文件上有色指印非纹线特征的应用研究

为了充分地发掘模糊指印形态特征在司法实践中的可用性和实用性,我们利用文件上有色指印的阶段性痕迹--墨迹边缘状态、积墨形态分布“、空白”形态分布及其相互位置关系等非纹线特征,分析研究了不同捺印人以油墨为介质连续捺印的样本指印50组共200枚,结果发现使用非纹线特征能够准确地分辨出同一手指连续捺印的同组指印。本文还对应用指印非纹线特征的各项技术要点进行了讨论,并且列举了该方法用于鉴定实践的三个成功案例。指印非纹线特征的应用不仅改变了对模糊指印只能出“具不具备鉴定条件”的结论模式,而且使适合使用该方法的被检指印形成相对时间的难题得到解决。     

三面捺印乳突纹线变化在检验中的误差

三面捺印时,由于肌肉的机械运动促成滚动印痕变形和模糊不清使乳突纹线局部特征改变,特征之问的相隔线数产生不正常衔接,局部出现复线,纹线形态变化,形成假性特征。因此在指纹识别系统库存供检索的三面捺印指印查询检索工作中,不能因为乳突纹线细节特征细微的具体形态变化作出否定结论。笔者采用平面捺印与三面捺印指印进行综合比较与分析,破获了案件。     

静电压痕仪检验光敏印章伪造指印初探

研究利用静电压痕仪检验光敏印章伪造指印的可行性，探究光敏印章伪造指印与手指遗留指印的静电压痕检验结果差异。以同一枚指纹为模板，分别制作8种不同光敏印油的盖、捺印指印样本及8种不同印台印油的捺印样本，用静电压痕仪对遗留5 d样本的正反面进行检验，并初步考察不同遗留时间（最长30 d）对检验结果的影响。结果表明：1）光敏印油捺印样本正面经静电压痕检验后，形成的痕迹对指印纹线的表现能力强于光敏印章盖印样本，但弱于印台印油捺印样本；2）静电压痕仪检验后的部分印台印油捺印指印，形成了超出红色印油范围的黑色补充纹线；3）光敏印油盖、捺印样本经静电压痕仪检验后，印痕周围均出现光晕状痕迹；4）静电压痕仪检验后，少数光敏印章盖印指印周围出现不完整章面印痕；5）对样本背面进行静电压痕检验，光敏印油盖、捺印样本均可显现出明显指印印痕，且边缘出现明显光晕状痕迹，印台印油捺印样本背面痕迹不明显；6）样本遗留30 d时，仍然能够依据上述5条实验现象对三类样本进行区分。静电压痕检验一定程度上能作为纸张上光敏印章伪造指印的有效检验方法之一，但还需就遗留时间、印油种类、盖印/捺印力度、章体新旧程度等因素对检验结果的影响...     

浅谈指印中细节特征点的质量

残缺现场指印的鉴定有多少个相同点才能作出同一认定的结论是多数鉴定人员十分关心的问题,由于每枚指印在现场遗留情况不同,而使问题变得复杂。科学鉴定是,根据现场指印的不同部位分析现场指印与样本指印在相同的细节特征点中有无高质量特征点反映,然后再考虑特征点的数量,不能一概而论。就一枚现场指印来说,评断一个细节特征点的质量没有明确的标准规定。它是鉴定人员根据细节特征点的种类与所在现场指印的部位、指印的花纹形态和纹线的流向比较凭经验作出的或者是鉴定人员的一种心理判断。笔者认为高质量的细节特征点应从细节特征点的使用…     

