运用心理画像预测犯罪的可行性构想与发展困境

犯罪心理画像理论不仅可以应用于犯罪后的侦查破案中,还可以根据犯罪心理画像三大外显反应——行为、表情、语音——识别预测犯罪活动。梳理目前已有的行为识别、表情识别、语音识别研究成果,探讨运用心理画像识别预测犯罪的可行性,对如何运用行为、表情、语音识别犯罪活动进行图文式详解,有利于加强犯罪心理画像在犯罪预防领域应用的论证,不断完善充实犯罪心理画像理论,以便更好地运用于当今社会。当然,目前运用心理画像预测犯罪依旧存在制度难题、技术难题、道义难题等问题有待攻克。     

犯罪心理测试技术的应用研究

犯罪心理测试技术的应用研究经历了一个较长的历史时期,发展至今已经在司法部门,特别是侦查机关办案过程中得到了广泛的应用,其科学性逐步得到了实践的检验和人们的认同。在人类历史实践中,犯罪心理测试技术是科学技术发展的结果,是现代心理学、医学、生物电子学及其他学科综合应用发展的结果。合理运用这些技术,对建立适合中国国情的犯罪心理测试技术体系,使我国的犯罪心理测试技术早日纳入法治的发展轨道具有重要意义。     

犯罪心理测试的系统构建

犯罪心理测试的系统构建主要包括测试主题的确定、测试结构的构建、测试结论的综合推导等核心内容。这三个方面是犯罪心理测试的基本构架,确定测试主题、构建测试结构是综合测试结论的前提和基础,综合测试结论是确定测试主题、构建测试结构的目的和归宿。本文在汲取国外(如美国、日本)成熟犯罪心理测试理论和做法的基础上,对国内近20年犯罪心理测试的发展进行了概括,系统地阐述了犯罪心理测试的构建。     

略论网络环境对犯罪动机的强化效应

网络犯罪的高发性表明网络环境对于犯罪心理的形成会有影响。犯罪心理形成的标志是犯罪动机的建立。在网络环境中,人的需要、犯罪条件、个体消极心理因素等直接影响犯罪动机形成的因素都有条件得到强化,从而使犯罪动机产生的几率大大增加。     

论情商对犯罪心理和行为的影响

情商是个体对情绪的控制能力。低情商通过影响个体的认知、气质、性格、人际交往等催化其形成反社会的人格品质,且对犯罪心理和动机具有激化作用。在犯罪人实施犯罪过程中,情商高低直接影响其在犯罪现场的行为表现。剖析情商对犯罪心理的作用特点,有利于更深层次地认识犯罪心理的产生、形成及变化规律,为揭露、打击犯罪提供帮助。     

犯罪心理测试对象状态分析

犯罪心理测试对象的生理状态、心理状态及其年龄因素都是影响测试结果的重要因素。在犯罪心理测试技术的运用实践中，要准确分析测试对象的测试状态，从生理、心理和年龄因素上排除不适合测试的人员。犯罪心理测试对象必须是生理上处于良好状态、心理上无缺陷，生理和心理上都健康的人。     

青少年犯罪心理成因研究综述

青少年犯罪问题在转型阶段的中国社会日益凸显,在总结归纳青少年犯罪心理特征的基础上,重点回顾了国内外对青少年犯罪心理成因的理论分析研究。从心理学多层面分析总结青少年的犯罪成因,这对于预测与预防青少年犯罪具有显著的理论和现实意义。     

西方主要理论流派的犯罪心理成因分析

在西方犯罪学领域，职业犯罪学家们往往分为不同的思想和观念派别。每个理论流派都有自己的犯罪观，对犯罪心理成因的研究林林总总。本文以辨证唯物主义思想为指导，从动态的角度试着对几个西方重要理论流派的犯罪心理成因理论进行总结和分析．其中并没有包括现代犯罪生物学理论和犯罪心理学理论。对这些犯罪心理成因理论的整合，有助于我们汲取他们各自的精华。扬弃各自不舍理成分，加深对犯罪心理成因的理解。     

