奥巴马第二任期美国对台政策的调整及影响

奥巴马第二任期基本上延续了第一任期内的对台政策,同时采取了一些新的措施,即在遵循美台非官方关系基本框架、确保避免冲击中美关系的前提下,给予台湾政治、军事、外交等方面的支持以稳固和发展美台关系,突出台湾在美国亚太"再平衡"战略中的重要作用,积极谋求对台湾问题的更多主动权。从近期来看,奥巴马政府对台政策调整仍在一定程度上维护了中美关系的大局、促进了两岸关系的发展,保障了东亚地区的安全稳定;但从长远来看,这些政策调整却蕴含着很多潜在的隐患和不确定性。     

特朗普政府的对台政策及其影响

特朗普执政期间修正了美国国家安全战略,将中国定位为首要战略竞争对手。在中美战略竞争加剧与新冠肺炎疫情相叠加的背景下,特朗普政府调整了对台政策,打"台湾牌"的力度加大,触及到美国涉台政策的传统支柱("一个中国政策""战略模糊""双轨策略"),并加快推动美台"官方关系"和"准同盟关系"。特朗普政府对台政策的调整,是美国遏华战略驱动、两岸关系形势变化、美国战略界保守势力推动等因素相互作用的结果,对台海局势产生了复杂影响。     

布什政府对台政策的回顾与展望

布什政府第一任期内的对台政策经历了从亲台、抚台向抑台的转变,呈现出不断调整、战略清晰化、军事关系强化、与对华政策反向互动等特征.未来美国对台政策将以维持台海现状为主,继续对台军售、提升美台关系,拉拢日本等盟国参与,对重大"台独"事变发生时大陆可能采取的武力解决方针进行"吓阻",但也会继续遏制"台独",支持两岸接触谈判.我们应当以新的思路改善两岸关系及与周边国家的关系,铲除美国"以台制华"着力点,分化美国"以台制华"同盟,战术上"以美制台",增强自身经济、军事实力和制度竞争力,做好应付战争的准备.     

美国对台政策的模糊与清晰

本文建立了一个政治—安全以及宣示性政策—操作性政策两个维度的分析框架，希望可以借此更为细致地梳理分析美国对台政策。在特朗普和拜登政府时期，美国的对台政策在政治层面的宣示性政策、政治层面的操作性政策、安全层面的宣示性政策、安全层面的操作性政策四个方面都有明显的调整。相对而言，两届政府的操作性政策调整的程度要大于宣示性政策。仅就宣示性政策而言，特朗普政府在政治层面的宣示性政策的动作较多，而拜登政府(尤其是拜登总统本人)在安全层面的宣示性动作更明显。美国对台政策调整的最主要原因，一是其认为中国大陆对中国台湾地区使用武力的能力和意图都在上升，二是美国对台湾地区的战略思维正在悄然发生变化。美国对台政策的调整为推进祖国统一制造了障碍，但是决定两岸关系走向、实现祖国完全统一的最关键因素是国家的发展进步。     

基于自组织理论解析美日台三边关系的结构性困境

2008年以来两岸关系逐步趋于缓和,中、美、日三国围绕台湾问题的博弈也正在向着有利于台海地区稳定的方向转换,但是美日"以台制华"的战略思维定势不会轻易改变。本文基于复杂性科学中的自组织理论,深入剖析历史上形成的美日台"同盟"关系以及当前面临的结构性困境,同时就如何在中美日关系三边架构中处理好台湾问题提出相关建议。     

美援与战后台湾的经济改造

本文意在对1950年后十多年间美国因素在政策和制度层面上对台湾发展的影响进行深入考察.本文发现,美国对台湾施加影响的一个重要的和基层的途径,是美国驻台机构与台湾经济官僚集团之间形成的"跨政府关系".这种关系有其特有的组织载体和制度机制,并成为战后前期台湾经济发展的重要制度基础和政策、战略形成的关键因素.文章进而叙述了在跨政府关系的架构下,美国驻台机构和台湾经济官僚是如何共同导演了台湾的进口替代工业化和发展战略的转型.本文认为,虽然美国因素对战后台湾经济发展模式的形成有重大而深刻的影响,但并没有在台湾复制出符合"自由发展主义"理念的美式经济模式.     

