脱域视角下流动人口安全感影响因素及提升路径分析

脱域机制下流动人口的安全感影响因素主要有警民信任因素、社会资本因素。文章认为要提升流动人口安全感,在社会资本方面,着重于打造社区精神共同体,具体途径为政府主动引导,以制度化方式为居民参与社区公共活动提供推力;重塑社区信任,以此来提升社区凝聚力;打造社区特色安全文化,增进社区认同。在提升警民信任方面,具体途径为善用信息技术,搭筑社区警务信息平台;结合居民实际需求,推进社区警务服务方式的革新。     

人文治理视角下红色文化融入社区治理的理论逻辑与实践机制

在“单位中国”向“社区中国”的转型中,如何解决社区公共性衰微是新时代社区治理面临的重要课题。红色文化作为社区治理的宝贵资源,在基层治理体系中蕴含重要的理论源泉和实践价值。立足于人文治理视角,从党建引领、社会资本和公共价值中发掘红色文化融入社区治理的理论逻辑,在此基础上构建“心理变量-实践载体-治理维度”的分析框架,通过对延安市B街道的个案分析进一步探讨红色文化融入社区治理的实践机制。红色文化作为一种非制度化的因素融入社区治理的逻辑和体系中,既能优化社区制度建设和权力运行秩序,又能推动社区人文滋养、关系结构和服务传递维度的建构与发展,是实现社区善治的有益探索。     

“二元协商”模型对我国环境公众参与制度的启示与借鉴

环境公众参与被定位为实现环境民主的具体制度,对其制度现状的审视与制度完善的建议应纳入民主理论框架内。协商民主理论与环境公众参与具有内在关联,完整的协商民主程序应包括公众参与结构性的社会学习和政策制定这两个阶段构成的“二元协商”框架模型,该模型对于完善环境公众参与制度具有借鉴意义。社会学习阶段的审慎民意调查、网络公共论坛和民主恳谈会等形式为公众真正参与环境公共事务进行知识准备和程序训练;公众可以通过公民陪审团和社区环境活动等形式正式参与环境公共政策的制定过程。     

社区公共参与何以增促居民的公共服务获得感?

公共服务获得感作为民众对公共服务客观获得的主观积极心理体验,反映了居民对社会治理的认知与评价。在“以人民为中心”的治理体系建设中,居民参与对公共服务获得感具有重要影响。由于居民参与内容及方式的多样性,何种居民参与以及居民如何参与更能提升其获得感值得深入研究。论文将居民社区公共参与内容分为政府主导型参与和公民自发型参与,将公共参与渠道区分为自上而下的信息传递型渠道、自下而上的诉求表达型渠道和互动沟通型渠道。通过分析居民社区参与的6089份调研数据,研究居民社区公共参与内容和方式对个体获得感的影响机制。研究发现,自发型参与对公共服务获得感具有正向影响,而政府主导型参与对获得感的影响不具有统计显著性。即时的互动型沟通渠道,对公共服务获得感具有显著的正向影响。公民参与效能感和政治信任发挥着重要的调节作用。论文揭示了不同公民参与类型与获得感的关系,丰富了学界关于公共参与及其作用的研究,拓展了个体获得感生成的研究视角,对健全共建共治共享社会治理制度、提升公共服务获得感具有实践启示。在提升基层社会治理能力时,要注重扩大公民自发型参与,并增强政府与公民的互动沟通。     

浅析社区治理中居民参与的作用

治理理论强调主体的多元化,主张在公共管理过程中政府和社会共同承担责任,寄希望于形成一个互信互利的社会氛围。本文分析了居民参与社区治理的意义,指出居民参与对国家民主化进程,社区治理工作乃至居民自身能力的都具有促进作用。     

