欠缺民事行为能力之成年人诉讼权益保护

我国法律根据成年人对自己行为的辨别和控制能力将其划分为完全民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人和无民事行为能力人。行为能力决定了诉讼能力，行为能力的有无也必然会对诉讼权益产生影响，保护好欠缺民事行为能力人的诉讼权益是民事审判过程中必须予以重视的问题。但我国监护制度的不足导致对欠缺行为能力人的诉讼权益的保护难以到位，本文将通过对欠缺行为能力人的情形及行为能力的宣告制度来讨论完善其诉讼权益保护的方法。     

论精神病人侵权责任保险

论精神病人侵权责任保险冬竹根据我国民事法律规定，精神病人为无行为能力人或限制行为能力人，所负之侵权责任由监护人独立承担或适当减轻承担。据此看出，精神病人侵权责任实际是监护人责任。由于侵权行为人──精神病人因精神错乱或精神缺陷对自己的行为不能认知或缺乏...     

由罗马法浪费人制度引发的若干思考——兼谈成年人行为能力欠缺制度

浪费人制度,是罗马法关于成年人行为能力的一项重要制度,该制度对于保护浪费人、浪费人家族和其法定继承的利益有着重要意义。依罗马法,即使浪费人已经成年,但由于其心智不健全,则可导致其行为能力欠缺的发生。对罗马浪费人制度的立法背景及大陆法系各国禁治产制度的演变进行比较分析,并结合浪费人行为能力的特殊性,对于我国浪人规制及成年人行为能力欠缺制度提出有关思考。     

论成年非完全行为能力人的类型及其法律行为之效力

我国民法对成年非完全民事行为能力人的类型划分不具备妥当性,对其法律行为之效力的规定不具备可适用性。因而应取消成年无行为能力人,仅保留限制行为能力人一级。对限制行为能力人,宜以意思能力的残余程度为标准,将其进行划分。在法律效力制度中,对于限制行为能力人实施的法律行为,如果属于不受限制的法律行为,本人可以单独有效实施;对于受限制范围内的法律行为,则需经法定代理人（监护人）的同意,否则为可撤销。同时,宜将撤销权赋予限制行为能力人本人和法定代理人。     

可能患精神病的犯罪嫌疑人是否应当批捕

根据我国《刑法》第十八条的规定，精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果，经法定程序确认的，不负刑事责任。第二款又规定了间歇性精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪，应当负刑事责任。第三款还规定了尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的，应负刑事     

论我国成年人民事行为能力欠缺法律制度重构

我国民法对意思能力欠缺的成年人,在行为能力的类型划分上过于简单,在补充方式上僵化,在法律行为之效力的规定上没有实现制度目的。未来民法典应取消成年无行为能力人,保留限制行为能力人一级。对限制行为能力人,以意思能力残余的程度为标准,又分为限制大部分法律行为、限制部分法律行为、限制特定法律行为,并设立与之相适应的监护人、保佐人、辅助人予以能力补充。在法律行为的效力上,限制行为能力人实施的受限制范围内的法律行为,需法定代理人同意或者代理,否则可以撤销,其他法律行为可以单独实施。同时完善相关的配套制度。     

对精神病人暴力犯罪的思考

《中华人民共和国刑法》第十八条规定：精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果,经法定程序鉴定确认的,不负刑事责任,但是应当责令人他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗;必要的时候,由政府强制医疗。间歇性精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪,应当负刑事责任。尚未完全丧失辨认和控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的,应当负刑事责任,但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚。     

我国刑法中的精神病概念刍议

我国刑法(1997)第18条规定：“精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果，经法定程序鉴定确认的，不负刑事责任”；“间歇性精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪，应当负刑事责任”；“尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的，应当负刑事责任，但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚”。这一条文从立法上确立了精神障碍人刑事责任能力的“三分法”，较之旧刑法(1979)的“两分法”……     

欠缺行为能力成年人保护制度的观念更新与重构

法国、德国、日本民法典的相继修改,均体现出“平常化”和“对自我决定的尊重”的新理念,发展了欠缺行为能力成年人保护制度。我国现行的以精神病人监护为内容的保护制度存在着明显的缺陷,应当立足于被保护人的意愿,扩大保护对象范围、增加保护方法、明确保护人的职责和权利、完善制约机制。     

成年人行为能力欠缺制度研究——兼论我国民事制度之完善

部分成年人因其生理条件、智力发育程度及精神状态等不能达到成年人所应具备的智力和判断能力 ,法律不使其具有完全的行为能力 ,从而导致了行为能力欠缺的发生。本文通过对大陆法系的一些国家和地区成年人行为能力欠缺制度的相关内容进行比较分析 ,并结合我国具体情况 ,为我国成年人行为能力欠缺制度的完善提出一些建议。     

Medical decision-making for incapacitated elders: A "therapeutic interests" standard

Some older individuals lack sufficient present cognitive and/or emotional ability to make and express autonomous decisions personally. In those situations, health-care providers routinely turn to available formal or informal surrogates who often must apply the best interests standard in making decisions for the incapacitated person. This article contends that defining the best interests standard of surrogate decision-making for older adults in terms of optimal or ideal choices (truly the patient's "best" interests) frequently sets out an unrealizable goal for surrogates to satisfy. Instead, a decision-making standard based on the incapacitated person's "therapeutic" interests is more realistic and hence more honest to adopt and apply from legal, ethical, and medical perspectives.     

