机关事业单位养老保险制度转轨的财政压力分析

随着经济社会的发展,机关事业单位养老保险制度要逐渐与企业基本养老保险制度并轨.在并轨过程中,部分隐性债务显性化对地区财政乃至全国财政会产生不同的压力.如果把机关事业单位离退休人员全部按照老办法留在财政供养的旧体系内,而把其社保中人和社保新人全部纳入城镇企业职工的基本养老保险体系中,这种改革虽能得到机关事业单位离退休人员拥护,但对全国财政造成的压力比较大.打破"老人老办法"的传统做法,把机关事业单位全部职工并入城镇企业职工基本养老保险体系,实行"老人老待遇"标准,建立机关事业单位职业年金制度,是化解转轨财政压力的基本途径.     

机关事业单位养老保险改革的制约因素与策略选择

随着城镇企业职工统一基本养老保险制度的建立,机关事业单位的养老保险制度改革问题提上了议事日程。为此,国家要求各省、市进行试点,并出台了《事业单位工作人员养老保险制度改革试点方案》。但目前仍存在着机关事业单位养老保险非同步推进导致事业单位在岗职工患不均的情绪,对差额拨款的事业单位的养老保险缴费基数确定没有设置过渡期,没有明确事业单位养老保险基金的管理体制等制约因素。为此,必须继续参照城镇企业职工基本养老保险模式推进改革,允许以档案工资作为基本养老保险的缴费基数,划清财政部门与社会保险部门在管理社会保险基金方面的权利义务关系,测算和合理分解机关事业单位养老保险改革对财政增加的压力,建立有别于企业年金的机关事业单位职业年金制度等。     

郑州:十年试水试出什么

基本覆盖机关事业单位,为在全国进行统一的事业单位养老保险改革提供了参考样本作为全国机关事业单位养老保险制度改革试点城市之一,郑州市早在1996年 1月1日就出台了《郑州市机关事业单位社会保险制度改革暂行办法》及《实施细则》,开始建立事业单位基本养老保障机制。此后的十年间,参保单位从市直事业单位扩大到所辖县(市、区)的机关事业单位,基本覆盖了纳入郑州市各级政府人事部门工资管理,执行机关事业单位工资制度的单位及非全民所有制事业单位。     

养老金双轨制终结四大焦点

<正>近日,国务院印发《关于机关事业单位工作人员养老保险制度改革的决定》,决定从2014年10月1日起对机关事业单位工作人员养老保险制度进行改革,机关事业单位实行社会统筹与个人账户相结合的基本养老保险制度,由单位和个人共同缴费。焦点一、个人按缴费工资8%缴纳按照日前公布的文件,此次养老金改革涉及全国所有按公务员法管理的单位、参照公务员法管理的机关(单位)、事业单位及其编制内的工作人员,近4000万的"体制内人员"将从     

对机关事业单位养老保险制度改革的思考

目前,全国城镇企业职工已经建立了统帐结合的养老保险制度,上海、深圳等地机关事业单位养老保险制度改革也按这一原则建立了养老保险制度,这些为我国机关事业单位建立和完善工作人员养老保险制度提供了可供借鉴的经验.     

新中国成立以来我国养老保险制度的改革探索与发展方向

新中国成立60多年以来,我国养老保险制度建设可以分为1949—1991年的"国家—企业"、1991—2009年的"国家—社会"以及2009年以来的统筹城乡发展等三个时期。目前我国社会养老保险制度仍然存在着一些问题,主要表现为:社会养老保险"双轨制"亟待破局、社会养老保险"碎片化"急需改变、农民工特殊群体社会养老保险制度的急需完善成型、养老金待遇的正常调整机制应该得到落实。未来时期我国养老保险制度改革方向在于对国家政府机关、事业单位人员养老金制度进行改革,对各类人员的社会养老保险制度进行整合,逐渐建立起履盖全体居民的、与社会主义市场经济相适应的、具有中国特色的"国民养老金制度"。     

3000万事业单位职工如何参与养老保险 企事业养老保险制度并轨

我国目前共有事业单位从业 人员近3000万人。如何 让这部分人群的社会保障与国有企业接轨,是当前社会保障改革的重点。事业单位养老保险制度的改革方向是企事业养老保险制度并轨。从国外情况看,没有单独的事业单位养老保险制度一说,我们所谓的事业单位在国外或属企业性质或划为公职一类,特别是中小学教师、公共医疗系统人员等,多归入公职人员。目前《失业保险条例》已将事业单位和企业一并纳入失业保险的范围,基本医疗保险方案更是将机关、事业、企业全部覆盖。事业单位养老保险制度不可能单独设计、单独管理,统一企事业养老保险制度是大势所趋。     

