氯胺酮致小鼠产生类精神分裂症与NRG1、ErbB4 mRNA表达的相关性

目的探讨氯胺酮连续给药致小鼠产生的类似精神分裂症症状,与精神分裂症易感基因神经调节蛋白1（neuregulin-1,NRG1）及其受体ErbB4 mRNA表达的相关性,为研究精神分裂症的可能发病机制提供参考依据。方法50只雄性昆明种小鼠,随机分为生理盐水组、氯胺酮小剂量（25 mg/kg）、中剂量（50 mg/kg）、大剂量（100 mg/kg）组和氯氮平治疗组,腹腔注射给药,1次/d,连续7 d。氯氮平组在连续腹腔注射7d氯胺酮（1次/d,每次100mg/kg）后,再用氯氮平灌胃7d（1次/d,每次20mg/kg）。HE染色观察海马神经元的变化;采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测海马中NRG1及ErbB4 mRNA的表达。结果注射7d氯胺酮后,大剂量组海马区NRG1及ErbB4 mRNA的表达显著减少。结论氯胺酮诱导小鼠产生类似精神分裂症的症状,可能与海马区NRG1及ErbB4 mRNA的表达减少相关联。     

氯胺酮在急性中毒大鼠体内的死后再分布研究

目的探索氯胺酮在大鼠体内的死后再分布变化规律及温度对再分布的影响。方法48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为2个实验组（室温组24只、冷藏组18只）和1个对照组（6只）,实验组大鼠以氯胺酮290mg／kg灌胃,45min后缺氧处死,分别置于室温（24℃）和冷藏（4℃）条件下,于死后不同时间（0、12、24、48h）取心血、外周血、肝、肺、肾、心肌、大脑,检测其中氯胺酮含量;对照组大鼠以生理盐水灌胃,各对应组织器官样品为空白对照。血和组织样品中加入内标物SKF。。后碱化,乙酸乙酯萃取,GC／MS全扫描定性,内标法、工作曲线法气相色谱定量分析。结果室温条件下,大鼠死后48h内随着死亡时间延长,心血、肺、肝中氯胺酮的浓度呈升高趋势（P〈0．05）,肾脏中氯胺酮的浓度先升高后下降（P〈0．05）,外周血、心肌和脑中氯胺酮的浓度无显著性变化（P〉0．05）。冷藏条件下,血液及组织中氯胺酮浓度变化无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,除心肌外,各样本浓度均低于相应时段室温条件保存的样本。结论氯胺酮在大鼠体内存在死后再分布现象。温度对大鼠死后血液及组织中氯胺酮浓度变化有较明显的影响。     

褪黑素对吗啡依赖大鼠复吸行为的影响

目的 建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱模型(CPP),探讨褪黑素对吗啡依赖大鼠复吸行为的影响。方法连续6d按剂量递增法于大鼠皮下注射吗啡,诱导实验组和吗啡对照组大鼠CPP形成,然后用盐水替代吗啡皮下注射大鼠10d,使CPP逐渐消退后,再用吗啡4mg/kg单次引燃注射激发消退的条件性位置偏爱复燃,3个实验组分别在注射吗啡前30min腹腔注射褪黑素20mg/、40mg/kg和80mg/kg,分别观察各组大鼠行为。结果 经6d吗啡训练后,实验组和吗啡对照组大鼠在伴药箱的停留时间显著延长,吗啡诱导的大鼠CPP形成;停用吗啡后,经10d的生理盐水注射,吗啡诱导的大鼠CPP逐渐消退;吗啡4mg/kg单次引燃注射使大鼠消退的CPP恢复,而实验组可以剂量依赖性地减弱大鼠CPP恢复。结论 吗啡诱导大鼠CPP形成,褪黑素在一定程度抑制吗啡依赖大鼠的复吸行为。     