青少年犯罪心理成因及矫正的研究

青少年犯罪是一大社会问题，本文综述了国内青少年犯罪心理的特点、类型，并对其成因作了分析介绍。旨在对青少年犯罪心理成因及矫正方法进行探讨研究，为加强青少年心理健康教育和预防矫正其犯罪心理提供依据。     

我国犯罪心理测试技术的历史沿革与发展综述

从 1991年公安部审定我国自行研制的PG -I型心理测试仪至今 ,现已完善成PG - 12、PGA - 2 0 0 0等型测试仪的智能计算机系统。犯罪心理测试技术在我国已实测数千起疑难重大案件 ,直接测试逾万人 ,仅PGA系列实测千起测评结果区分无辜和相关的准确率达 90 %以上 ,犯罪心理测试技术已在刑事司法实践中显示了其独特的位置和实用的价值。作为以多元学科综合一体的新兴的边缘学科 ,犯罪心理测试技术经过专家、学者、技术人员的不断研究和完善 ,将从实践中得到积累 ,从积累中得以生存和发展 ,随着科学技术的发展 ,此学科应用范围将全方位拓展 ,其生存与发展必将走向光明的前景     

单股铜芯电线的检验

在一些案件现场,我们常可以提取到被犯罪分子遗弃在现场用作捆绑物的电线。对电线的检验不仅限于通过对电线上的剪切痕迹进行检验来认定作案工具,有时通过对电线线皮上线条痕迹的检验也可以进行同一认定。     

Dialectics and the Megamachine: A Critique of Ersatz Education

This article proposes that the learning environment matters, and that there are qualitative differences in online versus face-to-face classes. While online education provides some benefits, they also narrow the opportunities for dialectical conflict that thoroughly challenge student thinking, an interaction more likely to be found in real-time conversations. In person, there is more opportunity for an instructor to challenge the reasoning of students in real time, and for students to ask probing and follow-up questions. The article considers the structure of educational dialectic suggested by important thinkers including Galtung, Habermas, and Buber. Online education is then situated as a technology that interferes with human relations and dialectical reasoning and fits within the notion of technics and the megamachine advanced by Lewis Mumford, which dehumanizes personal interactions with instrumental processes for growth and efficiency. Students follow suit by focusing more on the instrumental absorption of course content to pass the course, instead of higher order critique. Of particular interest to political science education is that if conversational dialectics are weakened in universities, and therefore polities—and the technics are simply considered a natural replacement for in-person conversation—the opportunities to teach critical reasoning required for critique of complex political phenomena are also narrowed. We might temper the dangers of the megamachine by reflexively discussing the political economy of online teaching itself with our students and by starting to expect synchronous conversation, which will open dialectical opportunities.     

我国不同级别公务员心理契约的差异性分析

重点研究了我国政府中行政管理部门的公务员心理契约问题,主要目的是了解公务员心理契约所包含的要素、不同级别公务员对这些要素的重视程度和建立公务员的心理契约结构模型.在两轮问卷调查的基础上,明确了组织与公务员之间相互期望的各10个要素.利用t统计检验,表明不同级别公务员对期望要素的认识有显著的差别.应用因子分析方法,建立了公务员心理契约的结构模型,该模型显示组织与公务员之间双向心理契约共包含了8个主要方面.研究的主要结论是:盈利组织的心理契约与非盈利组织的心理契约之间的差异是明显的,不同级别的公务员对心理契约中的要素重要性认识程度是不同的.我国各级公务员(从科员到厅局级)主要将敬业精神、诚实忠诚、职业前景和公平公正待遇放在心理契约要素的最重要位置上,而物质激励则处于次位.政府中的创新动力主要来自领导层面,而较低级别的公务员创新动力不足.这些研究结果对政府各级组织建立公平、透明的运作机制具有参考价值.同时为设计相应的激励制度提供了新的视角.最后提出了我国公务员心理契约需要进一步研究的问题.     