财政支出比较视角下公务员退休金制度设计

公务员退休金和企业职工养老保险金的待遇差是社会热点问题,并波及事业单位养老金制度改革,助长了提前退休浪潮。机关公务员与企业人员退休后收入的待遇差来自人员身份和计算方法的制度隔墙,本文审视了针对公务员养老金的政府责任和财政负担,探讨了中国公务员退休金制度的新路径,即三元组合的公务员养老金制度。养老金制度目标有两个,一是通过国民基础养老金避免老年贫困;二是通过职业养老金个人账户实现老年体面生活。公务员作为公民应享有国民基础养老金,作为政府雇员应享有职业养老金并附之以廉政奖励养老金,政府应当分别承担相应责任。通过模型计算和实际数据模拟计算表明,新制度初期财政支出超过原有制度,但若干年后低于原有制度,本文提出的模型和政策建议具有不降低公务员养老金待遇的同时减轻未来政府财政负担的效应。     

养老金“双轨制”将成历史

<正>国务院于年初发布《关于机关事业单位工作人员养老保险制度改革的决定》,决定从2014年10月1日起对机关事业单位工作人员养老保险制度进行改革,约4000万机关事业单位人员将告别"免缴费"。此前,国务院副总理马凯在第十二届全国人大常委会第十二次会议上作关于统筹推进城乡社会保障体系建设工作情况的报告。《决定》的最终出台,意味着企业养老保险制度实施20多年     

社保中国化取经

今年"两会"召开前夕,国务院总理温家宝于2月29日主持召开国务院常务会议,研究部署事业单位工作人员养老保险制度改革试点工作。会议讨论并原则通过了《事业单位工作人员养老保险制度改革试点方案》,确定在山西、上海、浙江,广东、重庆5省市先期开展试点,与事业单位分类改革配套推进。试点的主要内容包括:养老保险费用由单位和个人共同负担,退休待遇与缴费相联系,基金逐步实行省级统筹,建立职业年金制度,实行社会化管理服务等。这标志着我国基本社会保障体系的建设,正在向广度和深度推进。     

TILTING TOWARD MARKETIZATION: Reform of the Canadian Pension Plan

Public concern about the earnings‐related Canada Pension Plan has forced the Canadian government to move toward fuller funding, a new investment policy, and changes to benefits and administration. Together, the three initiatives, and particularly the first two, amount to a modest degree of marketization. The assumption behind the reform is that the Canada Pension Plan will remain public and mandatory but the change will create a board and an investment policy which are more sensitive to market pressures and less amendable to government interference. The Canada Pension Plan is one of three tiers of support for the elderly in retirement. It is a contributory social insurance scheme which protects against loss of income. The other two are a social allowance (Old Age Security) as well as an income tested benefit (Guaranteed Income Supplement) which provide basic income support and employment based retirement pension plans as well as group and individual registered retirement savings plans which supplement the other two tiers on a voluntary basis. This article examines the reform of the Canada Pension Plan. After a brief examination of Canada's retirement benefits in an international context, the article summarizes recent debates in Canada, government policies to develop fuller funding and new investment strategies, and reflections on possible developments in the future.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Irene Rubin, The Politics of Public Budgeting: Getting and Spending, Borrowing and Balancing Public Works Today: A Profile of Local Service Organizations and Managers Wayne Vroman, Unemployment Insurance Trust Fund Adequacy in the 1990's Laurence J. Kotlifoff and David A. Wise, The Wage Carrot and the Pension Stick: Retirement Benefits and Labour Force Participation Lawrence J. Haas, Running on Empty: Bush, Congress, and the Politics of a Bankrupt Government Robert Berne and Richard Schramm, The Financial Analysis of Governments     

进一步完善我国失业保险制度的几点思考

失业保险制度,在我国才有19年的历史.19年来,它保障了失业人员的基本生活,促进了失业人员的再就业,有力地支持了企业改革.但它还很不完善.本文从我国实际出发,借鉴国外一些好的做法,对如何进一步完善我国的失业保险制度做出几点思考.     

养老社会保险制度的反贫困分析——美国的实践及对我国的启示

在不同的社会保障制度模式下,养老社会保险的反贫困功能不一样。不同的养老社会保险制度设计会影响其反贫困功能的发挥。美国的公共养老保险制度——"老年人、遗属和残疾人保险(OASDI)"在计发办法上的累退倾向,在受益对象上不限于退休者本人还包括配偶、遗属和残疾人,在实际给付时关于受益类型、课税、最低和最高收益、随生活成本进行调整等政策规定,对于低收入者保护倾向非常明显。与美国相比,我国目前的养老社会保险存在覆盖面窄、水平偏高,受益水平差异偏大,缺乏不同的受益类型设计等问题。为推动多层次养老保障体系建设,我国养老社会保险制度改革的政策取向应该是降低现有受益水平,扩大覆盖面,并通过覆盖更多的低收入者来增强制度的反贫困效果。同时评估和改革个人账户,以防止养老金差异过大。     

