安理会反恐“聪明制裁”之困境及其出路

正在实施中的安理会1267体制是直接针对与基地组织、本·拉丹或塔利班有关联的个人和实体实施强制性制裁的聪明制裁体制。该体制因缺乏正当程序而越来越多地受到来自成员国国内法院的司法挑战。安理会在依《联合国宪章》第七章采取强制行动时应遵守包括国际人权法在内的相关国际法规则,但是,国内法院对安理会决议并无司法审查的权限。对于1267体制侵犯个人公正审判权而引发的人权危机和执行困境,安理会应在国际层面建立相应的救济机制,以加强该体制的正当性和合法性。     

论联合国经济制裁中的人权保护——兼评联合国对朝鲜的经济制裁

联合国经济制裁是安理会依据《联合国宪章》第41条为维持国际和平与安全采取的一种强制措施.战后安理会实施的经济制裁一方面给受制裁国发出了要求或强迫其遵守国际法的警告,而另一方面,在实施制裁过程中给受制裁国带来人道主义灾难,妨碍而不是促进人权,从而削弱了经济制裁的效力.因此,联合国在经济制裁中也应遵守国际人权法和国际人道主义法.     

论人权因素之于安理会断定“对和平之威胁”的影响

《联合国宪章》规定,安理会对维持国际和平与安全负有首要责任。安理会应断定任何和平之威胁、和平之破坏或侵略行为是否存在。在新的国际形势下,伴随着各种对国际和平与安全的非典型威胁,如大规模侵犯人权事件、全球环境问题等,安理会作出断定"和平之威胁"的决议受到了更多的国际社会关注,尤其体现在安理会对严重侵犯人权事件的回应。人权因素之于安理会断定"对和平之威胁"的影响巨大。     

在联合国法律框架内进行反恐斗争——"全球反恐法律框架"学术研讨会综述

从20世纪70年代起,联合国先后通过了一系列国际反恐公约和安理会决议,从而构成了较为完备的全球反恐法律框架。由联合国主导国际反恐合作有利于保持各国利益的平衡,有利于引领各国反恐立法的完善与衔接,实现对恐怖主义的标本兼治。因此,各国应在联合国法律框架内进行反恐斗争,并通过国内立法贯彻其具体要求。     

安理会默示授权使用武力理论的非法性

安理会"默示授权"使用武力,是一些国家在没有得到安理会明确授权使用武力的情况下,寻求的一种使自己使用武力的行为合法化的理论,其自提出以来就备受争议。无论是安理会,还是国际法院,也都未对此作出明确的回应或裁判。除了《联合国宪章》明确规定的安理会执行行动和国家行使自卫权以外,使用武力必须有安理会预先的明确授权(明示授权),否则将导致会员国无限制使用武力,对国际和平与安全造成威胁。在安理会的决议文本及行为皆不明确的时候,任何会员国不能通过对决议文本的宽泛解释推断安理会的意图,得出"默示授权"的结论。同时,安理会也应当加强其决议用语的法律性、明确性,以提高决议内容的识别性和可操作性。     

论联合国制裁措施在香港特区的执行问题:争议与实践

联合国制裁措施已有数十年的历史,其能够在成员国内得到良好执行是联合国制裁措施有效的根本。我国作为联合国安理会的常任理事国,遵守并执行安理会制裁决议应是题中之义。但我国是一个特殊的多法域国家,执行联合国制裁措施,就必然意味着需要在不同的法域获得一致的协调。对香港特别行政区的立法、执法中的争议和实践进行考察就可以看出,无论是立法模式的选择、与特区基本法的协调以及立法实效,都对我国执行联合国制裁措施提出了一定的挑战。因此,探索如何建立切实可行的法域间协调,成为我国执行联合国中制裁措施长效机制建设的关键。     

联合国安理会反恐历程的回顾及评析

联合国宪章为安理会采取包括动用武力在内的强制行动打击国际恐怖主义提供了隐含的法律依据,如果国际恐怖主义达到危及国际和平与安全的程度,安理会就可以采取包括动武在内的强制行动介入反恐斗争。事实上,安理会已多次采取强制行动来打击国际恐怖主义。从法理方面分析,安理会可以授权以武力打击国际恐怖主义。打击国际恐怖主义与人权的国际保护并不矛盾;而保护人权,正是反恐的主要目的之一。     

