水中尸体肺组织硅藻检验与死因分析

目的 探讨肺组织中硅藻对于判断水中尸体死亡原因的应用价值.方法 收集水中尸体407例,对死亡原因、案件性质、组织器官中硅藻检验结果进行分析.取45只兔按照生前、死后入水及不同季节入水等随机分为9组,应用硝酸消化法处理检材,检测肺组织中硅藻含量.结果 407例水中尸体,硅藻检验阳性372例,其中意外死亡和自杀351例,他...     

498例水中尸体硅藻检验分析

准确、有效地对水中尸体进行生前或死后入水鉴定,组织器官中硅藻的定性和定量检验被认为是较好的一种实验室检验方法[1]。为进一步证明硅藻检验在水中尸体鉴定中的实用价值及其实践意义,本文作者对10年间(1994~2003)498例水中尸体硅藻检验结果进行了回顾性分析,现报道如下。1案例资料1.1一般资料统计10年间(1994~2003)法医室受理的498例水中尸体的硅藻检验案例,根据尸体检验和调查访问,明确为生前入水者124例(24.9%),死后入水者44例(8.8%);不能明确生前或死后入水者330例(66.3%)。男性尸体293例(58.8%),女性205例(41.2%);年龄最小为出生1天,…     

硅藻检验结论在判断死亡原因中的运用

水中尸体的硅藻检验结论是判断死者是否溺死的重要依据之一。微波消解-真空抽滤-扫描电镜法硅藻检验已经成为水中尸体案件的常规且相对可靠的检验方法,相关内容的公共安全行业标准已正式发布实施。该类案件的检验结论通常表达为:水样,尸体的肺脏、肝脏、肾脏、骨髓中检出某种硅藻和硅藻含量。但受死者的死亡过程、水样的提取方法和检验方法等因素影响,硅藻检验的结果会有所差异,不能简单地依据检验结果中有或没有硅藻来判断是否溺死。只有合理地分析和运用该检验结论,才能正确地判断死者的死亡原因,更好地刻画死亡过程。本文通过对不同的检验结论进行分析总结,解释结论的成因,希望能够帮助法医依据硅藻检验结论,更加准确地判断死亡原因。     

硅藻检验方法综述

水中尸体的调查在法医学检案中占了重要的一部分。水中尸体未必就意味着其死亡原因是溺死,也可以由其他原因引起,例如死后入水。实际上,尸体现象很难证明死亡的原因。所以,关于受害者是否为"真的"溺死的问题常常不容易解决。目前,硅藻检验被认为是溺死诊断的"金标准"。通过硅藻的定性定量分析,不仅可以对死亡原因有更直接的判断,也可以指向可能的溺死地点。本文介绍国内外硅藻检验的样本采集、检验方法、结果评价的研究进展,并对硅藻检验研究进行展望。     

溺水尸体硅藻检验的研究进展CSCD

判断水中尸体是生前溺水或是死后抛尸,以及高度腐败尸体的死因鉴定是法医学实践中的难点问题,硅藻检验是鉴定溺水死亡的重要辅助方法。本文综述了近年来硅藻检验技术的发展情况,阐述了法医学硅藻检验技术的研究进展,以及其在法医学领域的应用价值。     

溺水尸体硅藻检验的研究进展

判断水中尸体是生前溺水或是死后抛尸,以及高度腐败尸体的死因鉴定是法医学实践中的难点问题,硅藻检验是鉴定溺水死亡的重要辅助方法。本文综述了近年来硅藻检验技术的发展情况,阐述了法医学硅藻检验技术的研究进展,以及其在法医学领域的应用价值。     

鉴别溺死的一个新方法——检测水中尸体肺里含叶绿素的浮游生物

<正> 水中发现的尸体均应区别生前溺死抑或抛尸入水。过去多根据内脏的硅藻检验结果辨别。由于硅藻广泛分布于自然界,甚至空气中亦有,易于造成污染。所以有些学者对用硅藻检查法鉴定溺死的可靠性已提出疑问。冈田健夫等提出,检查尸体     

微波消解-扫描电镜联用法在溺死诊断中的应用

目的探讨微波消解-扫描电镜联用法在溺死诊断中的应用价值。方法收集已知死因的尸体标本105例,其中水中尸体85例(生前溺死70例,死后抛尸入水15例),陆地自然死亡尸体20例。水中死亡案例同时收集落水处水样。分别用微波消解-扫描电镜联用法(方法 A)和硝酸破机-光镜联用法(方法 B)对上述尸体的离体肺、肝、肾、骨髓组织及水样进行硅藻定性、定量检测。结果①溺死尸体的肺、肝、肾、骨髓中及落水处水样硅藻检出率:A法分别为100%、94.3%、92.9%、82.9%、100%,硅藻检验阳性率为100%;B法分别为90%、62.9%、51.4%、28.6%、92.9%,硅藻检验阳性率为65.7%。②两种方法检出的硅藻种类与落水处水样中硅藻的种类均一致。③两种方法在死后入水尸体离体的肺中也检出少量硅藻(<3个/2g肺组织),但在死后入水尸体的其它脏器及陆地自然死亡尸体脏器中均未检出硅藻。结论微波消解-扫描电镜联用法较硝酸破机-光镜联用法对尸体离体组织脏器中的硅藻检出率高,方法灵敏,定性准确。     