着力提高街道社区党组织服务群众和社会管理能力

街道社区作为社会的基本单元,是社会管理的重要阵地,在加强和创新社会管理中承担着极其繁重的任务,而街道社区党组织在领导社区居民自治、开展便民服务、做好社会管理等事务过程中将起着核心作用,是党和政府联系居民的连心桥和主心骨,引领了工作方向,推进了社会管理,方便了社区居民。这几年,山西省介休市西南街道坚持党建统领社区服务、统领社会管理,不断探索社区管理新模式,使街道礼区党组织服务群众和管理社会的能力得到进一步增强。     

推进社区依法治理之我见

一、社区依法治理的内涵及特征 社区依法治理是指城市社区区域内的居民群众在党组织的领导下,依照宪法、法律和地方性法规,通过各种途径和形式,参与社区政治、经济、文化和杜会事务的管理,使社区建设和发展逐步走向规范化、制度化和法治化的活动。其主要特征:一是社区依法治理的性质,属于基层依法治理。二是社区依法治理的主体是多元     

社会分层视野下的中国教育公平:宏观趋势与微观机制

改革开放以来,我国的教育事业取得了巨大成就,总体表现为九年义务教育全面普及、居民平均受教育年限稳步提升、高等教育入学和毕业人数大幅攀升等。但与此同时,教育公平问题也日渐凸显,教育获得的城乡和阶层差距呈现扩大的趋势。本文从社会分层和流动的视角出发,探讨了影响教育机会公平的宏观结构和制度性因素以及微观因素。作者认为,改革开放以来我国社会不平等的扩大、阶层结构的"定型化"、教育回报率的上升等结构性因素使教育在社会流动过程中的重要性日益上升,从而导致社会各主体在教育领域展开了激烈的竞争。与此同时,一系列与人才培养和选拔有关的制度设置或教育政策强化了家庭的经济、文化和社会资本对子女学业成就和教育获得的决定性作用。城市或优势阶层凭借更丰富的各种资本,帮助子女在优质教育资源获得或升学机会方面取得胜利,最终导致受教育机会的城乡和阶层差异不断加剧。结构性因素和教育获得的微观过程两者相互强化,陷入一种非良性循环的过程之中,最终可能带来社会贫富差距扩大或两极分化的风险。最后,作者指出,制定合理均衡的教育制度和具体的政策,逐渐弱化教育的阶层再生产功能,是教育决策部门所面临的重要课题。     

我国城市社区居民政治参与比较研究——社区政治文化与政治参与之间关系的个案分析

城市社区居民政治参与状况一直是学界关注的热点,主流研究将参与不足归结为体制原因.但笔者通过对长春市G社区和L社区的调查发现,在同一地城环境和相同的制度建构下,社区政治参与情况依然不同,主要原因在于社区政治文化,即居民对社区的认知、情感和评价以及他们在社区中对自己的角色定位是影响社区政治参与最为直接的原因.     

培育发展社区社会组织,构建和谐社区

社区社会组织是一种优化配置社区资源和社区居民需求的有效载体,是推动社区居民参与和谐社区建设的积极力量。本文在对昆明市五华区苏家塘社区社会组织的发展现状进行研究的基础上,进一步探讨了当前社区社会组织参与和谐社会建设中存在的主要问题,并提出了改进和完善的对策建议。     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

Competence in caring in legal practice

This article is concerned with the stories of female solicitors working in Queensland, Australia, and their account of ethics in practice. These narratives were sought and made in the context of our project investigating complaints received against practitioners in this jurisdiction. Our interviews with female lawyers were intended to provide more insight into complaints matters. Yet this discussion revealed broader insights into ethical questions about the nature of lawyer–client relationships and legal professionalism. This article considers these accounts by reflecting on the concept of ‘care’ and its fit with legal practice requirements today. In doing so, we consider the difficult gendered question of the relationship between caring and ‘women's’ practice. We do not assert a true woman's working style; we seek to contextualise our empirical research by tracing the complex effect of gender on lawyering roles. Finally, we suggest that the adoption of caring practice is a valid approach to lawyering and call for a caring approach to be re-valued in the legal professional context as an ethical proposition.