可卡因染毒致小鼠免疫功能损伤的影响

目的考察可卡因染毒对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法615纯系雄性小鼠20只,随机均分为实验组和对照组;实验组小鼠以30mg／kg盐酸可卡因每天1次进行腹腔连续注射,空白组给予相同量盐水同法注射盐水;第30d处死小鼠,测量体重与脏器系数,用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTr）法检测脾细胞、胸腺细胞与腹腔巨噬细胞（PMφs）的增殖活性;用生物活性检测法检测IL-1与IL-2的活性;用ELISA法检测IFN-γ／与TNF—α含量。结果实验组小鼠脾细胞、胸腺细胞与PMφs的增殖反应明显降低;脾细胞培养上清液中IL-2与IFN-γ活性明显降低;PMφs培养上清中IL-1与TNF—α活性明显降低;体重、脾脏与胸腺系数也明显降低;上述指标较之对照组均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论在活体条件下可卡因染毒对小鼠免疫系统功能有明显抑制作用。     

可卡因对性成熟期雄性大鼠生殖功能的损害

目的探讨可卡因对性成熟期雄性大鼠生殖功能的影响及其作用机制。方法选用性成熟期健康雄性SD大鼠30只，随机分为实验组和对照组，每组15只。实验组大鼠以15mg／kg剂量每天皮下注射可卡因28d。观察动物体质量、睾丸质量改变，检测血液中激素含量的变化．利用原位缺口末端标记（TUNEL）法检测睾丸细胞的凋亡，免疫组化方法检测睾丸Fas基因的表达。结果（1）实验组大鼠体质量、睾丸质量明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）；（2）实验组与对照组相比，睾酮含量明显降低（P〈O．05）：（3）实验组睾丸细胞凋亡较对照组明显增多（P〈0．05），Fas基因表达明显增加（P〈0．05）．且Fas基因阳性表达与睾丸细胞的凋亡指数呈正相关（r=0．9012，P〈O．05）。结论可卡因可致大鼠生殖器官发育和生殖内分泌功能损害．造成生精细胞凋亡．增殖能力下降．可能与Fas介导的睾丸生精细胞凋亡机制有关。     

鲤醇硫酸酯钠急性中毒的实验病理研究

鲤醇硫酸酯钠（纯度99．2％），给小鼠腹腔注射，测得LD50为115．15mg／kg。40只小鼠随机分为4组，三个实验组分别以1．5LD50、1．0LD50和0．5LD50剂量腹腔注射染毒。结果表明，实验鼠肾小管上皮变性坏死；心肌细胞水变性，可见多发性肌溶灶；肝有单细胞性坏死。与草鱼胆汁中毒的病变基本相似。提示鲤醇硫酸酯钠是草鱼胆汁的主要毒性成分，主要损害肾，心肌，肝等脏器。     

甲基苯丙胺对大鼠认知和脑电图的影响

目的研究甲基苯丙胺（methamphetamine,MA）对脑功能的影响机制,实验设计观察慢性反复使用MA是否同时对大鼠认知行为和脑电活动产生影响。方法 14只雄性SD大鼠（180～200g）随机分为生理盐水注射组（对照组）和MA注射组（实验组5mg/kg体重）每天一次腹腔注射。连续注射7d后进行被动避暗回避行为测试和脑电图检测。结果与对照组相比,实验组大鼠表现为被动避暗回避行为的潜伏期延长,脑电图频谱分析显示δ波相对功率值减小,β波相对功率值增大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论慢性反复使用MA对大鼠被动回避行为和脑电活动均有影响,说明MA滥用造成的认知行为改变与中枢神经系统电生理活性改变有关。     

死后血液流动对氯胺酮在家兔尸体内再分布的影响

目的观察分析静脉注射氯胺酮家兔死后血液流动对体内药物浓度再分布影响。方法雄性新西兰大白兔随机分为实验组2组（各24只）,对照组（8只）;实验组家兔经耳缘静脉注入40mg/kg氯胺酮,1.5h后处死,其中一组立即结扎主动脉,另一组不结扎;家兔尸体仰卧位室温下保存,分别于死后0、3、6、12、24、48、72和96h解剖并采取组织和体液样本;对照组静脉注射等量生理盐水,同样方法解剖取相同样本。所有样本采用GC/MS和GC-NPD法检测样品中氯胺酮含量。结果两个实验组家兔尸体放置96h内氯胺酮含量,除尿液各时间点与0h以及相邻时间点之间比较均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）外,两组家兔其余各类样本与0h以及相邻时间点比较均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。除尿液外,各类样本两个实验组之间均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;结扎组和不结扎组心血与外周血中氯胺酮含量比值分别为0.90~1.03和0.90~1.02。结论静脉注射氯胺酮家兔死后的血液流动不是体内氯胺酮发生再分布的主要机制。     

