论恐怖主义犯罪的惩治及我国立法的发展完善

恐怖主义 (terrorism)是当今国际社会普遍关注的焦点问题之一 ,恐怖主义罪行的惩治问题也愈加成为国际社会与世界各国关注的热点。随着国际政治、经济和文化交流的发展 ,恐怖主义犯罪的规模不断扩大 ,地域也逐渐走出国界、区域 ,而逐渐显现出其国际性、跨国性、有组织性、多样性及危害结果严重等特征 ,同时映衬出国际社会原有惩治恐怖主义犯罪措施的匮乏。如何有效地惩治恐怖主义犯罪已经成为当今国际社会与各国刑事立法迫切需要解决的课题 ,也是目前学界亟待深入研讨的问题。本文拟从恐怖主义犯罪的概念、本质、惩治措施等方面分析恐怖主义犯罪惩治的基础理论及法律对策 ,并结合我国刑法相关规定阐述惩治恐怖主义犯罪的基础模式。     

Above the Law? A Comparative Study of National Prosecutions of Heads of State

Official polices on the appropriate government response to crimes committed by a head of state are seldom dictated by strict principles of justice. Deciding whether to bring an errant leader to justice is often influenced by political expediency. Given the number of documented cases of official abuse, there is a need to understand why some governments choose to prosecute a former or sitting head of state while others do not. Yet, few studies have been done on this subject. This study reviews 52 cases of heads of state accused of crimes and explores how their own national governments responded to such accusations. Using data culled from various documentary sources, it employs a grounded theory approach to focus on the process that drives the decision to prosecute. Analysis indicates that political legitimacy, perception of threat, political stability, and degree of politicization of the military influence the decision to prosecute. The article concludes with a discussion of the significance and implications of these findings and suggestions for future research.     

双层社会视阈下数据犯罪的法益规制思路

从网络到现实,双层社会迅速形成,相关犯罪亦从现实社会迁移至网络社会。如何应对伴生的新型犯罪形态,关键在于能否全面、清晰认知双层社会的链接点——数据。数据犯罪随双层社会固化而持续扩张,立法、司法均提出各自的应对思路,但规制现状并不乐观。以数据犯罪为核心,分析该犯罪形态在立法与司法领域的表征,并结合其技术与社会的双重价值属性,针对受损法益展开分析,最终实现对相关罪名适用的逻辑化探索。     

Shedding the blanket of immunity: a commentary on the global principle of ending impunity,realpolitik, and legal precedent

Over the course of the past two decades, there have been attempts by governments and the international political community to limit the scope of immunity granted to heads of states. Nevertheless in recent years we have witnessed former heads of state being brought to justice through ad hoc international criminal tribunals and the permanent International Criminal Court. Yet, head of state immunity remains one of the leading points of contention in international law. The issue is further compounded with the multiplicity of national systems that fall short of their duty to prosecute foreign heads of state if they have committed heinous crimes, those considered jus cogens which constitute peremptory norms. As such, there is a need to examine immunity from prosecution by another state separately from immunity from an international tribunal and/or court. This is especially the case given the problems of initiating ad hoc tribunals and the limited abilities of the ICC, highlighting the need to ensure cooperation of states’ willingness and ability to prosecute. In doing so, I draw from the infamous case of former President of Chile, Augusto Pinochet, and subsequent attempts by national systems to hold accountable foreign heads of state. I conclude by suggesting that the optimism for ending impunity is not only premature, but misguided given the realpolitik surrounding national progression for ending head of state immunity and ensuring their legal obligations to prosecute.     

现代刑法中报复主义残迹的清算

以“恶”为主线的传统刑法在相当程度上具有报复色彩,报复主义起源于人性复仇本能,受到人类社会的相互性原则限制后,流变为罪刑均衡的报应论。但个人的复仇本能常被国家利用,国家权威本能更易增加新的复仇性,进而把罪犯视为社会的敌人。报复主义在解决犯罪的同时又酝酿着新的犯罪,现代刑法要特别警惕报复主义借国家权威主义哲学观发作。     

合理应对严重刑事犯罪之政策设计——基于构建和谐社会的视野

在党和国家将构建社会主义和谐社会作为社会发展总体战略目标的时代背景下,我国应在这一基本国策的指引下合理设计应对严重刑事犯罪的刑事政策。具体来讲：首先,在政策目标设计上,应当确立超越于刑罚目的的政策目标;其次,在政策对象设计上,应将重点应对对象从传统的治安犯罪向职务犯罪、经济犯罪、严重有组织犯罪等拓展;最后,在政策手段设计上,应实现从“严惩”到“严控”的机制转换。     