美国成年病人放弃治疗机制对于中国的启示

美国倡导清醒有自决能力的成年人用预先指示的方式表明自己在丧失自决能力时的医疗选择。预先指示主要分为生前遗嘱和持续性医疗授权书两种形式。美国联邦和各州有相对完善的法律制度,规定预先指示的形式内容及预先指示不存在时能为病人作出决定的人群和权限。医院也会有程序指南为医务工作者提供指导原则。中国可借鉴美国经验在转变大众对于死亡的观念、尊重病人自主权、出台相应法律法规、行业指南、增强医务工作者的沟通技巧和人文关怀等方面作出积极改变,完善放弃治疗的程序,满足病人要求,解决医务工作者的两难困境。     

The inappropriate adult

Appropriate adults are supposedly a safeguard for vulnerable detainees, whether they are children or adults. Their role is unclear. Custody officers are responsible for calling appropriate adults, but often fail to do so. They mistakenly pass responsibility to police surgeons, who confuse fitness to plead with the need for an appropriate adult. Better guidance to assist custody officers in identifying mental disorder is required. Lay and professional people undertake the role of appropriate adult, but are inadequately trained. Social workers do not necessarily understand the role and family members sometimes act contrary to the detainee's best interest. A more 'professionalized' and inter-agency approach is required, as in Scotland. The voluntary sector has an important role to perform. There is also scope for extending the use of appropriate adults beyond detainees in police stations to cover all vulnerable witnesses at all stages of the criminal process.     

The Best Interests Standard for Incompetent or Incapacitated Persons of All Ages

When making decisions for adults who lack decision-making capacity and have no discernable preferences, widespread support exists for using the Best Interests Standard. This policy appeals to adults and is compatible with many important recommendations for persons facing end-of-life choices.Common objections to the policy are discussed as well as different meanings of this Standard identified, such as using it to express goals or ideals and to make practical decisions incorporating what reasonable persons would want. For reasons of consistency, fairness, and compassion, this standard should be used for all incapacitated persons.     

美国精神病人强制住院治疗法律制度及其借鉴

精神病人强制住院治疗制度是美国一项重要的法律制度。该制度通过司法程序将具有危险性、无法自理的精神病人强制性地送入精神治疗机构治疗。这涉及精神病人的人身自由、名誉等基本权利,因此美国制定法和判例法中形成了强制治疗的实体标准和正当程序。该制度要求治疗机构根据实际情况对于治疗期限届满的精神病人作出合理的处理。这一制度为我国精神病人强制治疗法律制度的规范与完善提供了可资借鉴的经验。     

论精神病人的民法监护——以民事强制住院司法实践为视角

目前．世界多数国家关于精神病人强制住院的立法都直接与广义上的监护法律相联系。监护制度在保护民事行为能力欠缺的精神障碍患者的身心安全和提供必要的住院及医疗措施方面发挥了重要作用。然而,由于我国关于精神病人监护制度的法律规定较为简陋和滞后,导致了实践中,特别是在涉及民事强制住院措施适用时,很多精神病人的人身自由和健康权益并没有得到有效照管,甚至受到严重侵害,由此引起的医疗纠纷和诉讼也日益增多。在此试图对我国精神病人民法监护制度进行解构分析,以期为进一步完善适合我国国情的精神病人监护制度和维护精神病人健康权益提供一些立法建议。     

The semblance of autonomy: treatment of persons with disabilities under the Uniform Health-Care Decisions Act

This Article illuminates the dangers of the Uniform Health-Care Decisions Act, which provides a set of model rules designed to clarify and expedite end-of-life health-care decisionmaking for incapacitated patients. The uniform commissioners and many scholars who have commented on the Act have touted the legislation as a model for defending patient autonomy. As this Article will reveal, the impression of autonomy is an illusion. In fact, the Act privileges the perspectives of the able-bodied over those of persons with disabilities, endangers the autonomy of incapacitated patients, and empowers proxy decisionmakers who have incentives to terminate treatment. These risks have become all the more significant with the rise of managed-care programs that create pressures to minimize care. After highlighting the serious risks to vulnerable patients under the Uniform Health-Care Decisions Act, the Article offers alternative rules and stronger safeguards to better protect patient autonomy and defend against wrongful health-care decisions. This Article urges states seeking improved end-of-life health-care procedures to codify these or similar protections in order to avoid the lethal shortcomings of the Uniform Health-Care Decisions Act.     

保险法告知义务的立法缺陷及完善

告知义务是我国保险法中的重要制度之一，当前，我国保险法中关于告知义务的规定还存在一些立法缺陷，主要体现在告知义务的主体、履行时间、履行方式、构成要件的主观标准等方面，完善我国保险法中关于告知义务的规定，必须从这几方面进行探讨。     

Juvenile sex offenders: a complex population

Individuals who engage in sexual offending behavior represent a heterogeneous population. Recent research has found some success in categorizing sexual offenders based on a number of variables, particularly the type of victim. For example, differences have been found between those offenders who victimize adults when compared with those who victimize children. However, the research in this area has been conducted predominantly with adult samples. As the adult sex offender literature has progressed, it has become evident that risk assessment, treatment effectiveness, and risk management are dependent on such offender characteristics. Unfortunately, the relevance to juveniles of characteristics deemed to be important with adult sex offenders is limited due to the complexity of developmental processes, particularly with respect to mental disorders and personality formation. As such, the formulation and implementation of treatment and risk management strategies that will be effective with juvenile sex offenders are challenging. The goal of this paper is to review some of the complexities inherent in the juvenile sex offender population by focusing on specific areas of complication, including: classification systems, comorbid paraphilias and other mental illnesses, and maladaptive personality traits.