我国医疗保障制度改革的公平性与效率性探讨

本文主要从公平性与效率性两个方面对我国改革开放以来的医疗保障制度改革进行了探讨。本文认为我国改革开放以来的医疗保障制度改革从总体上看表现为公平性不足,效率性较差。在此基础上,本文就提高我国医疗保障制度改革的公平性与效率性提出一些政策性的建议。     

Expanding access to health care for Social Security Disability Insurance beneficiaries: early findings from the accelerated benefits demonstration

Most Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) beneficiaries must complete a 5-month waiting period before they become entitled to DI cash benefits and an additional 24-month waiting period before Medicare benefits begin. The Accelerated Benefits (AB) demonstration is a randomized experiment designed to test the effects of providing newly entitled DI beneficiaries who do not have health insurance with a generous health benefits package during the Medicare waiting period. This article presents early findings on the prevalence of health insurance coverage among newly entitled beneficiaries and the characteristics of those without health insurance. It also examines the effects of AB on health care utilization, the extent to which AB reduces unmet medical needs, and the costs of providing the AB health benefits package.     

Health Insurance in Transition: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)of 1996 (PL. 104–191) brings the federal government fullyinto insurance regulation for the first time. Despite the Republicanmajority's rhetoric about state control, election-year politicstrumped federalism. HIPAA's immediate impact oncoverage maybe modest, but its ultimate significance is great because itcreates a template for more farreaching federal involvementin regulating insurance. HIPAA amends the Employee RetirementIncome Security Act (ERISA), the Public Health Service Act,and the Internal Revenue Code, creating a complicatedstructuredictated by efforts to avoid an unfunded mandate. The historyof insurance regulation and the activity surrounding the enactmentof PL. 104–191 suggest that HIPAA continues an incrementalprocess of transition between state insurance regulation andfederal oversight driven by recent and accelerating changesin the structure of the health-care marketplace.     

人口老龄化与农村老年医疗保障制度

人口老龄化导致老年人医疗服务需要增加。然而,经济因素制约了老年人医疗服务需要向需求的转化,阻碍了老年人健康状况的改善。为实现世界卫生组织(W H O)提出的“健康老龄化”目标,促进全面建设小康目标的实现,必须为老年人尤其是收入低且几乎没有任何医疗保障的大量农村老年人建立医疗保障制度。建立制度面临筹资来源少、技术难度高、医疗卫生条件落后等制约因素,需要采取“低水平、广覆盖、采用多种模式、利用各方力量、加强配套设施”的发展策略。通过建立农村老年医疗救助、合作医疗、“时间储蓄”等多种制度,提供完善的医疗供方体系,保障农村老年人的基本医疗需求,促进其健康状况的改善。     

Institutional Change and the Social Sources of American Economic Empire: Beyond Stylised Facts

The three volumes commented on here present some of the very best political economy and economic sociology scholarship on change within the US economy, as well as US-led changes in the international political economy. This review article seeks to identify the key contributions made by these works and how they improve our understanding of institutional change within the US economy. At a time when international relations and political science is populated by critiques of US empire, this article submits that understanding the 'economic taproot' of US power is essential in exposing its enduring character and weaknesses.
Gourevitch, P. A. and Shinn, J. J. (2005) Political Power and Corporate Control: The New Global Politics of Corporate Governance. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sinclair, T. J. (2005) The New Masters of Capital: American Bond Rating Agencies and the Politics of Creditworthiness. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.
Whitford, J. (2005) The New Old Economy: Networks, Institutions, and the Organizational Transformation of American Manufacturing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.     

The erosion of retiree health benefits and retirement behavior: implications for the disability insurance program

The effects of retiree health insurance on the decision to retire have not been examined until recently. It is an area of increasing significance because of rising health care costs for retirees, the uncertain future of Medicare, and increased life expectancy. In general, studies suggest that individual retirement decisions are strongly responsive to the availability of retiree health insurance. Early retiree benefits and retirement behavior are also important because they may affect the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program. It is not apparent that if a person loses retiree health benefits, or if fewer people are eligible for retiree health benefits in general, claims for DI will increase. The potential 2-year loss of health benefits may be a deterrent to leaving the labor force and claiming DI, although persons who are unable to work would leave the labor force even without health benefits. In order to understand how the decline in retiree health benefits may affect enrollment in DI, analysts must at least incorporate the role of coverage under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA). That act provides many people with access to health insurance during the 2-year gap between eligibility for DI and Medicare. In fact, persons with sufficient means to retire early could use the income from Disability Insurance to buy COBRA coverage during the first 2 years of DI coverage. Determining the effect of the erosion of retiree health benefits on DI must account properly for the role of other factors that affect DI eligibility and participation. The financial incentives of Social Security, pension plans, retirement savings programs, health status, the availability of health insurance, and other factors influencing retirement decisions must be taken fully into account in order to isolate the precise effect of retiree health benefits.