From Betrayal to Violence: Dante's Inferno and the Social Construction of Crime

This essay reflects on contemporary justifications for the grading of crimes, especially the conception that the gravity of crimes is rooted in "desert," understood to depend particularly on the offender's state of mind and to a lesser extent on the harm done or threatened to society.
Drawing on Dante's Inferno, the essay shows how the gravity of crimes is socially constructed. For reasons rooted in the sociopolitical forces, as well as the philosophy and law of his day, Dante found the crimes most deserving of punishment to be those of betrayal of trust. He conceived such crimes to be the most deliberate and to do the most damage to the social fabric. Contemporary law has found that crimes of betrayal are generally less deserving of punishment than crimes of violence; the essay shows how social and historical forces, including even the traditions upon which Dante drew, have shaped this choice. In the course of grading crimes in this way, the law has altered its conceptions of "intent" as well as of harm to society so radically that the notion of "desert" has lost much of its coherence. The importance of trust in modern society, moreover, has been misunderstood in the contemporary grading of crimes.     

中国大陆黑社会犯罪有关问题述论

目前，在我国明显的、典型的黑社会犯罪还没有出现，但带有黑社会性质的犯罪集团已经出现，横行乡里、称霸一方，欺压、残害群众的有组织犯罪时有出现。另外也发现有境外黑社会组织成员入境进行违法犯罪活动。在多年的实践中，公安机关总结出我国反黑工作的指导方针和基本原则。     

高校职务犯罪：典型生成及预防机制研究——基于网络资料的实证

所谓高校职务犯罪是指高等院校的国家工作人员利用职务便利实施的各种犯罪行为。高校职务犯罪既具有我国整个职务犯罪生成的共性,但更具自身生成的典型性。通过数据分析方法定性研究近5年来高校职务犯罪案件,总结其典型生成特征,蹦期提出行之有效的预防机制。     

试论和谐社会构建中的预防犯罪机制——内外三元结构动态预防论

预防犯罪是整个社会系统中具有特殊功能的一个子系统。在提高构建社会主义和谐社会能力的过程中,如何最大限度地合理发挥预防犯罪的功能不仅是一个实然问题,更是一个应然问题。从规律研究的角度出发,预防犯罪应形成一种机制。这种机制是受其内在规律及特定社会环境影响的;因而,在现实预防犯罪活动中,预防犯罪机制应遵循内外三元结构动态预防的基本思路。在我国现阶段,提高构建社会主义和谐社会能力的需求决定了对现有的预防犯罪机制必须要在预防犯罪目标、预防犯罪结构和运行保障方面进行梳理,尤其要从社会发展的角度深刻认识“打防结合、预防为主”的社会治安综合治理方针。     

日本老年人犯罪的现状及启示

近年来,日本老年人犯罪数量激增,引起了广泛的关注。而老年人犯罪问题是诸多处于老龄化社会的国家面临的问题,因此准确分析日本老年人犯罪的状况、原因、对策,对于处理我国老龄化带来的老年人犯罪问题有一定的启发意义。     

Transformation of the view on crimes in modern China

The view on crimes has progressed from the past monism to the present pluralism. In modern China, the concept of crime is in pluralism. The so-called pluralism here means the many concepts of crime not only co-exist macroscopically within a society, but also microcosmically within a single social member. The pluralism of the concept of crime provides us with a multiangular cognition for the complicated phenomena of crime. As a process of the transformation of the view on crime, it has developed from absolutism to relativism, from scientism to humanism, from conservatism to liberalism, from structuralism to progressivism, and from the pattern of state control to the pattern of social control.     

青少年抢劫犯罪研究

抢劫犯罪的频发对构建和谐社会危害极大,而青少年在抢劫犯罪中占有很大比例,因此研究青少年抢劫犯罪的特点、成因、对策,对于预防、遏制抢劫犯罪,构建和谐社会尤为重要.     