硅胶仿生指纹膜印泥痕迹特征研究

目的研究硅胶仿生指纹膜印泥痕迹特征与真实指纹印泥痕迹特征的差异,为鉴定硅胶仿生指纹膜印泥痕迹提供依据。方法首先利用液态硅胶制作仿生指纹膜,然后用仿生指纹膜和手指在相同情况下蘸取印泥,分别以轻、中、重3种力度在A4纸上垂直按压形成印泥指印,并对其拍照提取,比较仿生指纹膜印泥痕迹与真实指纹印泥痕迹的特征差异。结果仿生指纹膜印泥痕迹多见“空白”“断裂”,边缘部分不规则、凹凸不平,小犁沟宽窄程度随力度变化明显,细节特征反映不清楚;真实指纹印泥痕迹自然、纹线较连贯。结论仿生指纹膜印泥痕迹特征与真实指纹印泥痕迹特征之间存在差异,根据两者之间的特征差异可以帮助鉴别仿生指纹膜印泥痕迹。     

涂折光液消除黑色粗糙表面反射光斑

拍照法提取黑色粗糙表面上染色显现的血指印等痕迹时，因表面呈微观多向性使背景产生了不均匀反射光斑并与阴影部分形成的花纹产生了强度干扰。如常见黑色粗糙的油漆、皮革、塑料等，在定向光照射下其凸凹不平的粗糙表面布满了交错的花纹，干扰了指印纹线细节特征，或微弱指印等痕迹不能显出。常规的散射光配光拍照时客体表面反射光亮度较低且不能受到光的均匀照射，同样不能取得理想的效果。     

指纹三级特征在指纹鉴定中的价值

国外有关指纹学的论著中将指纹特征的分类层级分为三级：一级特征即指纹线类型特征;二级特征即指纹线的宏观细节特征,如分歧、结合、起点、终点、小点、小棒、小钩、小眼、小桥以及罕见的交叉线、错位线、点线、节线等;三级特征即是指纹的微观细节特征,主要包括乳突纹线边缘形态、纹线宽窄、细点线和汗孔特征等[1].在指纹鉴定中常常遇到模糊、残缺、变形的疑难指印,这类指印的宏观特征点较少,如果按照常规的鉴定方法根据指纹的一级和二级特征则难以作出认定同一或否定同一的判断.而这类指纹的鉴定意见在刑事、民事案件的审判中又是十分重要的证据.此外,鉴定中有时还涉及伪造指纹的鉴别等等.为此,指纹三级特征在指纹鉴定中的应用价值也日益凸显,本文将针对此作如下讨论.     

磁性粉二次刷显方法提取指印的探讨

因磁性粉刷显指印所适用的客体广泛，环保、操作方法简单、价格相对低廉及刷显出来的指印与客体反差大等优点，正逐渐成为公安机关现场勘查人员显现汗液指印的首选。但是，在现场勘查中，由于受客体、现场条件、指印本身条件等诸多方面的限制，要清晰完整地提取1枚汗液指印并不是一件容易的事；笔者在长期的现场勘查实践中发现，在玻璃、铝合金等光滑客体上的汗液指印使用磁性粉刷显时，有时会出现汗液上所吸附的磁性粉太多，变成一团，指印纹线细节特征反映不完整等现象。     

残缺指印的综合检验

在实际办案中，经常会遇到残缺的疑难现场指印。有些指印由于遗留部位小；纹线模糊；稳定性细节特征点少或受其他条件所限而无法作出鉴定结论。如果现场指印是2枚或3枚关联残缺指印，即使每一枚指印的条件差，特征点少，将它们综合检验往往就能够起到证据作用。     

残缺502胶指印的拍照方法

显现汗液指印常用方法之一是“５０２”熏显法，因某些汗液指印，汗液的成份、数量不同，使汗液纹线粘附５０２胶不均匀，从而形成部分是汗液纹线，部分是白色５０２胶纹线的残缺５０２胶指印。如何将这类残缺５０２胶指印一次性拍照在同一画面上，并且纹线特征全部清晰，反差完全一致，是刑事照相中的一个难题。１案例２０００年１月９日晚，长沙某办公楼发生一起盗窃案犯罪分子作案时，在盛装文件的黑色塑料盒底部留下一枚汗液指印，经采用OF－１O１A型全自动５０２熏显柜熏显后，形成了一枚指尖部分仍为汗液纹线，指印中心花纹及指节部…     