Review and Analysis on UN Security Council＇s Anti- Terrorism History

联合国宪章为安理会采取包括动用武力在内的强制行动打击国际恐怖主义提供了隐含的法律依据,如果国际恐怖主义达到危及国际和平与安全的程度,安理会就可以采取包括动武在内的强制行动介入反恐斗争。事实上,安理会已多次采取强制行动来打击国际恐怖主义。从法理方面分析,安理会可以授权以武力打击国际恐怖主义。打击国际恐怖主义与人权的国际保护并不矛盾;而保护人权,正是反恐的主要目的之一。     

对安理会“决议造法”行为之定性分析与完善建言

联合国安理会通过的1373号决议与1540号决议明显带有造法性,引发了国际社会对其合法性的质疑。不过,仔细解读联合国宪章和安理会的实践不难发现:其实宪章的相关条款并没有排除安理会决议造法的可能性,虽然安理会决议造法不是安理会的一般实践,但安理会决议造法在受到合法性质疑之后却又为各国所广泛接受,这一切虽然不能说明安理会决议造法的习惯法规则已经形成,但却可以看出安理会决议造法在某种程度上为当今国际法所认同。为了使安理会决议造法更加完善,有必要对安理会决议造法的条件、方式、内容进行必要的限制。     

论主权的最新发展及其与人权的关系

利比亚卡扎菲政权的倒台过程中,起到重要作用的安理会决议引发了国际社会对主权的内涵及其与人权关系的广泛讨论。主权概念从起源到发展,以及近来在"保护的责任"方面有了新的发展,而主权与人权并不是对立的,而应是辩证统一的。我国应明确表明一国主权不容他国恣意践踏的立场,并在促进人权保护的合作与交流上贡献自己的力量。     

Localizing Gender Equality after Conflict

Debates have grown in recent years concerning the realistic utility and application of international human rights law to a local context. Since 2000, the United Nations Security Council has issued eight Women, Peace, and Security resolutions geared toward promoting gender equality measures in conflict prevention during conflict and post-conflict settings. The first of these resolutions, United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325, has been adopted by a number of UN Member States through National Action Plans (NAPs), which provide a framework and roadmap for integrating gender equality measures at the domestic level. Although NAPs were once considered promising, they have largely been unsuccessful.

By examining the implementation challenges facing other gender equality measures and localization programs that seek more effective implementation of the Women, Peace, and Security Resolutions, the following argues that a bottom-up approach rather than a top-down approach must be considered more seriously by international actors supporting implementation and integration of international human rights law, not only for the obvious reason that it emboldens local agency in the adoption process, but also because it is likely to produce outcomes that are meaningful and sustainable for the communities most affected by these provisions.

As such, continued emphasis on change that emanates from the top down in a given country often ignores the reality that gender equality measures in international human rights law are often perceived by governments and civil society actors as a serious disruption to domestic gender norms. Sole reliance on state institutions to deliver these commitments is flawed because it fails to recognize the necessary dialog and contestation among various stakeholders concerning the role of external norms in a local context.     

中国与北非中东变局中的国际法

北非中东一些国家的形势突变,反映了西方国家正在努力构建有利于己方价值观的世界格局,也表明在构建国际秩序方面,除了经济、政治及军事因素以外,还有"人道"和"人权"的考量。联合国安理会关于利比亚问题的决议与国际法的新走向,反映了国际关系中新的价值取向。然而,国际法规则存在于多个领域,有多种视角和原则。在这些领域,不同的规则有不同的的考量:基于一定价值理念的"人权"或"人道",与国家主权原则等国际法其他规则之间存在冲突。当今国际社会对是否要对叙利亚局势予以干涉的博弈,反映了国际法规则在国际秩序形成过程中的重要性。所以它不仅事关叙利亚国家和人民,也关乎整个世界局势的走向与发展。中国在联合国安理会合理运用国际法,体现了她作为大国对国际责任的坚持。     

联合国制裁之定性问题研究

国际社会虽然使用“联合国制裁”的措词来表述联合国宪章第七章中规定的强制措施,但却因为其带有浓厚的政治色彩而对其法律制裁的特性深表怀疑,这种怀疑无疑将严重影响联合国制裁机制的进一步发展。然而,按照法律制裁的基本标准来判断,联合国制裁不失为一种专门的法律制裁机制,虽然与国内法律制裁机制相比较,它具有许多缺陷:制裁领域的残缺性;制裁对象的局限性;制裁环节的分权性。但这些缺陷不能从根本上影响其作为法律制裁的本质特性。认识到联合国制裁的这一特性具有十分重大的现实意义,它将为联合国制裁系统最终通过改革而发展成为一种更加全面、完善的法律制裁机制奠定坚实的思想基础。     