美国第115届国会涉台立法探析

第115届美国国会的涉台立法在立法数量上达到空前规模。这些立法有些已通过立法程序而成为公共法律,有些尚未完成立法程序,内容涉及美台之间的政治、经济、军事交往,以及对台军售和台湾的国际参与等诸多方面。以《与台湾交往法》为代表的涉台立法挑战了"一个中国"的政策,破坏了中美关系的政治基础,对中美关系产生了严重的负面影响。美国涉台立法的这一现象反映出在两岸力量对比发生明显有利于大陆的变化后,美国行政和立法部门试图以立法手段实现对台湾的"再保证"。虽然美国涉台立法的实施取决于行政部门对相关政策可行性的认知和判断,但以《与台湾交往法》为代表的涉台立法已成为中美关系的破坏性因素。     

美国对解决台湾问题的政策取向

美国对两岸关系的政策立场,以"不统、不独、不武"为中心点,游离于和平统一与和平分离之间.本文以美国在中美关系正常化之初对中国和平统一的正面态度和世纪之交对两岸政治和谈的敦促鼓励为例,说明美国对两岸统一、和谈的接受度,与中美之间的战略合作需求及两岸关系的紧张程度这两项变量之间存在正相关性,即美国越是需要在全球事务上与中国进行战略合作,就越有可能接受中国和平统一的政策选项;两岸关系越是紧张,美国就越有可能敦促双方进行政治对话.台湾第二次政党轮替以来两岸关系的迅速发展可能减少美国促谈的诱因,但以往两岸关系持续紧张的遗绪,中美全球战略合作的需要,国民党当局对统一诉求的淡化,以及美方部分人士对中国和平统一的开放态度,将足以抵消上述这一不利因素,并由此决定了美国在短期内不会改变乐见两岸进行政治对话的既定政策.     

试析美国奥巴马政府的核不扩散政策

奥巴马政府上台后,美国核不扩散政策出现了重要转变。这一转变既是奥巴马政府对布什政府核不扩散政策进行反思的结果,又是修复美国国际形象和维护其世界领导地位的战略需要,更是美国对朝鲜和伊朗的核开发问题施加压力的一种手段。奥巴马政府对美国核不扩散政策的调整,有利于国际核军控工作走上正轨;将对中国产生多重影响;对地区核问题的解决所产生的效果具有不确定性。     

台湾"总统"选举背后的中美台"两岸三边"关系透视

中美台"两岸三边"关系,实际上是两岸关系中的美国因素和中美关系中的台湾问题.台独问题既是危害和冲击"两岸三边"关系架构的"破坏性"因素,也是台海两岸关系中最敏感的问题.而在2004年台湾"总统"选举中的"台独公投",既是陈水扁激化岛内族群对立和危害两岸关系的直接根源,也是中美台"两岸三边"关系的角力焦点.     

Obama’s Pivot to Asia and Its Failed Japan-South Korea Historical Reconciliation

Since the 1980s, Japan’s war memory has strained its relations with South Korea and China, to a less degree, the USA. Two of the thorniest issues are the comfort women and the US atomic bombing of Japan. Before the Obama administration announced its policy pivot to Asia in 2011, both Japanese and American leaders were reluctant to make amends for the past acts of their countries. However, in 2015, the Japanese conservative Prime Minister Abe reached an agreement with South Korea that “finally and irreversibly” resolved the comfort women issue, thus achieving a historic reconciliation between the two countries. In 2016, then President Obama visited Hiroshima to commemorate the atomic bomb victims. Then, in December 2016, the comfort women issue resurfaced in Japan and South Korea relations, indicating a failure of the reconciliation. Why did the USA change its policy on historical issues involving Japan? Why did Abe and the South Korean President Park Geun-hye settle the comfort women issue? Why did Obama visit Hiroshima? Why did the reconciliation fail? In this article, I propose a rational choice theory to answer these questions. Applying the proposed theory and relying on available evidence, I argue that the settlement of the comfort women issue and Obama’s visit to Hiroshima are important components of Obama’s pivot to Asia to balance China’s rise. The reconciliation failed mainly because it did not resolve the historical justice issue promoted by the human rights norms. I discuss some implications for reconciliation in Northeast Asia.     

TAIWAN'S GROWING SECURITY VULNERABILITY: FROM CHEN SHUI-BIAN TO MA YING-JIU

Taiwan-China relations have experienced a remarkable détente since KMT candidate and cross-strait moderate Ma Ying-Jiu was elected president on Formosa in 2008. Yet despite the rapprochement and its concomitant reduction of military tensions across the Taiwan Strait, the island's security position vis-à-vis China has been in steady decline since the early 2000s. Ma's expectation that closer economic and diplomatic ties with Beijing will result in greater international space for Taiwan have so far not yet been realised. On the contrary, deeper connections with the mainland seem to but accelerate the growth of Taiwan's security vulnerability.     

