多层治理视角下国家创新型城市的创新治理优化

多层治理理论是研究多中心、多部门、多行动者政策环境中治理行动如何开展的重要解释框架,创新型城市是中国政府探索实验主义创新治理的实践模式之一,在现实中这种创新治理模式面临中国行政体制改革藩篱和创新主体关系建构的双重挑战。通过对中国创新型城市理论与实践的梳理,对国家创新型城市的建设进程、发展模式、布局特点以及政策阶段性特征进行总结,有助于分析"中央—地方"政府间围绕创新治理目标、治理措施和治理框架开展的复杂互动过程和暴露出的问题。基于此,运用多层治理理论框架能为国家创新型城市创新治理的优化方向提供建议:通过统筹协调形成开放兼容的创新型城市政策目标;通过基层赋权协调多层政府间创新型城市政策工具;通过多层治理构建完善协调的创新型城市治理框架。     

乡村协商式治理模式:民主意涵、生发机制及路径选择——以浙江为个案的思考

近年来,协商式治理模式在我国乡村治理实践中受到越来越多的关注,各地乡村侧重从决策、管理与监督等不同层面积极探索乡村协商式治理新形式.社会经济发展的客观需求、乡村治理的现实困境是当前乡村治理变革得以产生的根本动因,而基层政府的适时推动则决定着乡村协商式治理模式的制度绩效,这也决定了当前乡村协商式治理创新机制所具有的内在限度.在此基础上,本文指出了乡村协商式治理模式进一步发展的路径选择.     

国家治理视域下多党合作制度现代化的价值维度及其路径分析

面对当今迅速推进的现代化浪潮,政党制度的建构方式及其现代化水平,成为直接影响国家治理状况的重要因素。从国家治理现代化的视角,理性审察中国政党制度的现状,发现其中存在着制度建构不完善、运行机制模式化、参政方式失范性及法治保障滞后性等缺失和困境;探讨中国政党制度现代化应当蕴含的"多元化""科学化""制度化"及"法治化"等维度;探寻其体制机制优化的现实路径:参与主体的多元化和层次化、合作体制的科学化和规范化、民主监督的法治化和高效化,力求为有效提升我国政党制度的现代化水平提出有价值的观念和对策。     

政策网络中的政府治理

政策网络是20世纪70年代末以来西方公共政策领域研究中的重要课题。从发展路径上看,它可以划分为作为分析工具的利益协调模式和作为实践创新的治理模式两种类型。作为新治理模式的政策网络与现代社会的分化和交互结构是相互契合的,它为政府结构从科层治理向网络治理形式发展提供了理论框架;为政府选择、组合和优化适当政策工具提供了现实平台;为政府通过"政策学习"提高治理能力提供了价值支持。尽管作为治理工具的政策网络仍存在种种缺陷,但是作为一种新成长的治理框架,它已经展现出巨大的生命力,为政府处理公共事务提供了新的思想资源。     

新时代乡村治理体系及其健全路径

新中国成立以来,我们党始终高度重视农业和农村问题,不断推进乡村治理。党的十九大明确提出健全自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系。健全和创新"三治结合"的乡村治理体系,全面推进乡村治理体系和治理能力的现代化,全面实现乡村社会善治,需要充分认识"三治结合"乡村治理体系的深刻内涵,直面当前乡村社会治理现实,多角度探寻乡村治理体系建构的实践路径,确保乡村社会充满活力、和谐有序,最终实现乡村社会全面振兴。     

运动模式下的基层标准化治理困局与突破--基于三维制度逻辑的多案例研究

带有运动模式特质的标准化治理在提升管理效率的同时,也遭遇了基层实践困境,表现为痕迹主义与有效监督并行、形式主义与标准管理共生。把握基层标准化的尺度,将实现基层行政的系统性平衡作为改革探索的重点,研究建立“科层控制、专业化管理和社会协同”三维制度平衡的分析框架,并以此作为解局与破局的理论模型。研究发现,运动模式下的标准化治理困局缘于科层控制逻辑下基层产生的邀功与避责的心态,标准化治理在运动模式下的实践中经常呈现为“悬浮”状态;而专业化管理逻辑打破了原有的制度平衡,使天平一端倾向于科层逻辑,最终导致基层标准化治理的困境;社会协同逻辑作用发挥需要相关主体及时参与到反馈机制中,但实际与前两者脱离。当前需要从制度逻辑平衡的角度出发,自下而上地构建起基层标准化框架,真正解决基层标准化治理困境。     

省域治理现代化：功能定位、情境描绘和体系建构

作为国家治理和基层治理的中间环节,省域治理兼具国家治理规范和基层治理创新双重特征,成为分担中央治理风险和激发地方治理效能的责任担当。已有研究对省域治理现代化缺乏充分的学术建构,亟须对其基本属性和构成要素进行学理阐释。省域治理现代化将省域各级政府作为治理单元,立足省级政府的科层优势和资源禀赋,形成以区划调整为核心的治理空间、以财政关系为关键的治理能力、以技术赋能为抓手的治理工具等三个维度的构成要素,为其实施提供路径参考。推进省域治理现代化,需建立统筹资源整合与个人发展的空间治理格局,完善事权、财权与支出责任一致的依法治理体系,引领条块协调治理与科层规制的技术治理创新。     