硅藻的检验现状

<正>在水中尸体的检验中，硅藻的存在可成为判断是否生前溺死的重要证据之一。本文作者就国内外有关硅藻的生物学特性、检验方法、取材部位等研究状况作一综述，旨在为法医学溺死的诊断提供思路。     

淡水硅藻种群及数量变化的影响因素及其法医学意义

江河、湖泊等淡水系统中,硅藻种群及数量变化与环境、水文的改变有着极其密切的关系。本文针对近年来淡水硅藻种群及数量变化影响因素的研究进行综述,以期为通过硅藻检验结果合理分析水中尸体死因、案件性质及判断落水点提供参考依据。     

清初绅士眼中的上海地方司法活动——以姚廷遴《历年记》为中心的考察

清初上海人姚廷遴在其著作《历年记》中,记录了他的人生经历和当时上海的社会状况,其中包括了大量的诉讼活动。然而,由于作者的特殊身份与案件主体的特殊身份,《历年记》中所记载的案件数量,并不能证明清初上海地区的“健讼”风气,藉此引发我们重新对“健讼”问题进行思考。另一方面,《历年记》中记载的案件处理过程,也透露出一些被正史和档案所遮蔽的司法运作问题。     

Production of carbon monoxide in cadavers

Carbon monoxide (CO), total hemoglobin (Hb) and carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) in the blood and reddish discolored body cavity fluids of cadavers which had not been exposed to fire and CO were analyzed. In 13 cadavers found on land, the maximum saturation of HbCO in the blood was 3.6%, and was 10.1% in the body cavity fluids. There was only one case in which the HbCO saturations in the body cavity fluids were more than 10%. In seven drowned bodies found in fresh water, the highest HbCO saturation in the blood was 6.1%, and was 44.1% in the body cavity fluids. There were three cases in which the HbCO saturations in the body cavity fluids were more than 10%. In 12 drowned bodies found in sea water, the HbCO saturations in the blood were not more than 6.2%, and the maximum saturation of HbCO in the body cavity fluids was 83.7%. There were eight cases in which the HbCO saturations in the body cavity fluids were more than 10%. The results seem to indicate that the interpretation of HbCO saturation in the blood would not be affected significantly by the postmortem formation of CO, and that body cavity fluids should not be used for CO determination.     

上海市城市轨道交通事故死亡案例分析

目的分析城市轨道交通事故死亡案例特点,为今后此类事故的法医学鉴定以及预防提供参考。方法收集上海市2005--2008年间城市轨道交通事故死亡案例18例,从案件的性质、损伤机制及特征等方面,总结此类案件的法医学特点。结果18例城市轨道交通事故死者,年龄在21～55岁。其中,自杀14例,意外4例;颅脑损伤死亡14例,创伤性休克死亡4例。损伤以撞击、摔跌伤为主,部分存在碾压伤。结论城市轨道交通事故所致损伤具有其特征性,案件性质主要为自杀,部分为偶然的意外事件,具有可防范性。     

246例高坠案件中坠落高度与损伤分析

目的对高坠案件进行统计分析,为相关鉴定研究提供参考。方法收集上海市浦东地区最近十年来记录有坠落距离的246例高坠案件,对人体损伤的特点进行比较分析。结果自杀高坠的高度显著高于意外高坠的高度(25.70m:13.98m);所有高坠中,头部损伤概率较高(75.2%),颈部损伤概率较低(6.5%);意外高坠的头部损伤概率高于自杀组(89.4%:75.2%)。结论意外高坠的死者比自杀高坠的死者更缺乏四肢对于头部的保护;过低的颈部损伤发现率提示国内法医工作者应该更加重视在高坠案件中的对于颈部损伤的检查。     

上海地区干尸形成的条件及机理

运用常规的尸体检验方法对干尸进行检验,根据季节、现场、尸体保存方法等探讨干尸形成的条件和机理。发现在上海温暖潮湿南方地区,干尸形成多见于气温较低、环境干燥季节,死亡前多有脱水和绝食经历,且伴有翻动尸体及通风等人为干预因素。     

