墨西哥湾油污案责任限制问题思考

墨西哥湾原油泄漏事故责任者相互追偿问题尚有待司法裁决,但面对史上最严重的漏油事故所造成的巨大经济损失,如何承担赔偿责任特别是责任限制问题,引发多方的质疑和研讨。(一)钻井平台运行者责任限制问题早在2010年5月4日,"深水地平线"钻井平台所有人瑞士越洋钻探公司在美国得克萨斯州联邦地区法院提出,根据美国《1851年责任限制法》,以"深水地平线"钻井平台属于船舶为由,综合     

论石油货主承担油污责任方式的变化——以“埃里卡”案判决为视角

目前我国海洋石油污染的受害者无法享受油污基金的保障,同时根据现行法律和我国加入的国际公约,肇事油轮的船东能够享受责任限额的保护,使受害者面临无法获得充分赔偿的危险。对此,本文拟结合法国Erika石油污染案件的判决,探讨石油货主承担油污责任方式的变化,以期为更好地保护海洋石油污染的受害者提供新的思路。     

论石油货主承担油污责任方式的变化——以“埃里卡”案判决为视角

目前我国海洋石油污染的受害者无法享受油污基金的保障，同时根据现行法律和我国加入的国际公约，肇事油轮的船东能够享受责任限额的保护，使受害者面临无法获得充分赔偿的危险。对此，本文拟结合法国Erika石油污染案件的判决，探讨石油货主承担油污责任方式的变化，以期为更好地保护海洋石油污染的受害者提供新的思路。     

我国海洋油污损害赔偿法律机制问题研究

随着我国经济的快速发展和能源需求量的不断增长,多种以海洋为基础的工业实现快速发展,海运业、船舶制造业、海上石油开采等行业均在此列。由此造成的海洋油污损害十分严重,对经济和环境影响巨大,但目前我国法律体系中还没有比较完善的海洋油污损害赔偿模式,受害人维权困难。本文从我国海洋油污现状入手,结合国际公约、美国、加拿大等发达国家的治理经验,提出了改革海洋行政管理结构,完善海洋油污损害赔偿的相关法律法规,健全油污损害赔偿基金等解决措施,以期对我国海洋油污损害赔偿机制的构建提供明确的研究方向。     

美国石油污染损害赔偿制度对我国的启示——以海洋石油开发为视角

在海洋石油开发过程中,石油污染损害赔偿是石油污染事故的核心问题.美国的《石油污染法》确立了石油污染损害赔偿制度,明确界定了可申请赔偿的六项“损害”,确立了赔偿的标准,设立了用于清理和赔偿的溢油损害赔偿责任信托基金.而我国没有专门的石油污染法,海洋开发石油污染损害赔偿制度散见于有关海洋环境保护的相关法律、法规中,且存在一些问题.因此,美国相关立法的启示,对于我国建立与完善海上开发石油污染损害赔偿制度,具有十分重要的理论和实践意义.     

论建立和完善我国有关船舶油污损害赔偿责任限制程序的必要性

《海事诉讼特别程序法》第 9章仅对于海事赔偿责任限制基金设立程序做出规定 ,并没有明确规定油污损害赔偿责任限制程序问题 ,基于此 ,本文通过比较油污损害赔偿责任限制与海事赔偿责任限制的异同 ,初步提出建立和完善我国油污损害赔偿责任限制程序的立法建议。     

论海上石油开发环境污染之法律救济——以墨西哥湾漏油事件和渤海湾漏油事件为视角

2010年4月20日,位于美国墨西哥湾的"深海地平线"(Deepwater Horizon)钻井平台发生石油泄露事件,引起了全世界的关注。伴随着几百年工业化的消耗,陆上石油日益枯竭,蔚蓝海洋中蕴藏的丰富石油资源日益成     