法治:社会治理的路径和目标选择

尽管社会治理和法治分属于不同的领域,但是二者又有密切的联系。法治作为治理模式的一种,其合法性和有效性的特征满足了社会治理现代化的内在要求,使之成为创新社会治理的路径和目标选择。针对当前我国社会治理领域存在的问题,为了在实践中实现法治和社会治理的有机统一,需要从完善科学立法、严格守法以及培养人民群众法治思维这三个方面入手,以期对创新社会治理模式予以保障。     

新农村治理模式探讨

新农村治理模式是在我国社会主义新农村建设中为实现良好的农村治理而选择的多元治理主体的权力与权利结构、互动合作体制机制和治理方式.新农村治理模式具有生态系统、现实问题和合作网络等三种特性.新农村治理模式从统筹城乡多元合作治理、县乡政府主导治理和乡村治理三个层面展开,基本模式包括民主协商式、行政主导式、村民自治式和能人导向式,这四种基本模式的有机结合是实现我国农村善治的现实出路.     

城市社区精准化治理的建构

在全面深化改革推进国家治理现代化的进程中,社区作为具体化的社会,是社会治理的突破口。在当前社区治理具体实践中,社区治理精准化成为一种趋势,既是精准回应当前居民多元化需求体现以人为本,也是提升社区治理能力和治理现代化的需要。本文基于精准化治理概念在城市社区应用的概念剖析,梳理了当前城市社区治理存在的现实困境。认为应当以需求导向为前提、多元合作为抓手、整合社区资源实现组织联动为载体和现代信息技术为引擎实现城市社区精准化治理的创新路径。     

Bureaucratic Readiness in Managing Local Level Participatory Governance: A Developing Country Context

Participatory governance in developing countries is broadly viewed as an essential prerequisite for successful implementation of public projects. However, it poses many challenges for public bureaucrats in terms of their skills and willingness to engage citizens. Despite the growing evidence of the pervasiveness of participatory governance, research to date has not explored bureaucratic readiness to adopt participatory practices. This research presents findings of a bureaucratic readiness assessment for participatory governance in Bangladesh by exploring how public bureaucrats perceive the value of participation; how they are educated to collaborate with stakeholders; and the extent to which their attitudes are amenable to enhancing participatory governance. Our findings suggest that we can classify readiness in terms of both motivational and educational factors. The study has implications for how readiness can be developed in public officials that may assist in fostering participatory governance in Bangladesh and be informative to other countries experiencing similar issues.     

社区治理共同体建设——新时代社区治理制度化的理论逻辑与实现路径

社区治理共同体是社会治理共同体的基础单元,社区治理共同体建设的制度化程度直接关乎社会治理现代化的制度化水平和总体质量.进入新时代,推动社区治理共同体的制度建设,必须坚持和完善党对社区治理工作的全面领导,发挥党组织的政治引领、组织引领、能力引领、机制引领作用.同时,构建政府负责下简约高效的基层社会管理体制,通过政府向社会力量购买服务机制实现社区公共服务的社会协同供给,以民主协商的方式实现社区治理的公众参与.还要以法治为保障、以科技为支撑,提升和推动社区治理和服务的法治化水平和信息化建设,进而建设人人有责、人人尽责、人人享有的社区治理共同体.     

Experimentalism in transnational forest governance: Implementing European Union Forest Law Enforcement,Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Voluntary Partnership Agreements in Indonesia and Ghana

Over the past decade, the European Union (EU) has created a novel experimentalist architecture for transnational forest governance: the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) initiative. This innovative architecture comprises extensive participation by civil society stakeholders in establishing and revising open‐ended framework goals (Voluntary Partnership Agreements [VPAs] with developing countries aimed at promoting sustainable forest governance and preventing illegal logging) and metrics for assessing progress toward them (legality standards and indicators) through monitoring and review of local implementation, underpinned by a penalty default mechanism to sanction non‐cooperation (the EU Timber Regulation that prohibits operators from placing illegally harvested wood on the European market). This paper analyzes the implementation of VPAs in Indonesia and Ghana, the two countries furthest advanced toward issuing FLEGT export licences. A central finding is the reciprocal relationship between the experimentalist architecture of the FLEGT initiative and transnational civil society activism, whereby the VPAs’ insistence on stakeholder participation, independent monitoring, and joint implementation review, underwritten by the EU, empowers domestic non‐governmental organizations with local knowledge to expose problems on the ground, hold public authorities accountable for addressing them, and contribute to developing provisional solutions.     