Time of death of victims found in cold water environment

Limited data is available on the application of post-mortem temperature methods to non-standard conditions, especially in problematic real life cases in which the body of the victim is found in cold water environment. Here we present our experience on two cases with known post-mortem times. A 14-year-old girl (rectal temperature 15.5 degrees C) was found assaulted and drowned after a rainy cold night (+5 degrees C) in wet clothing (four layers) at the bottom of a shallow ditch, lying in non-flowing water. The post-mortem time turned out to be 15-16 h. Four days later, at the same time in the morning, after a cold (+/- 0 degrees C) night, a young man (rectal temperature 10.8 degrees C) was found drowned in a shallow cold drain (+4 degrees C) wearing similar clothing (four layers) and being exposed to almost similar environmental and weather conditions, except of flow (7.7 l/s or 0.3 m/s) in the drain. The post-mortem time was deduced to be 10-12 h. We tested the applicability of five practical methods to estimate time of death. Henssge's temperature-time of death nomogram method with correction factors was the most versatile and gave also most accurate results, although there is limited data on choosing of correction factors. In the first case, the right correction factor was close to 1.0 (recommended 1.1-1.2), suggesting that wet clothing acted like dry clothing in slowing down body cooling. In the second case, the right correction factor was between 0.3 and 0.5, similar to the recommended 0.35 for naked bodies in flowing water.     

Factors influencing the precision of estimating the postmortem interval using the triple-exponential formulae (TEF). Part II. A study of the effect of body temperature at the moment of death on the postmortem brain, liver and rectal cooling in 117 forensic cases

The temperatures of three body sites, namely, the brain, liver and the rectum as well as the temperature of the environment were continuously monitored, every 5-10 min, in 117 forensic cases commencing soon after death and in most cases, within 45 min postmortem. The body temperature at the moment of death was empirically determined by a computer-based extrapolation method. Thus, temperature data for the first 3h of each body site were fitted to single-exponential equations and the fitted curve was extrapolated backwards to obtain the intercept on the Y-axis (the temperature axis). The effect of body temperature at the moment of death on postmortem cooling rate is examined and factors influencing body temperature at death are discussed. Forensic fatalities associated with hyper and hypothermia are reviewed briefly.     

Acute Poisoning Types and Prevalence in Shanghai,China, from January 2010 to August 2011

In recent years, the number of cases of acute poisoning has increased in China, yet; currently, there is no detailed report published that addresses acute poisoning in the mainland of China. We collected biological samples from 466 cases of suspected acute poisoning at the hospitals in Shanghai, China, and examined them using spectroscopy, chromatography and chromatography/mass spectrometry. Of the 466 cases, 230 cases (100 men and 130 women) were positively confirmed as acute poisonings. There were 80 types of compounds identified in this study. Medications were the most frequent substances identified, and the other substances included pesticides, multiple compounds, volatile compounds, natural toxins, and others. The results of this study indicate a need for strengthening the education about and management of the rational and safe use of drugs in Shanghai.     

Unidentified bodies/skulls found in Danish waters in the period 1992-1996.

In the period 1992-1996 a total of 89 unidentified bodies/skulls found in Danish waters were investigated at the three University Institutes of Forensic Medicine in Denmark. Males constituted 79% of the total material. Open water was the finding place in half the cases, about one-fourth was found on shore and another fourth in a harbor basin. Totally 73 bodies and one skull were identified. Danes constituted 57% of the material. Almost all non-Danes originated from countries with borders to the waters surrounding Denmark. The cause of death was in 71% stated as presumably/possibly drowning, in 5% as severe lesions (precipitation) and in 25% it could not be solved. The manner of death was in non-Danes most often stated as an accident (56%), and according to this the finding place in non-Danes most frequently was the open water (66%). In Danes suicide predominated (71%) and the finding place in Danes was almost equally distributed among open water, shores and harbors, respectively. Among the totally 74 identified cases, 83% of the total material, an initial suggestion of the identity based on effects found on the body was possible in 43 cases (58%). The final identification was performed by means of forensic dental examination in total 58 cases (78%), in Danes in 93% and in non-Danes in 59%. In the remaining 16 cases one or more of the following contributed to the final identification: information about dental condition, clothing, personal papers, X-ray photos, jewelry, tattoos/scars and fingerprints. The importance of a close collaboration between the police, the forensic pathologist and the forensic dental expert in order to reach a fair number of positive identifications is emphasized.     

上海市道路交通事故受伤人员伤残分析

目的分析道路交通事故伤残的特征,为制定和修改伤残鉴定标准和相关法规提供参考。方法对上海市因道路交通事故受伤,2005年经法医评定构成伤残的案例资料进行回顾性分析。结果伤残部位以肢体最多（53.3%）,其次为头部（23.3%）,脊柱（9.7%）,胸部（5.8%）和腹部（4.4%）。2005年上海市交通事故年累积致残率为414.8/10万,男性（505.7/10万）高于女性（318.7/10万）,以35～59岁的致残率最高（538.2/10万）,60岁以上致残率呈现下降趋势（30.2/10万）。伤残者中交通方式以非机动车最多,其次为行人。结论2005年上海市道路交通伤致残率青壮年（35～59岁）最高,对社会经济和劳动力损失大。