论公证制度与所有权保留制度的结合

一、关于所有权保留"所有权保留"虽是一个较为晦涩的法律概念,但在实际生活中却运用得很普遍。只是参与其中的主体没有把这种商品交易中经常发生的行为与"所有权保留"这一法律概念联系起来。当然,最重要的原因可能是我国法律法规关于所有权保留制度规定的稀缺。我国学者关于此制度的论述也较少。笔者希望通过自己的阐述,为所有权保留制度在诚信体系还不够完善的中国提供一条可以实际运作的途径,发挥其本应发挥的作用。     

所有权保留的构成及适用

《中华人民共和国合同法》第一百三十四条作出了在买卖合同中约定保留所有权的规定，确立了所有权保留制度，这是对我国《民法通则》以及《担保法》的发展。 　　一、所有权保留的发展 　　所有权保留，是指在买卖合同中，买受人虽占有使用了标的物，但双方当事人约定的条件成就前，出卖人仍保留标的物的所有权，待约定的条件成就后再将所有权转移给买受人的一种旨在消灭交易风险的制度。 　　所有权保留制度源远流长，在罗马法上就有类似的规定，德国普通法时期业已出现，并且对这一制度的合法性予以了认可。 1990年的《德国民法典》第 455…     

所有权保留制度中买卖双方权利及法律保护

所有权保留是指在移转财产所有权的商品交易中,根据法律规定或当事人的约定,财产所有人移转财产的占有于对方当事人,而仍保留其对该财产的所有权,待对方当事人交付价金或完成特定条件时,该财产的所有权才发生转移的一种制度。所有权保留适用于买卖、互易、赠与等领域,又以买卖合同中的所有权保留条款最为常见。所有权保留制度由来已久,在早期的罗马法中,就已存在所有权保留制度的雏形,但所有权保留的早期类型只是一种简单的所有权保留。随着经济的发展,为了平衡买卖双方的合法权益,充分发挥所有权保留制度的功能,所有权保留的类型渐呈多样化…     

论所有权保留中出卖人的一物数卖行为

所有权保留制度自有其存在价值。通过对于我国大陆首次明确承认所有权保留制度的《合同法》第134条的检讨,进一步确认了买受人应有之一种受法律保护的附条件权利的期待权。各国(地区)立法例就此项制度之规制均有瑕疵。对于买受人期待权之损害,通常源自出卖人与第三人之不法行为。出卖人一物数卖之再转让行为即属典型样态。笔者以为,所有权保留之登记与否对于出卖人再行将标的物出卖于第三人之行为具有重大影响。即条件不同效力有别。     

浅析所有权保留财产的执行

从《合同法》第１３４条的规定看，所有权保留买卖在我国有了明文规定，此前，《民法通则》第６２条“民事法律行为可以附条件，附条件的民事法律行为在符合所附条件时生效”的规定，也可作为所有权保留制度的依据。因标的物所有权与占有权相分离，使得法院在执行时，必将会碰到执行对象的所有权人不是被执行人而是案外人的情况，在案外人（卖方）提出异议时，显然，在被执行人（买方）未付清价款时，因财产所有权还是案外人所有，如何依法进行下一步的执行工作实有必要探究。为此，有必要先了解所有权保留买卖制度的一些情况。 一、所有权…     

所有权保留客体的思考

所有权保留制度在各国得到普遍的认可和实行,并且在日益地完善.国际货物买卖实践中所有权保留制度也起着十分重要的作用.但是由于各国社会背景、法律体系不同,导致对所有权保留制度的规定也各不相同.我国现行民事立法对所有权保留制度仅有原则性的规定,这在实践中造成了许多的问题.从世界各国有关所有权保留制度的立法模式出发,分析该制度存在的理论基础及比较优势,通过比较和借鉴其他国家和地区相关立法,对所有权保留制度的客体范围进行研究与探讨.     

所有权保留的法理基础与实践分析

我国《合同法》第134条简单地规定了所有权保留,但很多具体问题并未涉及,比如出卖人的取回权、买受人的期待权、第三人的权利保护等,新出台的物权法对此制度也没有进一步的规定。这就给司法实践处理所有权保留纠纷带来了相当大的困扰。本文首先对所有权保留制度进行法理分析,然后在此基础上,以民事诉讼法为视角,分析司法实践者应当如何具体操作涉及所有权保留买卖的相关诉讼,以期完善所有权保留制度,并有助于司法实践。     

所有权保留分期付款房屋买卖合同之研究

所有权保留分期付款房屋买卖合同之研究方龙华所有权保留制度作为与分期付款买卖合同结合紧密的担保方式，早已在国外普遍得以采纳和运用。我国立法尚未确认这一制度，但所有权保留分期付款方式业已在房屋及一些耐用消费品销售中得到运用，由此产生了诸多法律问题。本文拟...     

所有权保留制度若干问题探究

我国《合同法》第134条规定了所有权保留制度,但该规定过于单薄,对有关所有权保留的法律性质、客体、设定公示、当事人权利等诸多问题都没有规定,存在立法缺陷,在实践中也缺乏可操作性。文章就这一制度的相关学说和各国立法加以比较研究,提出一些观点,以期达到促进其完善发展的目的。     

涉外所有权保留法律适用的分割制

所有权保留因为兼具债权与物权的双重性质,其法律适用问题单纯按照债权法律关系,抑或是物权法律关系解决,都难免有失偏颇.分割制作为美国第二次冲突法革命开始被广泛应用的制度,其主要的做法即是对案件中的各个特定问题分别进行选择,有利于实现判决结果的实质正义.从分割制自身的适用特点来讲,其可以有效地预防法律规避带来的不良后果,并且能最大限度地实现国际私法的价值.从所有权保留制度本身来看,其原因行为与结果行为具有不同特点,其债权法律关系和物权法律关系的相互交织,要求所有权保留的法律适用问题通过分割制解决.涉外所有权保留法律关系的适当法就应该是将该法律关系分割为包含主体缔约能力问题、买卖双方之间的法律关系问题、买卖涉及第三人利益等几个方面,分别适用不同的冲突规范,并通过世界各国立法例检验,证明分割制在涉外所有权保留法律关系的法律适用中有旺盛的生命力.     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Trustees in Cyprus regulated in 2007

Trust and company service providers in Cyprus are followingin the footsteps of their European counterparts and will toobe regulated at the beginning of 2007.     

Differences in female and male involvement in lethal violence in Russia

Relatively little is known of the distributions of homicide event characteristics in non-Western nations in which women relative to men are involved. This article utilizes unique homicide narratives drawn from Russian court and police records to compare homicide victim, offender, and event characteristics by sex of victim and separately by sex of offender. Results from logistic regression show that homicides in which a female was the victim or offender were more likely to occur between intimates and to occur in the home, whereas homicides involving males were more likely to occur in a public place, to be alcohol-related, to involve a firearm, and to involve a victim and offender who did not know each other well. These results not only present an important first glimpse at women as homicide victims and offenders in Russia specifically, but also provide a point of comparison with findings from similar analyses undertaken in the West, and present further initial observations upon which to construct a cohesive theory about female involvement in serious violent events.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.     

论述二十世纪九十年代美国的犯罪问题

在20世纪90年代,犯罪已成为美国社会所面临的一个严峻的问题。集团、枪支、烈性酒、毒品是引发犯罪的重要因素。各类犯罪影响了美国社会的正常秩序,给受害者带来了物质和精神上的痛苦。研究20世纪90年代美国的犯罪问题可以为我国今天打击、预防犯罪提供一些借鉴。     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。