提升地方政府政策执行力的困境及其解蔽

公共政策的有效执行是政策目标得以实现的主要途径,政策执行力是公共政策有效执行的关键要素。政策执行力的构成要素包括政策执行主体、政策执行机制、政策执行资源、政策执行环境等。目前在政策执行的过程中,各级政府在不同程度上存在偏离政策宗旨的行为,利益错位和政策执行力要素缺失是影响政策执行力的主要因素。必须通过架构和开通各种路径以实现地方政府政策执行力的提升。     

提升地方政府政策执行力的路径选择--基于制度创新角度的探析

相对而言,我国地方政府组织在政策执行过程中的执行力还比较滞后,这与地方政府组织的资源短缺、执行主体素质不高、执行机制不合理等因素有关。要提升地方政府组织的执行力,必须大力推进政府制度创新,包括重塑政府组织架构,推进政府人事管理制度的创新,建立完善统筹各方的政府利益整合机制,同时必须健全政府的执行监控机制,培育异于官僚文化的新型政府执行力文化,等。     

公共精神:提升地方政府政策执行力的关键因素

地方政府的执行力是保证政令畅通的首要条件,直接影响政府的公信力.目前,我国地方政府政策执行还存在着较多的问题,其关键因素在于公共精神的缺失.公共精神的缺失从根本上弱化了政府的执行力.公共精神对于提升地方政府政策执行力具有重要的价值.有效提升政府执行力,必须从内生机制与外生机制两个方面培育公共精神.     

政策执行缘何走样?——基于L市大气污染防治攻坚战的案例研究

研究、探讨导致政策执行出现偏差的原因及其作用机制,对于破除政策执行中存在的梗阻现象,提高政策执行的有效性,维护政策系统的稳定性,进而确保政策目标和公共利益的实现具有重要意义。现有关于政策执行偏差问题的研究多关注政府内部层级间的互动以及基层政策执行者作用的发挥,鲜有研究聚焦于政府与社会之间互动以及外部环境对政策执行的影响。在借鉴史密斯的政策执行过程模型、麦克拉夫林的政策执行互适模型以及高金的府际政策执行沟通模型的基础上,结合我国实际政策执行过程,构建包含决策机构、执行机构、执行者、受影响者和外部环境等五项因素在内的政策执行理论分析框架,并以L市大气污染防治攻坚战为案例对此分析框架的解释力进行实证检验。研究发现,政策执行偏差的出现是诸多因素综合作用的结果,并且与决策机构、执行机构、执行者、受影响者和外部环境等五项因素作用的发挥存在密切关联。具体来说,包括:决策机构刚性考核方式给执行机构带来的压力、政策执行机构与政策执行者的分离以及政策执行者自身能力的局限、政策执行部门与政策目标群体之间关于利益问题的调适互动、政策本身所处的自然社会环境对政策执行效果产生的显著影响。     

提升政策执行力的路径选择

在概念辨析的基础上,基于"自下而上"视角,分析地方政府在政策执行中的四种行动策略。提升政策执行力需要根据政策内容的明晰程度选择不同的行动路径。当政策明晰时,提升执行力有赖于强化监督和问责机制;当政策不明晰时,提升执行力的根本在于提供激励机制,支持地方政府开展政策试验,在实践中形成可推广的政策工具。     

边疆社会稳定与民族政策执行的和谐共生之道——当前民族政策执行困境分析

作为一个多民族国家,民族政策是实现国家各民族团结、和谐有序生活的重要策略。民族政策执行是将民族政策价值目标从观念形态转化为现实形态重要过程。正视当前民族政策执行中存在利益冲突、行为失范、政策生态不良、政府执行力低下等困境,不断协调民族政策利益关系、规范主体行为、优化政策生态、提升政府执行力,就成为破解民族政策执行困境以及推进边疆民族地区社会和谐发展的重要途径。     