When Worlds Collide: Enforcing United Nations Security Council Asset Freezes in the EU Legal Order

Asset freezes are since 2000 being applied by the United Nations (UN) Security Council (SC) to non-state actors. This came about as a 'mutation' of the sanctions program initiated by Resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002): currently the targets are only supected terrorists or terrorism financiers.
This 'mutation' has created perplexities and problems, namely for the EU, which enforces UN SC Resolutions by a combination of first and second pillar methods. The main problem concerns issues of fundamental rights, currently being litigated.
The debate on the compatibility of the current practice of UN SC asset freezing within EU law takes place amidst a fundamental lack of clarity as to the exact purposes and operational objectives of such freezes. It is argued that this practice amounts to an ad hoc (para-)criminal procedure measure, enacted by political bodies rather than courts, and without judicial oversight.
The current UN SC practice of asset freezing against non-state actors breaches the right to judicial review, as well as the presumption of innocence. If this practice it is to continue at all, methods that make it fully compatible with the rule of law must be adopted. Especially, their renewal ad aeternum should not be possible.     

Implementing Security Council Resolutions in Hong Kong: An Examination of the United Nations Sanctions Ordinance

The United Nations Sanctions Ordinance is the primary legalbasis of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)for implementing the United Nations Security Council's resolutions.However, there are concerns that the Ordinance is potentiallyviolating the separation of powers in its delegation of regulation-makingauthority to the executive. There are also criticisms againstthe expediency of the Ordinance as a mechanism for enforcingSecurity Council sanctions. Against this background, this paperattempts to examine the separation of powers doctrine, its placein HKSAR's constitutional system and its relevance to the Ordinance.On the issue of expediency, this paper focuses on the scopeand speed of implementing the sanctions, and the human rightsand criminal justice problems it involves. For comparative purposes,references are to be made to the law of the USA, Canada andSingapore.     

UN Commission on Human Rights adopts resolutions on access to medication, right to health

In April 2002, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights adopted two resolutions that are important in the context of access to treatment. The Commission is the UN's leading body with respect to international human rights issues. It consists of 53 UN member states and meets annually. The Commission's resolutions can be found on the website of the Office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights via www.unhchr.ch/ by clicking on "Documents of Charter-based bodies".     

经济、社会和文化权利国际救济机制的新突破——《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约任择议定书》述评

由于条约实施机制存在缺陷,《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》所规定的社会权在国际层面一直得不到有效救济。这一状况对国际人权保护的连贯性和整体性产生了长久的负面影响。2008年12月10日,联合国大会通过了《（经济、社会和文化权利国际公约）任择议定书》。在缔约国报告程序之外,议定书还确立了个人来文程序、国家来文程序、调查程序三位一体的准司法性权利救济程序。这将会大大加强对个人社会权的国际保护,结束社会权与公民权国际保护不平衡的局面,进一步完善国际人权法体系,从而推动国际人权保护事业的发展。     

Security Council's Anti-terror Resolutions and their Implementation by Member States: An Overview

In the framework of the fight against international terrorismthe UN Security Council (SC) has adopted targeted sanctionsagainst individuals and corporate entities. Furthermore, ithas imposed on states a number of obligations of a general nature.The implementation of all these measures — some of whichbear on sensitive aspects of criminal law and procedure —is left to the Member States. This article attempts to providean overview of national implementation practices, based on thenational reports submitted by states pursuant to the relevantSC resolutions. Besides the many difficulties encountered bystates in implementing SC resolutions, the encroachment of anti-terrormeasures on human rights is a cause for concern. The currentattitude of the SC, which has integrated human rights considerationsinto the security concerns that inspire its action under ChapterVII of the Charter, should enhance the perception of legitimacyof its anti-terror policy and, arguably, improve the effectivenessof its measures.     

维和行动与人权保护——以国际刑法为视角的思考

二战以后建立的联合国及其安理会,为使后世免遭“惨不堪言之战祸”,创设了“维持和平行动”。五十余年来,它在维护世界和平与安全方面发挥了不可替代的作用。然而,维和行动就像一把双刃剑,在维护和平、安全与人权的同时,也存在着侵犯人权的隐患与现实问题。本文以国际刑法为视角对此问题进行了分析,进而提出了强化维和行动中人权保护的几点思考。