定位·归因·重构（下）

三、重构重构,是指向体制、机制的总体性变动,它既是社会改革的深化,也是工作创新的基础和前提。在这里,我们是指对我国现行的三大类戒毒模式--自愿戒毒、强制戒毒、劳教戒毒提出重构方案的设计建议。我们的建议是:改变法出多门,政出多门,"多龙治水"的戒毒工作体制,确立和完善以劳教戒毒模式为中心的工作体制。     

犯罪行为特征之经验性·智能性·变态性——犯罪行为特征的心理分析

每一个具体的犯罪行为都是某个犯罪个体犯罪经验、犯罪知识、犯罪技能及心理健康等方面水平的综合体现,对犯罪行为不同侧面的分析可以使我们获得有关犯罪人个人方面的大量资料。据此,本文提出了犯罪行为经验性、智能性、变态性特征,试图使侦查人员通过对犯罪行为三个方面特征的归类分析,勾画出犯罪个体的心理特征,为认定犯罪嫌疑提供参考。     

愿·做·公·证·的·螺·丝·钉

“如果你是一滴水．你是否滋润了一寸土地；如果你是一线阳光，你是否照亮了一分黑暗；如果你是一颗螺丝钉，你是否永远坚守你的岗位。”这是雷锋日记里的一段话，平凡朴实却又耐人寻味。它告诉我们：无论你身处社会的哪个阶层，无论你从事何种工作，你的心中都应当有一颗螺丝钉的形象。我，愿意忠于我的岗位，做公证永不生锈的螺丝钉。     

社会契约·法律契约·政府责任

政府责任是民主政府与专制政府的根本区别。近现代社会大多关系表现为平等的契约关系,近现代法律大多是对契约关系的确认。根据“主权在民”学说的阐述,政府是基于人民的授权而产生的,政府不受人民信任或偏离人民的授权而行使职权或职责,对此需承担相应的责任。政府责任包括道义责任、政治责任和法律责任。我国要实现权力政府向责任政府的转变,目前迫切需要加强和完善政府责任制度的建设。     

市场经济·有限政府·市民社会

市场经济是自主经济,政府一般应尊重市场主体的自主选择和自由竞争。鉴于此,市场经济条件下的政府就应当是有限政府。为确保政府权力的有限,有必要构建市民社会,以代替政府行使部分管理社会的职能,并制约和抗衡政府权力,实现与政府权力平衡,从而保证市场经济的健康发展。     

吸毒行为的法律定性

目前,针对吸毒行为的定性主要有"犯罪说"、"违法说"、"合法化说"、"疾病说"及"受害说"等观点。基于现有研究及国外有关政策,明确吸毒者兼具病人、违法者、受害者三重社会属性,提出我们应正确对待吸毒人员,各部门应形成合力采取有效且人道的戒毒措施,保障戒除毒瘾者的合法权益。     

行·政·协·助·程·序·研·究

作为实行行政科层制职权分工的国家弥补分工不足的必要手段，行政协助应首先被定位为一项处理行政机关之间合作关系的原则，这早已被域外相关立法所肯定。对行政协助的程序进行研究不能简单借鉴域外立法经验，而是必须以相关理论研究和行政程序法治的整体建设为基础，正确借鉴域外相关立法经验，结合我国的行政体制和行政习惯等实际情况，选择适合于我国的行政协助程序立法模式，最后再从细微处入手全面构建我国行政协助程序制度。     

单因素·多因素·层次系统——新中国犯罪原因研究层次之述评

新中国犯罪原因研究层次的总体发展脉络是：最早由单一因素研究开始,逐渐转入多种因素研究的阶段;多因素研究由平面的综合研究走向立体原因层次系统论的研究。从犯罪原因的单因素理论、犯罪原因的多因素理论到犯罪原因的层次系统论,概括地揭示了新中国犯罪原因论的发展史,说明了我们对犯罪原因的认识是逐步提高的,由浅入深,由片面走向全面。     

吸毒行为犯罪化浅析

目前,毒品问题是严峻的社会问题,吸毒行为存在各阶层之中,社会屡屡有吸毒事件的曝光,严重危害着我国社会和谐与安宁.仅仅使用治安行政处罚的手段很难对吸毒行为进行有效的遏止.本文就吸毒行为的刑事危害性,同时结合一些国外的立法经验,分析我国应将吸毒行为规定为犯罪的设想.     

区·域·行·政·法·初·论

伴随着区域一体化进程，传统公共行政日渐向区域行政拓展，并推动行政法的转型与变迁，区域行政法得以孕育。区域行政法以“新区域主义”为理论支撑，是跨行政区划政府间协作行政基础上行政法的新发展。区域行政法在调整范围、基本原则与行为机制方面存在着区别于传统行政法模式的显著特征。     

Gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: the what, the why, and the how

The focus of Geeta Rao Gupta's plenary presentation of 12 July 2000 at the XIII International AIDS Conference is on the what, why, and how of gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS. Dr Rao Gupta discusses the factors associated with women's vulnerability to HIV; and the ways in which unequal power balance in gender relations increases not only women's, but also men's, vulnerability to HIV-despite, or rather because of, their greater power. She then addresses the question of how one is to overcome the seemingly insurmountable barriers of gender and sexual inequality. How can we change the cultural norms that create damaging, even fatal, gender disparities and roles? According to Dr Rao Gupta, an important first step is to recognize, understand, and publicly discuss the ways in which the power imbalance in gender and sexuality fuels the epidemic. She provides examples of sensitive, transformative, and empowering approaches to gender and sexuality and concludes that, in the final analysis, reducing the imbalance in power between women and men requires policies that are designed to empower women--policies that aim to decrease the gender gap in education, improve women's access to economic resources, increase women's political participation, and protect women from violence.     

