巨额财产来源不明罪的立法缺陷及其修正

刑法第395条第1款关于巨额财产来源不明罪的立法规定,在立法理由、犯罪客观要件等方面均存在缺陷。为贯彻科学的立法精神,借鉴他国的立法例,建议取消巨额财产来源不明罪罪名,而以拒不申报、虚假申报财产罪罪名代之,并完善我国的国家工作人员财产申报制度,如此,刑法将更加完善、科学。     

涉民营企业犯罪案件的刑法适用

综观近年来发生的涉民营企业冤假错案,法律适用错误无疑是重要原因。司法机关应当审慎对待每一个涉民营企业刑事案件,充分保护民营企业产权,在恪守刑法谦抑性理念、合理把握宽严相济刑事政策的基础上,准确理解、适用刑法条文,避免过早、过度的刑事介入以及适用不合时宜的罪名给民营企业发展增加不必要的刑事负担。为此,司法机关应准确区分民营企业行为合法、违法和犯罪的界限,准确区分涉民营企业案件自然人、分支机构和企业犯罪界限,慎用非法吸收公众存款罪和擅自发行股票、公司、企业债券罪等不合时宜的罪名。     

Crime and justice in Tudor-Stuart England and the modern United States

This paper surveys the criminal justice system in 16th and 17th, century England, for the purpose of pointing out important similarities between its workings and the operation of the criminal justice system in the modern United States. Topics covered include (1) the nature and incidence of crime; (2) citizen participation in and cooperation with the criminal justice system; and (3) the disposition of persons and cases. The authors conclude that, contrary to popular opinion, early modern England was not a halcyon period of law and order. That the English criminal justice system was beset by problems similar to those faced today seems to indicate that the interaction between law and society is inherently problematic.     

面向21世纪的刑事司法理念

刑法理念是刑事司法理念不可或缺的内容。面向2 1世纪的刑事司法理念首先要求对刑法理念进行探讨,这种探讨应立足于形式合理性与实质合理性这一对范畴,并以此对罪刑法定原则的基本精神做深入的挖掘。罪刑法定是以形式合理性为其价值取向的,因而应当建立形式合理性的刑法观念。如果不想使罪刑法定原则成为一个口号或标语,就必须注重它在司法实践中的贯彻和落实,这就是罪刑法定原则的司法化问题。罪行法定原则的司法化涉及司法体制、司法理念和司法人员的素质等问题,特别是应建立这样的司法理念:罪刑法定原则下形式合理性优于实质合理性。     

The emergence of restorative justice in Sri Lanka: a review essay

Within the framework of retributive justice, crime is understood as an offence against the State and is defined as a violation of law. It represents the punitive approach of reaction to crime, where the offenders are considered as an unwanted group who should be punished. However, with the development of criminology, offenders are identified as the persons needing rehabilitation and reintegration into the society as law abiding citizens. This novel thinking has paved the way to the establishment of the concept of restorative justice where crime is understood to be an infringement on man and human relationship. It involves reintegration of both the offender and victim within the community. The restorative justice principle could be found in community service orders, probation, parole, and other noncustodial measures as alternatives to the traditional incarceration, victim offender mediation, sentencing, peacemaking and healing circles, police cautions, and active participation of victims in the criminal justice process, and so on. This article evaluates Sri Lanka's transformation from retributive justice to restorative justice by incorporating the above-mentioned means and methods to the criminal justice system. Further, it examines how these innovations have affected the crime rate in Sri Lanka.     

Overseeing Criminal Justice: The Supervisory Role of the Public Prosecution Service in China

The Chinese public prosecution service, the procuracy, is modelled on the Soviet Union system and has been accorded the controversial function of supervising other legal institutions in the criminal justice system. Drawing upon my own empirical data on the prosecution of crime in China, this article critically examines the way the power of supervision operates from an internal perspective. It argues that the power of supervision has been used as an institutional asset to secure the interests of the procuracy by analysing its oversight of police investigations and court decisions, the way prosecutors perceive themselves, and the efficacy of the supervision in a comparative context. The current status of the procuracy dictates that it is unable to undertake the role of supervision to safeguard the criminal process.     