小鼠脑外伤后Apelin-13对自噬相关蛋白表达的影响

目的观察Apelin-13对小鼠脑外伤（Traumaticbraininjury,TBI）自噬相关蛋白的影响,并初步探讨其对小鼠脑外伤后自噬相关蛋白调节的作用机制。方法取健康雄性CD-1小鼠,随机分为假手术（sham）组、生理盐水（sa-line）组、Apelin-13组。Apelin-13组和saline组在建立脑外伤模型前10min,分别注射Apelin-13（0．3μg／g）或等量生理盐水于侧脑室,然后利用Western-Blot检测脑外伤后24h、48h组大脑皮质自噬相关蛋白LC3、P62、Beclin-1和Bcl-2等的表达情况。结果与sham组相比,在脑外伤后24h、48h,saline组自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ／LC3-Ⅰ比值,Beclin-1的蛋白表达均被显著上调（P〈0．01）;同时Bcl-2、P62的蛋白表达水平被显著下调。然而,与saline组相比,Apelin-13组可显著下调自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ／LC3-Ⅰ比值和Beclin-1的蛋白表达水平（P〈0．01）;同时显著上调Bcl-2和P62的表达水平;亦明显降低Beclin-1／Bcl-2的比值。结论Apelin-13可以明显抑制脑外伤后小鼠大脑皮质细胞的自噬活性,这一作用可能是通过调节Beclin-1、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平来实现的。     

成年小鼠氯胺酮慢性中毒后脑细胞凋亡

目的研究不同持续时间和剂量下氯胺酮慢性中毒对成年小鼠脑细胞凋亡发生的影响。方法氯胺酮按不同剂量(4、10、20、30mg/kg)每周2次于成年小鼠尾静脉注射,建立小鼠氯胺酮滥用慢性中毒模型,氯胺酮连续注射1、2、4、8、12周后处死。采用透射电镜进行细胞凋亡的定性检测,以Caspase-3免疫荧光染色法和脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling,TUNEL)定量检测凋亡细胞数,推断凋亡发生的时间,并统计分析实验结果。结果氯胺酮染毒1周后,在透射电镜下见到脑组织海马及纹状体区域有明显的神经元凋亡,并持续至8周后;染毒1周可见Caspase-3高表达,4周后呈持续低水平表达;染毒1周后可见TUNEL阳性细胞较对照组明显增加,4周时仍处于高水平表达。结论氯胺酮尾静脉注射可致成年小鼠神经元凋亡。     

甲基苯丙胺和氯胺酮在家兔体内毒代动力学及相互影响

目的比较家兔单独静脉注射甲基苯丙胺、氯胺酮及二种药物联合静注时的毒物代谢动力学过程,评价二种药物毒代动力学的相互作用。方法单用甲基苯丙胺组以3mg/kg剂量家兔静脉注射甲基苯丙胺,单用氯胺酮组以30mg/kg剂量家兔静脉注射氯胺酮,合用组以相同剂量同时注射两种药物。分别于给药后不同时间点收集血浆标本,测定各时间点药物浓度,WinNonLin软件拟合毒代动力学房室模型并计算参数。结果甲基苯丙胺在家兔体内的毒代动力学过程呈一级动力学特征,符合单室模型,合用氯胺酮后不改变其模型类型。氯胺酮在家兔体内的毒代动力学过程呈一级动力学特征,符合单室模型,合用甲基苯丙胺后符合二室模型。结论甲基苯丙胺和氯胺酮可以相互延缓其在体内的消除过程,增加彼此在体内的吸收,从而延长作用时间。     