当前浙江经济发展主要问题和经济犯罪态势

浙江地处我国东南沿海地区，市场经济先发，民营经济发达，经济对外依存度很高，国际金融危机不仅严重影响浙江经济和民生，而且诱发诸多经济犯罪问题。浙江经济犯罪活动一直处于发案数量增多、涉案金额攀高、作案手段升级、危害后果加重的状态，呈现出原生性、示范性、区域性等特征。受国际金融危机的冲击和影响，浙江经济领域中的利益冲突、矛盾碰撞明显加剧，诱发各类经济犯罪的因素不断增多，预计当前和今后一个时期，浙江经济犯罪尤其是经济大要案仍将继续呈现多发、高发的态势。     

关于跨国有组织犯罪的若干理论问题

跨国有组织犯罪是有组织犯罪的一种特殊形态 ,也是跨国犯罪的一种主要形式 ,具有结构更加严密、能在国际范围内更加迅速调集资金等特点。不同的历史时期 ,跨国有组织犯罪因经济、社会、文化变迁有不同的特点。近几年来 ,国际恐怖主义及国内分裂势力与跨国有组织犯罪的联系日趋紧密成为新的动态。基于跨国有组织犯罪的复杂性及危害性 ,从国内方面来讲 ,需从政治、经济、法律各方面入手加以控制 ,就国际社会来讲 ,各相关国际组织及各个国家集团或地区性组织均应加强国际合作。     

简论黑社会性质犯罪

黑社会犯罪是有组织犯罪发展的高级阶段，黑社会性质犯罪就是黑社会犯罪，它不过是黑社会犯罪的初级形态和初级发展阶段。我国刑法中明确了“黑社会性质犯罪”这个概念，是根据我国现阶段黑社会犯罪的特点确定的。目前我国存在的黑社会性质犯罪组织主要通过七种基本方式形成。如今黑社会性质犯罪呈现出几大发展趋势正向黑社会的高级形态发展；加速向经济、政治领域渗透以及国际化趋势。     

Justifying Punishment: A Response to Douglas Husak

In ‘Why Criminal Law: A Question of Content?’, Douglas Husak argues that an analysis of the justifiability of the criminal law depends upon an analysis of the justifiability of state punishment. According to Husak, an adequate justification of state punishment both must show why the state is permitted to infringe valuable rights such as the right not to be punished and must respond to two distinct groups of persons who may demand a justification for the imposition of punishment, namely, individuals subjected to punishment and the society asked to support the institution of punishment. In this discussion, I analyse Husak’s account of the right not to be punished with an eye to showing that the parameters of that right do not extend to the cases that would make it controversial. I also consider two other distinct groups of persons who have equal standing to alleged offenders and society to demand justification for the imposition of state punishment, namely, direct victims of crimes and criminal justice officials.     

Exposure to Property Crime as a Consequence of Poverty

This paper investigates whether and why the poor are more exposed to property crime than are the non‐poor, despite the reasonable assumption that poor people lack or have little valuable property that can be stolen. If poor people are more exposed to property crime than those who are not poor, there are needs for explanations. The paper investigates two plausible reasons: the significance of the neighbourhood character and routine activities. The results in the paper indicates that poor people are more exposed to property crimes related to the residence, independent of neighbourhood character and routine activities, while exposure to property crimes related to vehicles depends more on the family situation and age than on poverty per se. When it comes to other kinds of property crime, poor people do not seem to be more exposed than do the nonpoor. That poor people are more exposed to property crime related to their residence, and that there are problem areas explaining why, is worrisome. Those who are poor are often vulnerable to other social problems that tend to exclude them from ordinary living patterns. To find out the relation between poverty and exposure to property crimes related to residence is of importance for crime prevention and probably an important step to prevent those who are poor from being further excluded from society.     

农民抢劫犯罪研究

抢劫犯罪是当前影响社会治安的突出问题,而农民在抢劫犯罪中占的比例最大,社会影响也最严重,其中很多人既是害人者又是受害者.因此研究农民抢劫犯罪的特点、成因、对策,对于从根本上预防、遏制抢劫犯罪,构建和谐社会具有重要的现实意义.     

警察涉黑犯罪初探

警察涉黑犯罪问题是伴随黑社会性质犯罪发展过程中出现的一种特殊现象。由于涉黑的警察与黑社会性质组织的关系不同,在黑社会性质犯罪中所起的作用不同,所以,警察涉黑的表现形式也多种多样。警察涉黑犯罪的本质是警察社会角色的易位和警察权力的异化,其社会危害极其严重。教育整顿警察队伍不仅是公安队伍建设的需要,也是遏制黑社会性质组织发展势头、铲除黑社会性质犯罪的需要。