不同纸张上浓重红色印泥手印减薄的技术研究

目的建立有效的显现纸张上浓重的印泥手印方法。方法对普通材料纸和打印纸上的浓重红色印泥手印，通过指纹胶带提取转印、氧化漂白减薄、有机溶剂溶解减薄3种技术方法的减薄效果以及它们在减薄过程中的优缺点进行比较，得出适合于各种减薄技术的最佳试剂。结果本研究发现3种方法均可以有效地使浓重红色印泥手印清晰化，进而达到有效显现纸张上浓重的印泥手印的目的。     

Visualizing latent fingerprints on color-printed papers using ultraviolet fluorescence

Laser detection of latent fingerprints on a white paper has been performed, previously. Ultraviolet fluorescence from various kinds of printer toner and ink used for home printers were measured to study fluorescence imaging of fingerprints on a color-printed white paper. The experimental system consisted of a nanosecond pulsed tunable laser and a cooled CCD camera. Excitation wavelengths are 230 and 280 nm. Fourteen printers consisting of three color laser printers, three color inkjet printers, five monochrome laser printers, two monochrome copy machines, and a color copy machine were tested. Toner and ink of most printers exhibited fluorescence in the region from 360 to 550 nm. In most cases, clear fluorescence images were obtained by time-resolved imaging with a band-pass filter and 280-nm excitation. However for toners from laser color printers that showed strong fluorescence, better results were obtained with 230-nm excitation. Latent fingerprints on a photograph page and a black-character page of a newspaper were also imaged.     

胶带粘面手印荧光显现剂的研发与应用

目的根据胶带粘面上潜在手印的特点,利用染料和潜手印的理化性质,研究开发胶带粘面手印荧光显现剂。方法在各种胶带粘面上显现潜在手印,并与常规的碳素墨水染色法进行比较。结果在长波紫外线照射下手印呈黄色明亮荧光,手印纹线清晰、连贯,基本不受手印遗留时间、客体表面颜色和性质的影响。结论胶带粘面上的汗潜手印和血潜手印用荧光显现剂显现效果优于碳素墨水染色法,在实际案件的侦破中有较好的应用前景。     

胶带粘面上的手印显现

经过比较,证明悬浮液法、碳素墨水法、染色法和物理显影液法对显现胶带粘面上的手印效果较好.     

NFIQ 2.0用于指纹质量控制的可行性及方法

目的测试NFIQ 2.0标准计算指纹质量评分模块在活体采集和油墨捺印指纹质量控制上的可靠性,研究利用NFIQ 2.0指纹分值综合判断指纹质量的可行性和在实际工作中的使用方法。方法一是利用NFIQ 2.0模块接口程序结合VS2015 C#编程语言制作指纹质量评分软件。二是记录20张指纹图片放置在采集框上、下、左、右、中五个位置时NFIQ 2.0的分值,计算平均偏差、最大偏差和相对偏差。三是对在指纹数据库中随机选出的1334枚活体采集和油墨捺印指纹(8位灰度、500 dpi BMP格式指纹图片)进行评分,将得出的分值与通过人工检查该1334枚指纹在指纹系统中自动提取的特征所计算的特征准确率,形成线条图并制作拟合线,通过线条图和拟合线研究NFIQ 2.0分值与特征准确率之间存在的关系。结果从平均偏差、最大偏差和相对偏差分析,指纹图片放置位置对NFIQ 2.0分值的影响很小。利用线条图和拟合线进行统计时,NFIQ 2.0分值与特征准确率之间呈现出一定的对应关系,NFIQ 2.0分值高的指纹,系统自动提取的特征准确性相对较高,反之相对较低。并且,分值在41~100之间时,特征准确率稳定在80%以上。结论NFIQ 2.0标准计算指纹质量评分模块可以用于大批量活体采集和油墨捺印指纹的辅助质量检测,在实际工作中可将NFIQ 2.0模块嵌入活体采集软件和指纹系统档卡扫描中,设定合理的阈值,对提高指纹采集的质量检测效率和提升指纹采集质量将有较大帮助。     