乙醇对氯胺酮在家兔体内毒物代谢动力学的影响研究

目的研究乙醇对氯胺酮在家兔体内毒物代谢动力学行为的影响。方法实验家兔分为单用氯胺酮组、氯胺酮与乙醇合用组及对照组,三组动物分别灌胃氯胺酮0.15 g/kg、乙醇3.0g/kg与氯胺酮0.15 g/kg及等体积生理盐水。分别于给药前和给药后不同时间点收集血、尿标本,GC和GC/MS法测定氯胺酮和代谢物去甲氯胺酮浓度,WinNor-Lin软件拟合房室模型并计算氯胺酮和去甲氯胺酮毒物代谢动力学参数。结果氯胺酮在家兔体内的毒物代谢动力学过程呈一级动力学特征,符合二室开放模型,合用乙醇后不改变其房室类型。合用乙醇组家兔体内氯胺酮的K10、AUC和β均大于单用氯胺酮组,而T1/2K10、T1/2β、A和Cmax均小于单用氯胺酮组,两组之间存在显著性差异(P0.05);V/F、K01、K12、K21、T1/2K01、α、T1/2α、Tmax和B等参数两组之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。合用乙醇组家兔体内氯胺酮的代谢物去甲氯胺酮的K01、A、B和Cmax等参数均大于单用氯胺酮组,而T1/2K01、Tmax均小于单用氯胺酮组,两组之间存在显著性差异(P0.05);V/F、K10、K12、K21、AUC、T1/2K10、T1/2α、T1/2β、β等参数两组之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论乙醇可加快氯胺酮在体内的消除过程,促进其转化为去甲氯胺酮,对于氯胺酮与乙醇合并滥用的鉴定,应考虑两者的相互作用。     

Gas chromatographic detection of cocaine and cocaethylene in hair of mice chronically injected with cocaine or cocaethylene and fed ethanol.

GC and GC/MS analysis was used to detect cocaine and cocaethylene in hair extracts of mice injected with 20 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of cocaethylene fumarate twice daily for 3 weeks. Some mice were fed liquid Lieber-DeCarli diets containing ethanol (26% of total calories) and injected twice daily with the same doses of cocaine or cocaethylene or combination of cocaine and morphine (5 mg/kg). The average concentrations of cocaine in different experimental groups were in the range of 0.9-2.4 ng/mg of hair and for cocaethylene, 2.4-2.8 ng/mg of hair. There were no significant differences in hair concentrations of cocaine among groups receiving cocaine treatment, nor were there significant difference in cocaethylene concentration in hair in the two groups administered cocaethylene. In hair extracts of mice treated with cocaine and ethanol, levels of cocaethylene were below the limit of detection.     

腹腔连续注射低剂量氯胺酮后大鼠海马LC3和Beclin1的表达

目的研究腹腔连续注射低剂量氯胺酮后大鼠海马自噬相关蛋白LC3、Beclin1的表达及其意义。方法 SD大鼠30只随机分为用药组和对照组,用药组大鼠以5mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射氯胺酮,每间隔30min 1次,共5次。对照组予以等量生理盐水。用药组大鼠按用药后时间不同分为6小组,分别于末次给药后1,3,6,12,24,48h后取海马组织备用,用免疫荧光技术和Western blot技术检测大鼠海马组织中LC3、Beclin1的表达,应用统计学处理,比较用药组与对照组的蛋白表达差异。结果与对照组比较,用药组大鼠海马组织中LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ值在1h表达开始增多,6h呈强表达,Beclinl的表达在6h开始增多,12,24,48h都呈强表达(P<0.05)。结论腹腔连续注射低剂量氯胺酮能促进海马组织发生自噬,自噬增强是对氯胺酮毒性的反应。     

Utility of immunoassay in drug screening in skeletal tissues: sampling considerations in detection of ketamine exposure in femoral bone and bone marrow following acute administration using ELISA