国家法律和政策何以走出中南海——以“万宁兴隆农户因拒迁被断电20年”为例

从理论上说,国家目标、地方政权行动策略与基层社会利益诉求这三者具有一致性,国家法律和政策的执行应该是一种单向"授权与执行"的复制关系。然而,在执行实践中却并非如此,严重损害了基层社会的利益,阻碍了法律和政策目标的实现。要解决诸如此类的问题,就有必要对地方政府政策执行过程中存在的问题进行深入分析,找出其背后的深层次原因,进而在理性化、制度化的基础上构建地方政府政策执行的新型模式。同时也对于促进区域经济的发展,具有重要的现实意义。     

基层维稳运行机制策略优化

基层维稳运行机制是一个由特定系统不同层次的运行主体及其不尽相同的目标和动力要素有机结合的、按一定规律和方式运行的基层社会维稳全过程的总称，涉及主导和执行维稳活动的中央政府及基层政府，参与基层维稳活动的民间组织和社区，以及进行利益诉求表达的普通民众等整个基层维稳工作系统。当前，社会解纷机制的不完善与公众日益凸显的利益诉求的双重交织，引发了越来越多的影响社会稳定的群体性事件。     

北京市科级公务员量化考核研究

量化考核是公务员考核的一个难点,也是目前我国基层政府公务员考核工作需认真面对并要切实加以解决的一个重点。本文对近些年北京市公务员管理部门和部分行政机关开展的科级公务员量化考核的实践做了一个初步的经验性总结,并试图在理论上对目前北京市公务员量化考核的不足和下一步应该改进的政策建议加以分析和说明,旨在推进北京市公务员量化考核的实践,进一步完善北京市公务员的考核制度。     

简政放权政策实施成效研究——基于吉林省的调查

作为全面深化改革的"先手棋"和转变政府职能的"当头炮",简政放权的全面实施和持续推进的效果备受关注。以吉林省为研究对象,从政策执行和政策服务对象的维度对简政放权政策进行综合测评发现:受法律、体制、机制、利益、观念等因素影响,政府在一定程度上存在职能缺位、监管责任缺失、精准服务不到位,而服务对象对简政放权的效能感受不强,致使政策难以达到预期目标。为此,需要通过统筹顶层设计,增强改革原动力;注重需求导向,提高放权的含金量;加快推进行政审批标准化和并联审批、推动"人、财、事"权相匹配,加强县乡政府的作用以及提高基层公务员综合素质并加强对政府考核监督等措施来改善政策实施效果。     

以政策贯彻政策:政策执行、创新与调适

政策执行本身是复杂而多样的过程,多数政策执行的真实情况,是要经过各级政策主体研究出台地方政策或实施意见,通过"以致策贯彻政策"逐级传导,最终化作具体项目和行动,使政策得以执行和落实."以政策贯彻政策",作为政策执行和创新的重要环节,过去并没有引起足够重视.加强对这个问题的研究,对于理解政策执行的理论与实践都具有重要意义.     

论政策执行中的沟通与协调

一项决策的质量高低,要通过执行来检验。执行过程在整个决策过程中占有重要地位。但现实生活中,人们往往只注重政策的制定,而对执行则缺少足够的重视,使政策执行效果大打折扣。因此,加强对政策执行中沟通与协调的研究,意义尤为重要。     

着力落实以民生为导向的财政政策

近年来我国实施以民生为导向的财政政策,民生状况有了很大改善.但其在实施过程中还存在着许多问题,主要表现为:用于民生领域的财政支出仍显不足,财政支出管理和控制机制尚未健全,民生支出难以实现持续高增长等.因此,要着力落实以民生为导向的财政政策,不断优化财政支出结构,完善财政转移支付制度,规范权力运作机制,支持社会保障体系建设,完善收入分配政策,建立充分反映民意的利益表达机制和以民生为导向的政府绩效评估机制,健全各级政府财力与事权相匹配的财政体制.     