Automated Mapping of Explosives Particles in Composition C‐4 Fingerprints*†‡

Abstract: A method is described to perform automated mapping of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) particles in C‐4 fingerprints. The method employs polarized light microscopy and image analysis to map the entire fingerprint and the distribution of RDX particles. This method can be used to evaluate a large number of fingerprints to aid in the development of threat libraries that can be used to determine performance requirements of explosive trace detectors. A series of 50 C‐4 fingerprints were characterized, and results show that the number of particles varies significantly from print to print, and within a print. The particle size distributions can be used to estimate the mass of RDX in the fingerprint. These estimates were found to be within ±26% relative of the results obtained from dissolution gas chromatography/μ‐electron capture detection for four of six prints, which is quite encouraging for a particle counting approach. By evaluating the average mass and frequency of particles with respect to size for this series of fingerprints, we conclude that particles 10–20 μm in diameter could be targeted to improve detection of traces of C‐4 explosives.     

Thermal degradation analysis of amino acids in fingerprint residue by pyrolysis GC-MS to develop new latent fingerprint developing reagents

Conventional development of latent fingerprints is compromised when the prints are decomposed by extreme temperatures, such as those encountered when a weapon cartridge is fired, an improvised explosive device is detonated, and/or in arson cases. Understanding how these extreme temperatures alter the chemical and physical properties of latent fingerprint residue could aid in the discovery of a reagent that could effectively develop these decomposed fingerprints. To mimic scenarios where fingerprints may be exposed to high heat conditions, standards of the five most abundant amino acids in fingerprint residue as well as extracted fingerprint residue were pyrolized under controlled conditions. Compounds identified as pyrolytic decomposition products were 3,6-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione (from alanine), maleimide, and 2,5-furandione (from aspartic acid). The pyrograms and selected ion traces show these products to hold promise as indicators of decomposed fingerprint residues and, therefore, may serve as good candidate substrates for a developing reagent.     

Role of Nanomaterials for Forensic Investigation and Latent Fingerprinting—A Review

The imminent nanotechnology and progressive instrumentations together have vast applications in the field of forensic science. Few prominent examples are gold nanoparticles for improvising the efficiency of polymerase chain reaction and atomic force microscopy for examining ink and bloodstains. Characteristics like distinct ridge details of fingerprints could be obtained by applying different nanoparticles such as silver, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, gold (with silver physical developer), europium, fluorescent carbon, and amphiphilic silica on a range of object surfaces, and among all, gold is most commonly used. Fingerprint is considered noteworthy evidence in any crime scene, and nano-based techniques hold immense future potential in fingerprint investigations. Therefore, this paper focuses on the applications of nanoparticles in developing and detecting the latent fingerprints.     

Evaluation of Nile Red‐Loaded Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Developing Water‐Soaked Fingerprints on Thermal Paper

Nile red has been an alternative reagent for detecting latent fingerprints on wetted substrates. However, the presence of methanol in nile red solution could make injury to handlers and destroy the traces on surfaces, such as texts on thermal papers. A novel small particle reagent formulation constituting of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) based on nile red was prepared to overcome the problem. Compared with the conventional reagents Oil Red O or nile red solution, the nile red‐loaded MSNs are highly selective to lipid residues of fingerprints and showed a greater ability to develop clear, sharp, and detailed fingerprints on thermal papers after these were immersed in water. In addition, it can retain texts on the thermal papers well and use only water as a solvent. These suggested that nile red‐loaded MSNs are a safe, efficient, and convenient method to develop latent fingerprints on wide range of substrates of forensic importance.     

指纹乳突纹线密度的性别差异初探

目的针对指纹纹线密度在不同性别间是否存在差异进行了研究和探索。方法实验对80个（其中男女各40人）中国汉族人十指纹线密度进行计数,将所得数据通过SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果指纹纹线密度均值男性少于14.5线/25mm2,女性大于等于15线/25mm2。结论男女之间指纹密度存在差异;女性指纹纹线密度较男性高。