雪佛龙公司巴西近海原油泄漏案分析及借鉴

本世纪初始,从墨西哥湾到南大西洋以及西太平洋沿岸,从事海洋石油勘探开发的跨国公司酿成海上溢油重大环境污染事故乃至生态灾难事件频发。以法律视角看,海洋污染与陆地环境污染有显要区别:前者危害结果往往波及境外,可能发生国际法与国内法责任竞合;就多数国家而言,海洋环境保护法律制度建设及司法实践相对滞后抑或贫乏。本文以美国雪佛龙石油公司参与巴西近海石油开发而发生油井泄漏事     

重温“托利·堪庸”案与《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》的诞生

海事立法发展至今,从关注人命和海上安全,到关注海洋环境污染,再到今天所关注的船舶气体污染,几乎每一项法律的出台,其背后有一个重大海上事故的发生作为一种推动力,从20世纪中叶开始,这种趋势日益明显。其中＂托利·堪庸＂案可以说是海上油污损害赔偿法律制度发展的转折点,更可以说是一把钥匙,打开了海上油污损害赔偿法律制度的大门。它迫使人们对当时的海上石油污染损害赔偿制度进行思考,找出缺陷与不足,催生了《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》。     

论船舶油污损害赔偿主体

＂21世纪是海洋的世纪＂逐渐成为人们的共识。然而对海洋资源与环境的严重威胁之一——船舶油污损害,已引起国际社会的高度重视,当发生事故造成污染损害时,具体应由谁来承担赔偿责任,在我国国内立法中存在冲突。本文将根据国际公约、美国法和我国国内立法的规定,介绍船舶油污损害赔偿主体的问题,并对我国国内立法提出了相关建议。     

论国际海洋石油开发环境污染法律救济机制的构建

长期以来,国际海洋石油开发环境污染法律救济机制一直是一个法律空白。随着海洋石油资源开发利用步伐的日益加快,这一问题理应引起国际社会的关注。美国墨西哥湾漏油事故和中国渤海湾漏油事故的先后爆发,使得这一问题的解决更显迫切。建立国际海洋石油开发环境污染法律救济机制,具有深厚的国际法基础,应当遵循三个基本的法律原则,从应急处理和损害赔偿等不同层面加以系统构建。     

The Aftermath of the Macondo Discovery Well Spill: The Interplay of Claims to the Gulf Coast Claims Facility and Insurance Claims

The processing of claims for compensation arising from the April 20, 2010, explosion of the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil rig and its environmental and economic aftermath has proceeded simultaneously before the Gulf Coast Claims Facility and insurers. The criteria for recovery between these two recipients of claims differ significantly. Compensation from the facility has included claims for purely economic injury, whereas compensation from insurance generally requires, inter alia, a closer geographic or causal nexus to property damage. The resolution of compensation issues both by the facility and insurers will impact whether further disputes arise in the courts. Based upon similar experiences from September 11 and Hurricane Katrina, these issues are likely to continue for several years before they are fully resolved.     

A device for false measurements of oil depths in an oil tanker

This paper describes a case in which a cleverly designed oil-depth measuring device in an oil tanker was used to give a false indication of the amount of oil present. The mode of operation was successfully solved by theoretical analysis.     

“威望“号船事件之后的油污立法

通过对在“威望”号船事件之后国际上有关的油污立法及采取的措施作一个较全面的介绍,尤其是重点介绍欧盟及西班牙的有关立法和措施,对有关“威望”号船事件的调查以及在油污立法变革方面存在的有关问题进行阐述和评论。     

油红O显现热敏纸上潜在手印研究

目的建立了一种油红O显现热敏纸上客体表面的潜手印的新方法。方法将检材浸泡在配制好的油红O的显现试剂中,油红可将指纹中遗留的油脂染色从而显现出手印纹线。结果显现出手印纹线为红色,纹线连贯,反差明显。结论油红O能够有效地显现出热敏纸上潜手印。     