Affairs of the Heart: Hate Crime and the Politics of Crime Control

Various scholars have noted the priority given to law in the politics of hate violence; violence is the problem and law, more specifically the criminal law, the solution at the ‘heart’ of society. This article seeks to explore some of the gaps and silences in the existing literature and politics that mobilize these ideas and associations. It is the gap sand silences associated with demands for and expectations of criminal justice that will be the particular concern of this article. The demand for law is examined by way of David Garland's recent work on the culture of crime control. His work offers an analysis of the contemporary place of crime control in Anglo-American liberal democracies. A distinctive feature of his analysis is to be found in the way it maps an important paradox of contemporary crime control; its political centrality and an increasing recognition of its limitations. Garland's ‘criminology of the self’ and the ‘criminology of the other’ raise some important challenges for those who advocate resort to crime control. My particular concern is to consider the significance of Garland's work for a contemporary sexual politics that puts violence and criminal justice at the heart of that politics. Feminist, gay and lesbian scholarship first on criminal justice and second, on violence and law will be used to develop a critical dialogue with Garland's analysis and to reflect upon the challenges raised by his insights into contemporary crime control. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

犯罪构成理论结构比较论略

在大体相当的法律结构基础上,因文化的差异,德日、英美和中俄三个不同法系的犯罪构成理论结构显著不同。三者的外在形态、逻辑结构和文化特点差异颇大,但其基本功能大体相当,各有其道理。我国的犯罪构成四要件理论经过长期的理论建构与实践检验,具有相对的合理性。我国不宜全盘移植德日三阶层要件模式或英美双层次要件模式。进一步理顺和完善犯罪构成四要件模式的内在理论结构,是我国当前相关理论争议的合理出路。推进我国刑事法治,有必要注重刑法机制之刑事一体化理论知识形态。     

“类推”与刑法之“禁止类推”原则——一个方法论上的阐释

将法律解释概念作狭义理解 ,具有方法论上的重要意义 ;如此 ,则法律解释方法中并不存在“类推解释”。从“法无明文规定不处罚”的基本要求和“法律解释必须在文义所及的范围内为之”这一命题出发 ,可以认为罪刑法定原则其实不排斥任何一种解释方法。事实上 ,“类推”在刑法领域是被作为法律续造的方法加以禁止的 ,而并非是被作为一种法律解释方法加以禁止。从维护法律确定性和司法统一性的要求出发 ,一切形式的类推在刑事司法中都应当被禁止 ;但是 ,这种主张显然源自于形式意义的罪刑法定和刑法技术主义的绝对观念。在实质意义的罪刑法定原则之下 ,有利于被告的类推应当被允许 ,这是克服刑法形式侧面的缺陷、实现刑法正义的需要。     

Victims' Rights, Victims' Expectations, and Law Enforcement Workers' Constraints in Cases of Murder

Research on crime victims and their experiences with the criminal justice system suggests that victims' rights (e.g., victim impact statements) and victims' services (e.g., crime victims' compensation, counseling) have not significantly improved victims' satisfaction with the criminal justice system or their recovery from the crime. Thus, we appear to know little about how to satisfy and assist victims of crime. This study uses the symbolic interactionist perspective to examine victims' experiences with law enforcement workers (e.g., detectives, counselors) with a focus on people who have lost a loved one to murder ("bereaved victims"). The data come from in-depth interviews with thirty-two bereaved victims, seven law enforcement workers, and three crime victims' advocates in Union County (pseudonym). Bereaved victims define the victim role differently from law enforcement workers, creating two main points of conflict with workers: (1) a conflict over their deceased loved one's body, and (2) a conflict over the flow of information in the case. Bereaved victims' frustrations over these conflicts created problems for their recovery. Bereaved victims' efforts to see their deceased loved one's body, guide detectives' investigation, and learn information about the murder and the investigation took a back seat to detectives' interests in protecting the integrity of the investigation and building a strong case for the prosecution. Policy implications are discussed.     

也论行政犯的性质及其对行政刑法定位的影响

行政犯的性质问题实质上是一个行政犯与刑事犯以及秩序违反行为的关系问题,行政犯包括对法益的侵害或威胁,属实质性的违法,是对派生性生活秩序的违反,其理念在行政上的合目的性;而刑事犯的理念在于社会正义;应被科以罚金或其他秩序罚的行政法规违反,并不是对行政法规的直接攻击,而是对顺利达到其行政目的而规定的一定义务(即行政义务)的违背。因而应当根据行政犯的特殊性相应适用与普通刑法的一般原则所不同的行政刑法原则。     

理性建构中国刑法私法化之路

过于注重惩罚的公法建构,虽使刑法满足了预防犯罪的需要,但却漠视了被害恢复的积极价值。随着恢复正义理论的异军突起、社会效果的日渐重视以及私法精神对正统刑法的反攻,刑法私法化模式逐步成型:因刑事和解与二元化犯罪模式能够实现恢复被害和预防犯罪之双重目的,已成为当代刑法私法化的基本类型。其中,固守国家对犯罪治理的垄断,明确基本类型及其适用对象,把刑法谦抑作为判断基准,就是理性建构中国刑法私法化的基本路向。     