The Implications of Taiwan's Declining Defense

Taiwan's declining defense capability has increasingly tilted the balance of power in the Taiwan Strait towards China. While the current status quo suits Taiwan's domestic political realities and postpones the Taiwan question to the future, its declining defense capabilities vis-à-vis China hold important implications for Taiwan. They include the reduction of its political bargaining power with China, the undermining of stability in the Taiwan Strait as China increasingly has a viable military option, and ultimately decreases the probability that the status quo can be maintained. Left unattended, Taiwan's declining defense capabilities narrow Taiwan's options and could lead to unpalatable outcomes, including sudden crisis and conflict, and the ultimate resolution of the Taiwan problem on China's terms.     

The Future Instability of Cross-Strait Relations: Prospect Theory and Ma Ying-Jeou’s Paradoxical Legacy

The 2016 Taiwanese elections which saw a sweeping victory of Tsai Ing-wen and the DPP have revived the question of cross-Strait instability. While observers have generally focus on whether or not the Tsai administration could cross Beijing’s red lines, few have taken into consideration the dynamic nature of these red lines, and how Ma’s presidency had impacted them. This article fills this gap by drawing on prospect theory hypotheses to assess the shift of Beijing’s preferences in the Taiwan Strait. It explains that Ma’s accommodative policy have left a paradoxical legacy as China is likely to be today more risk-acceptant on a comparatively wider range of cross-Strait outcomes, making cross-Strait relations more crisis-prone than they have ever been.     

Constructing Peaceful Development: The Changing Interpretations of “One China” and Beijing’s Taiwan Strait Policy

For rationalists, China (PRC)’s current conciliatory policy toward Taiwan is merely “calculative.” Hence, Chinese leaders must act patiently with Taiwan to dampen the “China threat theory.” This article contends that strategic considerations cannot entirely justify Beijing’s Taiwan policy. Given the PRC’s steadfast position on reunification, it is unclear why Beijing has, since the 1990s, allowed for a looser construction of the “one China” principle and even tacitly acknowledged the existence of Taiwan’s Republic of China (ROC). In line with the constructivist theory of argumentative persuasion, my position stresses that changing discourses have affected Chinese leaders’ perceptions of the Taiwan Strait problem. New identities and interests have been reconstituted to redefine the PRC relations vis-à-vis the ROC. While it is unlikely that Beijing would formally accept the ROC, the current trajectory raises hope that cross-strait ties may become more stabilized in the long run.     

奥巴马政府对伊朗政策的调整

奥巴马总统执政以来,美国对伊朗的政策轨迹表现出起伏性的变化。在执政初期,奥巴马试图改变布什时期美国与伊朗之间的敌对态势,对伊朗实施了积极接触的政策。但是,奥巴马趋向缓和的调整遭遇了国内外各种因素的挑战。在伊朗大选危机、美国国会坚持对伊朗实施制裁等因素的压力下,奥巴马逐渐回归到对伊强硬的姿态,并重新运用制裁这个工具遏制伊朗。从美伊关系的角度看,两国的领导层都没有足够的战略紧迫感来调整对各自核心利益的认知。双方都只是在建构良性关系的道路上迈出一小步,因此,这种试探性行为在两国国内政治和突发事件的影响下,很容易重新回到过去的对立状态。     

Japan–US–China Relations during the Trump Administration and the Outlook for East Asia

Recent political events, such as the UK decision to exit the EU and the election of Donald Trump to the US presidency, may indicate a transition from globalism to isolationism in world politics. This article reviews Japan-US-China relations and East Asian regional cooperation during the Obama administration and contrasts them with prospects during the Trump administration in the new political climate.     

核恐怖主义与奥巴马政府核战略

基于国际核安全环境的变化和对核恐怖主义威胁的认知,同时为了提升美国在核军控领域的制度和话语霸权,也为了干涉其他国家内政、服务其全球和地区战略,奥巴马政府大大提升了反核恐怖主义政策在美国核战略中的地位。鉴于这一政策为美国在核军控领域制度和话语霸权服务的狭隘性质,它不可避免地存在以下缺陷:反核恐怖主义政策因果关系颠倒;反核恐怖主义政策的目标指向存在一定失误;美国核政策自身存在矛盾。正是由于存在着上述缺陷,决定了奥巴马政府反核恐怖主义政策必然会对国际反核恐怖主义努力产生双重影响。     

“单边”到“多边”——布什政府对奥巴马政府对朝政策的影响

美国布什政府对朝政策有其产生的根源和国内外的制约因素,形成了"单边"到"多边"的对朝政策转变过程并表现出特有的规律。对此认真分析和研究,有助于我们对布什政府的"单边"到"多边"的对朝政策进行整体和宏观把握,厘清布什政府对奥巴马政府对朝政策的影响。