Detection of ketamine exposure in skeletal tissues by automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) is described. Rats (n = 18) received 0, 15, 30, or 75 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride acutely (i.p.), and were euthanized within 15 min or 1 h. Ketamine was extracted from ground femoral bone by methanolic incubation followed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), while marrow was homogenized in alkaline solution, and then underwent LLE. Extracts were analyzed by ELISA, and subsequently by GC-ECD following derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride. The effect of tissue type (i.e., diaphyseal bone vs. epiphyseal bone vs. bone marrow) on the immunoassay response was examined through determination of binary classification test sensitivity (S) and measurement of the relative decrease in absorbance (%DA, drug-positive tissues vs. drug-free controls) in each tissue type. The %DA varied significantly between different tissues examined under a given dose condition, and generally decreased in the order marrow > epiphyseal bone > diaphyseal bone, at all dose levels examined. Measured S values for marrow, epiphyseal bone, and diaphyseal bone were 100%, 77%, and 23%, respectively (75 mg/kg dose). These results suggest that the type of skeletal tissue sampled and position sampled within a given bone (diaphyses vs. epiphyses) are important parameters in drug screening of skeletal tissues.     

Effect of murine retroviral infection on hair and serum levels of cocaine and morphine.

LP-BM5 retrovirally infected female C57BL/6J mice were administered cocaine, morphine or both by daily intraperitoneal injection for 9 weeks. Drug concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum and in hair extracts. Hair samples obtained from all drug-treated mice were positive for the drug injected, while none of the saline-treated mice had detectable drug levels in hair or serum. The average morphine concentration obtained from non-infected mice was 11 ng/mg hair whereas the amount found in the LP-BM5-infected mice was significantly higher (20 ng/mg hair). Mice injected with both morphine and cocaine were given 50% of the regular dose of each drug and drug levels in the hair of these animals were approximately half that of mice injected with the full dose of the single drug. Non-infected mice treated with both drugs had a mean value of 7 ng morphine/mg hair and 374 ng cocaine/mg hair while retrovirus-infected mice had significantly higher concentrations, 10 ng morphine/mg hair and 1160 ng cocaine/mg hair (P less than 0.001). Serum concentrations of cocaine and morphine were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the retrovirus-infected animals from 40 min to 1.5 h. The increased concentrations of cocaine and morphine in serum during retrovirus infection are accompanied by a significant increase in the amount of drug incorporated into the hair matrix. This change indicates that retroviral infection may influence the disposition of these drugs in the systemic circulation.     

保存温度与时间对生物样品中氯胺酮稳定性的影响

目的研究不同温度和时间条件保存时生物样品中氯胺酮的稳定性。方法家兔以氯胺酮150mg/kg灌胃,30min后处死,取其血、肝、肾、脑,分别在室温（18～24℃）和冷冻（-20℃）条件下保存,并用气相色谱-质谱法定性分析、气相色谱-氮磷检测器法测定不同时间各样品中氯胺酮含量。结果血、肝、肾、脑冷冻保存至第30天氯胺酮含量均降低（P〈0.05）;室温条件下各样品中氯胺酮含量自第5天起均升高（P〈0.05）。结论生物样品在冷冻条件下保存时氯胺酮稳定性较好,怀疑氯胺酮中毒或死亡的检材应冷冻保存,尽快检测。     

Potentiation of lethality and increase in body temperature by combined use of d-methamphetamine and morphine in mice

Lethality and change in body temperature in mice were examined after subcutaneous injection of d-methamphetamine and morphine alone or in combination. The LD50 values for methamphetamine and morphine were calculated to be 95 and 670 mg/kg body wt., respectively. When a non-lethal dose of morphine (300 mg/kg) was administered with various doses of methamphetamine, the LD50 for methamphetamine was reduced to 5 mg/kg, indicating a marked potentiation of toxicity by combined use of both drugs. Injection of 5 mg/kg of methamphetamine produced slight hyperthermia, while 300 mg/kg of morphine decreased the body temperature of mice. However, when both drugs were used concomitantly, a marked increase in body temperature was observed. Hyperthermia was also observed when the dose of morphine was reduced to 50 mg/kg. It is postulated that hyperthermia is probably one of the contributory factors in the potentiated toxicity by combined use of morphine and methamphetamine.