲国家借鉴。在未来中非农业合作层面,中国应帮助非洲国家加强农业研究与推广支持体系建设;加大对非洲农业发展领域的投资;探索中-西-非三方合作新模式。     

印度粮食安全政策及其对我国的启示

粮食安全是中国和印度等发展中农业大国所共同面临的难题。本文从分析印度粮食安全的现状入手,重点研究了印度为实现国家粮食安全而采取的三种政策手段:生产者价格支持政策、农业投入补贴政策和粮食分配政策。基于上述印度粮食政策的架构分析,总结出印度粮食安全所面临的问题和挑战。最后得出印度粮食政策对我国的启示。     

基于政策视角的泰国有机农业发展分析

近10多年来,泰国有机农业蓬勃发展,不仅在国内外拥有了知名度比较高的有机农产品,还在有机产品标准和认证体系实现了新突破。这与近年来泰国农业政策的制定与实施是密不可分的。本文分析泰国有机农业的现状及发展历程,并从政策的视角分析该国有机农业发展的动力和经验,为我国在有机农业发展的政策方面提供借鉴。     

印尼农业发展成就、政府扶助农业的主要政策措施及存在的问题

印尼是一个农业大国，农业在国民经济中历来占有十分重要的地位。独立以后，印尼历届政府基本上都强调要优先发展农业，并采取了一系列政策措施支撑农业的发展，除了大力发展粮食生产努力实现稻米自给外，还发展了价值高、销路大的经济作物，为全国大量的劳动力提供了就业机会。但印尼农业发展的势头在减弱，耕地面积减少、农业基础设施不足，机械化仍处于低水平，农村贫困问题在加深等，这些都给今后的农业发展带来新的困难。印尼要完成从传统农业向现代农业的转化仍要经过一个艰难的历程。     

地方政府如何推动农业发展：日本Oita市的政策及经验解读

日本是通过宏观政策的引导使农业迅速实现现代化的典型国家。以往对日本农业政策的研究多集中于中央政策方面,本文以日本Oita市为个案,详细解读发达国家地方政府推动现代农业发展的政策举措及发展绩效,并在总结Oita市农业政策成功做法的基础上,得出发达国家成功经验对我国地方政府推动现代农业发展的借鉴意义。     

Impact assessment of farmer institutional development and agricultural change: Soroti district,Uganda

This article is based on participatory development research conducted in Soroti district of Uganda with the aim of assessing the impact of agricultural development among poor farmers. The central argument is that a combination of farmer empowerment and innovation through experiential learning in farmer field school (FFS) groups, changes in the opportunity structure through transformation of local government staff, establishment of new farmer-governed local institutions, and emergence of a private service provider has been successful in reducing rural poverty. Based on an empirical study of successful adaptation and spread of pro-poor technologies, the study assesses the well-being impact of agricultural technology development in Soroti district. The study concludes that market-based spread of pro-poor agricultural technologies requires an institutional setting that combines farmer empowerment with an enabling policy environment.     

Against Food Security: On Forms of Care and Fields of Violence

This article addresses recent changes to the policy landscape on global food security. It argues that a new consensus is emerging on how to tackle (or more hubristically “end”) global hunger and spur agricultural development. The consensus I speak of is evident in recent briefings by the World Economic Forum (especially its “New Vision for Agriculture”), the “New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition”, initiated by the G-8 (now G-7), the Grow Africa network, the US government's “Feed the Future” programme, the philanthropy-led Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, not to mention the many flagship reports emanating from the international financial institutions as well as key statements from global food retailers and leading agribusinesses. The article argues that this “new vision” for global agriculture is deeply problematic. Indeed, the projected “solutions”—in so far as they aim to radically transform agricultural life, especially in Africa—may well cause more harm than good. To put this argument more forcefully: what today is commonly called “food security” is perhaps better seen as a way of subjugating the poor under the pretence of doing them good.     

尼赫鲁农业政策成败原因及启示

作为公共决策失灵教训的尼赫鲁农业政策在印度农业发展史上占有重要地位。文章从尼赫鲁农业政策的经济、社会和制度环境、多元目标的协调性等视角对尼赫鲁农业政策的可行性进行了探讨,揭示了该政策在决策模式、战略方向、政策目标、实施路径和资源配置方式等方面所存在的缺陷是导致尼赫鲁农业政策失灵的根本原因。     

The security–development nexus and securitization in the EU's policies towards developing countries

This article assesses how and to what extent the European Union (EU) uses a security perspective to define and shape its relationship with the developing world. In order to evaluate the EU's development policy and its relations with developing countries we link the concept of ‘security–development nexus’ with the concept of ‘securitization’. The article examines whether securitization can be observed with regard to four dimensions: discourse, policy instruments, policy actions and institutional framework. The analysis demonstrates a securitization of the EU's development policy and its relations with developing countries, particularly in Africa. However, paradoxically, the securitization's extent and nature suggest that the EU can also use it as a way to avoid a more direct involvement in conflict areas.     

The lost 1990s? Personal reflections on a history of participatory technology development

This article traces a history of agricultural participatory research, largely from the author's personal experience. Participatory research in the 1970s was mostly led by disciplinary scientists, and characterised by innovative activities and open academic debate, with some recognition that policy and development practice was a political process. The 1980s saw a shift to learning from past experience, and a participatory mainstream developed, seeking methods for scaling up. Meanwhile, others sought to understand and influence policy and institutional change in their political and cultural contexts, and to keep open the academic debates. The author considers the 1990s as ‘lost years’, during which mainstream participatory practitioners became inward-looking development generalists, not so interested in learning from others outside their paradigm. The late 2000s provide a chance to re-recognise the political and cultural embeddedness of science and technology; re-introduce strong, widely based disciplines; and learn from past activities that resulted in positive development outcomes (planned or unplanned).     

Human security and the rise of global therapeutic governance

This article discusses the emergence of global therapeutic governance or the influence of social psychology on international development policy. Therapeutic governance links psychosocial well-being and security, and seeks to foster personalities able to cope with risk and insecurity. The article analyses how Western alarm at the destabilizing impact of development eroded its support for an industrialization model of development. The article then examines how the basic needs model is underpinned by social psychological theories and involves an abandonment of national development. Finally, the article considers development as therapeutic governance and the implications of abandoning national development for the concept of human security.