Complicity in International Criminal Law and Canadian Refugee Law: A Comparison

International criminal law is normally seen as the purview ofcriminal prosecutions, either internationally or domestically.However, international criminal law is also increasingly beingapplied in refugee law. This is because the 1951 Refugee Conventioncontains an exclusion clause prohibiting asylum seekers fromobtaining refugee status if they have committed a crime againstpeace, a war crime or a crime against humanity. Thus, refugeelaw refers back to international criminal law; however, whileinternational criminal tribunals deal with persons who bearthe greatest responsibility, in actual practice persons whohave been excluded from refugee protection have been mostlyfrom the lower echelons of organizations involved in atrocities.This article, based on Canadian case law, examines the conceptsof complicity, aiding and abetting and joint criminal enterprisefrom both an international criminal law point of view and froma Canadian refugee law angle, in order to determine whetherthese notions have similar contents in the two jurisdictions.     

犯罪概念的哲学思考

犯罪概念理论经历了从形式的概念到实质的概念,又从实质的概念到形式与实质相统一的概念,再从统一的概念到形式与实质相分裂的概念这样一个发展过程,成为刑法学的一大困惑。在这个问题上,外国刑法学最终走向了不可知论,而中国刑法学则滑向了形而上学唯物论。之所以出现这种局面,其原因在于到目前为止,中外刑法学都只是孤立、片面、静止地研究犯罪概念,不了解概念的相互联系和运动发展。犯罪概念是由先于刑法的社会物质生活条件所决定的,刑法的任务不在于解决犯罪概念问题,而在于运用已先于自己而存在的犯罪概念来作出判断。刑事司法的任务是在刑法判断的基础上作进一步的推理。犯罪概念的形成、运用犯罪概念所进行的刑法判断、以及运用犯罪概念和刑法判断所进行的刑事司法推理,是犯罪概念运动的一个完整过程,在这个过程中,犯罪作为一个概念它是统一的,不存在形式概念与实质概念之分,也不存在立法概念与司法概念之分。     

关于诉讼欺诈定性的障碍及立法完善

传统诈骗罪构成要件所预定的内容不能涵括诉讼欺诈行为;将诉讼欺诈定性为诈骗罪有违罪刑法定之嫌;诉讼欺诈所侵害的法益具有双重性,且对司法的妨害要甚于对公私财产权的危害;完善刑事立法单独设罪处刑(欺诈诉讼罪)应是我们的价值取向。     

契约精神与民刑冲突的法律适用——兼评《保险法》第54条与《刑法》第198条规定之冲突

民刑冲突是法律冲突的表现之一,其困惑在于法律适用上的难以选择。总结民刑冲突现象有两种:一是涉嫌违法或犯罪的民刑交叉案件;二是合法与犯罪截然对立的民刑冲突现象。民刑冲突现象的产生原因关键在于平等的个体于内在理念上的冲突:即,民法的个人权利保护与刑法的社会利益保护的不同价值取向所至,也是契约自由与社会正义之间的冲突。“民法优先”是契约精神在民刑冲突的法律适用中的必然选择。实践中应具体考量社会公正、功利主义、社会效益、从严解释四个价值导向。     

We [Should] Take Care of Our Own: The Role of Law and Lawyers in Criminal Justice and Criminology Programs

Law-related courses, and more broadly the place of the law and lawyers in criminal justice programs, are the focus of this paper. I believe that the importance of the law, the study of legal issues, and the way in which the law is taught in criminal justice programs is in need of significant refinement. We need more law-related courses in the curriculum, at both the undergraduate and graduate level, more PhDs with an understanding of the law, and more legal research done by criminal justice scholars. In the pages that follow, I make the case for changing how we approach the study of law in criminal justice undergraduate and graduate programs.     

刑事法治建设与刑法学研究的新发展

2007年,以刑事法治理念为指导,以新刑法典颁行十周年为契机,我国刑法学界继往开来,不仅对刑法的发展方向、宽严相济刑事政策、犯罪构成体系、死刑制度改革、《刑法修正案(六)》等刑事法治领域中的重大实践与理论问题展开了深入研究,而且还对单位犯罪、电脑量刑、网络犯罪、侵犯著作权犯罪、贿赂犯罪等问题及外向型刑法的相关问题进行了深入研讨,成果斐然。