Enactment and Implementation of the National Security Personnel System: Policy Made and Policy Unmade

This case study reviews the enactment and implementation of the National Security Personnel System (NSPS) in the U.S. Department of Defense. Proponents of reform seized the opportunity to enact reform in the aftermath of 9/11, basing their arguments on national security concerns. However, the policy‐making process did not produce a consensus for reform among key stakeholders in the personnel management policy community. Instead, the NSPS angered and alienated the Office of Personnel Management, the public employee unions, and a number of congressional Democrats. Implementation of the NSPS became problematic as Defense Department officials attempted to move quickly and independently to get the new system online, eventually forcing the department to put the system on hold. In the end, Congress imposed limits on its implementation, advocates for the system disappeared, and a new president supported the repeal of NSPS. This case provides useful insights into the formulation of future strategies for personnel management reform.     

Administration, Governance, and Policy Tools in Welfare Policy Implementation

Landmark welfare reform legislation passed in 1996 has been operating by legislative extensions since its expiration in September 2002. At this writing, reauthorization has been derailed by controversy over various legislative proposals. In this article, we contribute to the welfare policy debate by studying the importance of specific policy tools and the role of public administration in the dramatic fall in welfare caseloads from 1996 to 2000. Using administrative and survey data on welfare programs in 44 states, we test our theory that caseload reduction is a function of administrative commitments, policy design, and administrative actions linked to five sets of governance variables: environmental factors, client characteristics, treatments, administrative structures, and managerial roles and actions. We find strong evidence that administrative action to move clients into work, coupled with administrative commitments, can provide important links between policy goals and policy outcomes.     

Canadian Abortion Policy: National Policy and the Impact of Federalism and Political Implementation on Access to Services

The Canada Health Act requires provinces and territories toprovide medically necessary services and to provide equal accessto such services. Since 1995, the governing Liberal Party hasissued statements indicating that it views abortion servicesas medically necessary services. Yet the operation of healthdelivery systems in Canada is primarily reserved for the provincesand territories. Provincial and territorial access to abortionservices is significantly affected by bottom-up political implementation,where national policy is often undermined and "trumped" by thepolitics and pressures operative within provincial and territorialpolitical systems and by other intense interest group pressures.     

Regional Policy: Implementation through Bargaining

This article analyzes the implementation of two regional development programs. The purpose is to show how the programs approved by the Riksdag were translated into practice and to explain why the funds were distributed as they were. We seem to have found substantation for the hypothesis that the borderlines between politics and markets are blurred in this implementation process. Bargaining was an important element in the process. Decisions were shaped in interaction between authorities and companies and, at the central level, in the actual process of bargaining. The most important finding is that the main conflict in this bargaining economy was not between the decision-makers and the company. Rather, it was between the central and regional levels.¹     

论伦理视角下的公共政策执行

公共政策作为现代社会政府管理社会、服务社会的主要途径之一,其执行存在重要的伦理价值。我国政策执行中存在的一些问题与其伦理取向有关。因此,政策执行过程中要坚持公共利益至上、实事求是、人本、协调等原则,以提高政策执行的力度。     

组织分析视角下公共政策执行偏差研究

组织分析视角强调组织内部要素、组织间互动及政策网络对政策执行偏差的关键作用。组织内部分析注重组织因素对政策执行影响的重要性,组织间互动分析强调政府和其他社会组织及个人的互动过程对政策执行的影响,政策网络分析注重政策执行过程的动态性和复杂性。     

Implementation of Aged Care Policy in the Australian Federal System

In 1983–84 the Commonwealth and state governments trialled the introduction of the geriatric assessment team (GAT) program. Twenty years of Australian Health Ministers' Conference (AHMC)¹ minutes and records (1969–88), files within the Queensland and Commonwealth health departments (1983–88) and interviews with major stakeholders revealed that implementation can extend over many years and can require a confluence of factors for a policy idea to come to fruition. This article examines the dynamics involved in the implementation of the GAT policy and reveals that expert advisers played a central role in policy innovation and implementation and that the federal system could both obstruct and facilitate policy implementation. While there was evidence of delay and conflict, the Australian states through their expert advisers were significant contributors to the development and implementation of aged care policies. Many of the intergovernmental relations were often characterised by a high degree of cooperation at least at the officer to officer level. The 'coercive' nature of the federal system may need to be revisited.