Trust as an alternative to risk

Many students of trust see it as a way to mitigate risk through the development of strong institutions that create trust. I offer an alternative view of trust, moralistic or generalized trust, that depends upon a psychological foundation of optimism and control. This form of trust, in contrast to arguments by Paldam and others, has “value” independent of experience. Using data from a survey of metropolitan Philadelphia in 1996, I show that if you believe that “most people can be trusted,” you are substantially more likely to see your neighborhood as safe at night even controlling for both the objective level of crime as well having been the victim of a crime, having had parents who were the victims of crime, watching local television news (which exposes people to violent events), where you live (central city and suburb), and gender. Trust thus “reduces” perceptions of risk independently of personal experience.     

浅谈现场勘查中物证的污染及防控对策

物证污染是影响物证鉴定结果的最主要因素之一,通过现场勘查阶段对人为因素的介入,采取防控措施防止污染,提高检验鉴定人员的物证污染防范意识,并采取适当的监测方法和排除措施,可以提高检材质量,降低物证污染的可能性。     

Can Performance Management Best Practices Help Reduce Crime?

As performance management systems gain popularity in police agencies, they are increasingly being criticized for their ineffectiveness at reducing crime and for encouraging abuse of authority. Scholars and practitioners, however, argue that these systems can be effective if they are implemented properly with the use of best practices. This article contributes to this debate by evaluating the impact of performance management systems and associated best practices on improving police performance. An analysis of primary survey data of 308 U.S. police agencies shows that performance management systems are effective tools in helping reduce crime across almost all crime categories. However, the best practices of performance reporting to citizens and providing discretion to officers have no significant impact on crime reduction, while consulting officers in the target‐setting process has a negative impact on police performance.     

论侵犯财产罪犯罪对象的演变及其发展——以网络虚拟财产为视角

网络虚拟财产在本质上是一种数字化信息，它既不是“有体物”，也不是“无体物”，而是一种“财产性利益”，是现实世界中人类劳动和财富的异化。我国刑法侵犯财产罪应严格区分“财物罪”与“利益罪”。研究侵犯网络虚拟财产的行为，对于我国侵犯财产罪犯罪对象的深入研究具有重要意义。     

集体腐败的情景预防理论分析

因集体腐败引致损失更大、影响更恶劣、作案更隐蔽使其成为了近期反腐工作中的焦点,集体腐败具有集体腐败主体的潜在性特征、集体腐败行为的被动性特征及集体腐败行为被动性转化的特征,聚焦腐败主体本位是目前集体腐败进行类型划分及其成因探源的主要方式,内因驱动是其主要逻辑起点。然而,忽视外因是这一研究路径的主要局限。情景预防理论为认知和防治集体腐败提供了新的理论视角和实践引导。因此,必须在集体腐败特征、类型及其成因分析的基础上,从削减外在引致环境、强化内在防控机制,切断内外关联三方面入手严惩集体腐败。     

How Do Summer Youth Employment Programs Improve Criminal Justice Outcomes,and for Whom?

Cities across the U.S. have turned to summer youth employment programs (SYEPs) to improve the behavioral, economic, and academic outcomes of inner‐city youth. This paper evaluates the impact of the Boston Summer Youth Employment Program using both experimental and non‐experimental variation. Similar to previous studies of summer jobs programs in other cities, I make use of an embedded randomized controlled trial and find that the program reduces violent crime by 35 percent, as measured by the number of arraignments from administrative records during the 17 months after participation. In contrast to prior work, I also find a similar reduction in arraignments for property crimes (?29 percent). This study also provides exploratory evidence on the mechanisms driving these reductions in crime using self‐reported responses of participants from a pre‐/post‐program survey. The results provide suggestive evidence that the beneficial impacts on violent and property crime are largely driven by improved conflict resolution skills versus other factors that would increase the opportunity cost of crime. These findings give researchers some insights into the behavioral changes that occur during the program while also providing a look inside the “black box” as to how SYEPs affect youth outcomes in the long run.