中国应对海上溢油生态损害的立法进路

依据中国现行法应对渤海溢油事故,行政罚款的力度有限,生态损害索赔的现行法依据不足,重大环境污染事故罪也难认定。建立海上溢油损害赔偿机制、确立海洋溢油生态损害防治各项制度,是中国应对海上溢油生态损害的当务之举。以生态系统管理理念为指导思想,以增进生态利益的保护和预防、控制生态损害发生为立法目标,确立海洋生态系统管理立法模式,完善海洋生态系统管理法律制度建设,是应对海上溢油生态损害的立法进路。     

论油污损害赔偿的法律适用

针对海洋油污问题,国际社会先后制定了若干国际公约,这些公约在充分赔偿污染受害人和修复海洋环境方面发挥着重要作用。就油污损害赔偿而言,公约与公约之间的选择适用、公约与国内法之间的选择适用,尤其是中国沿海油污损害赔偿的法律适用以及公约体制之外不同法域之间法律的选择适用对确定责任人及赔偿范围等问题至关重要。     

警示与挑战：船级社在船舶油污损害赔偿案件中是否负责

一直以来，航运界和司法界都留传着船级社免责的惯例，然而近年来数起大型船舶油类泄漏造成灾难性生态污染事件的发生，却让国际各界对此免责传统及该传统依据的抗辩理由产生质疑。从船级社第三方责任的历史沿革出发，对船舶油污损害赔偿中船级社不承担第三方责任的抗辩理由加以详细剖析，并结合船级社的法律地位和性质以及目前有关的立法现状，对船舶油污损害赔偿案件中船级社承担第三方责任的发展趋势做出预测并提出相应建议，以期对各船级社尤其是中国船级社做出警示和启迪。     

A review of the existing legal regime on exploitation of oil and the protection of the environment in Nigeria

Abstract

Since the discovery of oil in commercial quantities in Oloibiri town in the present day Bayelsa State of Nigeria in 1956, the Nigerian government has encouraged the development and growth of the oil industry. The government, being conscious of the concomitant effects of the exploration and production of oil on the environment, enacted laws to regulate the exploitation of the oil and the protection of the Nigerian environment. This article examines the legal regime in this respect. It is the view of the writer that some of the laws regulating the protection of the environment are archaic, especially the penalty sections with small fines which do not serve as a deterrent to the oil companies or encourage them to adopt high standards. It is also the view of the writer that the laws regulating the oil industry should be amended to confer standing on citizens groups. The writer suggests that a strict liability regime should be made to apply to the oil industry, and that related laws should be duly enforced by the government agencies charged with responsibility of overseeing the oil industry. Finally, it is the view of the writer that the oil-bearing communities of the Niger Delta should be systematically developed by the Nigeria government so that there can be peace in the region.     

Authority in Arctic governance: changing spheres of authority in Greenlandic offshore oil and gas developments

The Arctic has rapidly transformed from a “frozen desert” into a theater for high-level politics. Climate change and socioeconomic interdependencies bring the World more and more to the Arctic and vice versa. Increased geological knowledge, new technologies, and high-energy prices make it possible to develop oil and gas resources in the Arctic; however, the effectiveness of oil spill response techniques remains a key concern. To understand oil and gas exploration in the Arctic governance setting, and especially the authority of Greenland, we combine a multi-level governance framework with the concept sphere of authority from post-international theory. The Arctic sphere of authority on oil and gas consists of many different governance arrangements, of which the most well-known governance arrangement is the Arctic Council. This paper focuses on the authority of Greenland in the changing oil and gas governance arrangements in the Arctic. Crucial is the changing Danish–Greenlandic relationship, in which the development of a Greenlandic oil and gas sector is seen as a tool to become financially independent. It can be concluded that the capacity of the Greenlandic government and civil society actors should be the primary guideline for the pace in which oil and gas activities are being developed. Taking this approach will ensure that the Greenland is retaining its central position and high degree of influence on the governance of oil and gas development in its country. Otherwise, it will lose influence and benefits will flow elsewhere.