PTSD,Endophenotypes, the RDoC,and the DSM-5

The search for endophenotypes that stand between genetics and disease has been applied to the diagnostic entity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Advances are being made in understanding the pathway to disorder in PTSD in terms of brain regions, neuronal networks, stress-related systems (e.g., the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis), and their underlying genetic and neurogenetic bases. The latter are affected by gene–environmental interactions and epigenetic effects, and the environment and context reciprocally interrelate with them, as well. Therefore, a primary focus on (neuro)pathophysiological intermediates in the disease pathway, as appears emphasized in the research domain criteria (RDoC) approach to etiology of psychiatric disorder, and to which the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) subscribes, might detract from a more inclusive biopsychosocial approach that would be more applicable in the case of PTSD. The paper undertakes a comprehensive review of the recent literature in the areas of endophenotypes, neurogenetics, epigenetics, neural networks, HPA axis, neuronal networks, pathways, the PTSD five-factor model, allostasis, and the RDoC criteria for psychiatric diagnosis, and then returns to the topic of endophenotypes. Neuronal networks constitute one integrating area that could help in arriving at an appropriate model of PTSD endophenotype. Pathway analysis provides a rich field for discerning individual differences in PTSD development, more so than the static approach of using DSM-5 symptom criteria. A model of endophenotypes is presented, which considers these factors in relation to PTSD. The paper concludes with implications for the DSM-5, for practice and for court, especially that it would be premature to seek individual biomarkers of PTSD given the current state of knowledge, even if it is burgeoning.     

The good, the bad, the ugly, and the Colombian peace plan

Among the many wars thatColombia is fighting, there are two that itis definitely losing – those forgovernment legitimacy and against poverty.Although the country has always shown anearly infinite capacity to turn itselfaround, its traditionally praised democracyshows fresh signs of erosion that lookalmost impossible to reverse. With solidinstitutions no longer standing, theguerrillas, the paramilitary, the corruptjustice system, and the drug producerscontinue to thrive like perennial weeds.Massacres, bombings, kidnappings and thedestruction of infrastructure continue toproduce a devastating effect on theColombian psyche. The good, the bad and theugly mix together in a pitiable realismbetween civil society and state. Theoutcome is poverty, dissatisfaction, andlack of legitimacy and hope.     

Doing,Allowing, and the State

The doing/allowing distinction plays an important role in our thinking about a number of legal issues, such as the need for criminal process protections, prohibitions on torture, the permissibility of the death penalty and so on. These are areas where, at least initially, there seem to be distinctions between harms that the state inflicts and harms that it merely allows. In this paper I will argue for the importance of the doing/allowing distinction as applied to state action. Sunstein, Holmes, Vermeule and others have presented influential arguments for the claim that where the state is concerned the doing/allowing distinction has no moral significance, even if it does elsewhere. I show that these arguments can be resisted. In doing so, I defend some important distinctions and principles that help us understand the state’s role in protecting people from harm.     

Immigration,Association, and the Family

In this paper I provide a philosophical analysis of family-based immigration. This type of immigration is of great importance, yet has received relatively little attention from philosophers and others doing normative work on immigration. As family-based immigration poses significant challenges for those seeking a comprehensive normative account of the limits of discretion that states should have in setting their own immigration policies, it is a topic that must be dealt with if we are to have a comprehensive account. In what follows I use the idea of freedom of association to show what is distinctive about family-based immigration and why it ought to have a privileged place in our discussion of the topic. I further show why this style of argument neither allows states to limit nearly all immigration nor requires them to have almost no limits on immigration. I conclude by showing that all states must allow some degree of family-based immigration, and that this is a duty owed not to ‘outsiders’ seeking to enter, but rather to current citizens.     

Judges,Conflict, and the Past

Drawing upon interviews with senior judicial figures in Northern Ireland, South Africa and elsewhere, this article considers the role of the judiciary in a political conflict. Using the socio‐legal literature on judicial performance and audience as well as transitional justice scholarship, the article argues that judges in Northern Ireland ‘performed’ to a number of ‘imagined’ audiences including Parliament, ‘the public', and their judicial peers – all of which shaped their view of the judicial role. In light of ongoing efforts to deal with the past in the jurisdiction, and the experiences of other transitional societies, the article argues that the judiciary can and should engage in a mature, reflexive and, where appropriate, self‐critical examination of the good and bad of their own institutional history during the conflict. It also argues that such a review of judicial performance requires an external audience in order to encourage the judiciary to see truth beyond the limits of legalism.