Conservation in Context: Toward a Systems Framing of Decentralized Governance and Public Participation in Wildlife Management

Governance scholars have long championed the adaptive utility of decentralized management institutions, in part due to their ability to bring diverse stakeholders into decision‐making processes. However, research into the link between decentralization and participation often looks at policy design but bypasses important system feedbacks that shape sustained participation over time. To paint a more robust picture detailing how decentralization and participation are related, this paper uses a complex systems framework to explore interacting structural, operational, and cultural components of decentralized wildlife governance institutions in the United States and Botswana. Through this comparative analysis, I argue that the landscape of public participation in decentralized governance institutions appears to be significantly impacted by three factors: 1) how decentralization processes occurred, 2) where in the process of decision making participation is situated, and 3) perceptions of power distribution between groups with competing interests.     

Macro-regional strategies of the European Union (EU) and experimentalist design of multi-level governance: the case of the EU strategy for the Danube region

Placed within EU Cohesion policy and its objective of European territorial cooperation, macro-regional strategies of the European Union (EU) aim to improve functional cooperation and coherence across policy sectors at different levels of governance, involving both member and partner states, as well as public and private actors from the subnational level and civil society in a given ‘macro-region’. In forging a ‘macro-regional’ approach, the EU commits to only using existing legislative frameworks, financial programmes and institutions. By applying the analytical lens of multi-level and experimentalist governance (EG), and using the EU Strategy for the Danube Region as a case, this article shows that ‘macro-regional’ actors have been activated at various scales and locked in a recursive process of EG. In order to make the macro-regional experiment sustainable, it will be important to ensure that monitoring and comparative review of implementation experience functions effectively and that partner countries, subnational authorities and civil societies have a voice in what is, by and large, an intergovernmental strategy.     

精英下乡:现代国家整合农村社会的路径回归——以大学生村官为例

从现代国家整合农村社会的理想路径出发,本文以大学生村官为具体案例,通过对河南省鹤壁市农村100名大学生村官、100名村民和20名村干部的问卷调查和个案访谈,提出精英下乡概念,在重新检视现代国家整合农村社会路径选择的基础上,认为精英下乡是对现代国家整合农村社会的理想路径的现实实践,是对现代国家整合农村社会既有路径的转变。它存在发生的历史条件和发展的历史逻辑,同时也是当前中国农村社会现代化路径选择的必然结果。     

坚持科学执政、民主执政、依法执政——兼论我国社会主义民主政治建设问题

坚持科学执政、民主执政、依法执政,是发展社会主义民主政治的必然要求和必要条件,也是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的关键所在。为此,要把党的领导方式和执政方式嵌入到社会主义民主和法治的制度框架之中,把科学执政、民主执政、依法执政有机统一起来,把“为人民执政”和“靠人民执政”有机统一起来。其前提是澄清我国民主政治建设的一些重大理论和实践问题,在知行合一的前提下不失时机地推进社会主义民主政治建设。     

Private authority and public policy interactions in global context: Governance spheres for problem solving

Private organizations play a growing role in governing global issues alongside traditional public actors such as states, international organizations, and subnational governments. What do we know about how private authority and public policy interact? What are the implications of answering this question for understanding support for, and effects of, policy development generally? The purpose of this article is to reflect on these questions by introducing, and reviewing, a special issue that challenges explicit claims, and implicit methodologies, that treat private and public governance realms as distinct and/or static. We do so by advancing a theoretical and conceptual framework with which to explore how the contributions to this special issue enhance an understanding about governance interactions across a range of empirical, sectoral, and regional domains. We specifically introduce the concept of governance spheres to capture the proliferation of issue domains denoted by highly fluid interactions across public and private governance boundaries.     

The weakness of strong policies and the strength of weak policies: Law,experimentalist governance,and supporting coalitions in European Union health care policy

The experience of European Union (EU) health care services policy shows the importance of supporting coalitions in any effort to effect policy change and the extent to which the presence or absence of such coalitions can qualify generalizations about policymaking. EU health care services law is substantively liberalizing and procedurally driven by the courts, with little legislative input. But the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has been much better at establishing an EU competency in law than in causing policy development in the EU or member states. Literature on courts helps to explain why: courts are most effective when they enjoy supporting coalitions and the ECJ does not have a significant supporting coalition for its liberalizing health care services policy. Based on interview data, this article argues that the hard law of health care services deregulation and the newer forms of health care governance, such as the Open Method of Coordination and the networks on rare diseases, depend on supporting coalitions in member states that are willing to litigate, lobby, budget, decide cases, and otherwise implement EU law and policy. Given the resistance that the Court has met in health care sectors, its overarching deregulatory approach might produce smaller effects than expected, and forms of experimentalist governance that are easy to deride might turn out to have supporting coalitions that make them unexpectedly effective.     

Varieties of Participation in Complex Governance

The multifaceted challenges of contemporary governance demand a complex account of the ways in which those who are subject to laws and policies should participate in making them. This article develops a framework for understanding the range of institutional possibilities for public participation. Mechanisms of participation vary along three important dimensions: who participates, how participants communicate with one another and make decisions together, and how discussions are linked with policy or public action. These three dimensions constitute a space in which any particular mechanism of participation can be located. Different regions of this institutional design space are more and less suited to addressing important problems of democratic governance such as legitimacy, justice, and effective administration.